改革开放40年深圳海岸线变化的遥感监测
卫诗韵(1998—),女,广东东莞人,硕士研究生,主要从事海洋遥感与GIS技术研究,(E-mail)v162802sy@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2021-11-22
修回日期: 2022-02-16
网络出版日期: 2023-06-13
基金资助
广东省教育厅创新强校工程项目(2019KZDXM019)
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江)资助项目(ZJW-2019-08)
广东海洋大学高水平海洋学科团队项目(0002026002009)
Remote Sensing Monitoring of Shenzhen Coastline Changes over the Past 40 Years
Received date: 2021-11-22
Revised date: 2022-02-16
Online published: 2023-06-13
探讨改革开放近40年来深圳海岸线的变化有利于揭示其时空演变过程及驱动机制,可为岸线资源的保护和利用提供参考。文章筛选1979—2019年16景深圳区域Landsat遥感影像,基于遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)方法进行岸线提取,在保证配准精度以及提取精度达到研究要求的基础上,对深圳岸线演变时空特征、速率及驱动因素进行探讨。结果表明:1)40年间深圳海岸线长度呈现持续增加趋势,总长度增加41.52 km,平均每年增加1.04 km。其中,自然岸线总降幅达56.61%,人工岸线所占比例持续上升。2)海岸线类型主要由早期的粉砂淤泥质和砂质岸线向围垦养殖和工程建设岸线转变。3)海岸线变化经历了起始、加速和合理约束3个阶段,岸线扩张显著的地区分布在宝安国际机场、前海合作区、后海深圳湾、盐田区和龙岐湾近岸。西岸的岸线最高端点变化速率(EPR)达到422.19 m/a,出现在2004—2008年蛇口半岛的向海扩建时期;东岸的EPR最高达到449.65 m/a,出现在1994—1998年的盐田港开发建设期间。4)人类活动、特区政策和自然因素是深圳岸线变化的主要驱动因素。
卫诗韵 , 付东洋 , 刘大召 , 徐华兵 , 李高聪 , 程阳艳 . 改革开放40年深圳海岸线变化的遥感监测[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(5) : 986 -1004 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003589
Since the reform and opening-up, the ecological environment of the coastline of Shenzhen has been under pressure from high-intensity human exploitation activities. Additionally, the structure, type, and length of the coastline has undergone significant changes. Studying the changes of the Shenzhen coastline over the past 40 years is helpful to reveal its spatial and temporal evolutionary processes and driving mechanisms to provide a reference for the protection and utilization of coastline resources. This study screened 16 scenes of the Shenzhen regional Landsat remote sensing images from 1979 to 2019, and performed a coastline extraction using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods to ensure alignment, accuracy, and extraction precision to meet the research requirements. Based on four coastline evaluation indexes (End Point Rates, Linear Regression Rates, Coastline-type Diversity Index, and Comprehensive Index of Coastline Utilization), the spatiotemporal characteristics of the coastline length, structure, types, and rate of change were analyzed to explore the factors driving the spatio-temporal evolution of the Shenzhen coastline. The results found that over the past 40 years, (1) the length of the Shenzhen coastline has experienced a continuously increasing trend, with a total increase of 41.52 km, and an average annual growth of 1.04 km. All the natural coastlines within the coastal area of Shenzhen decreased significantly to varying degrees, with a total decrease of 56.61%, while the proportion of artificial coastlines increased rapidly. (2) The change in coastline type in Shenzhen is mainly from the early muddy and sandy coastline to the farming reclamation and engineering construction coastline, i.e., the transition from natural to artificial shore. Among them, coastline length increased the most from 1979 to 1988. The most drastic coastline change was observed from 1979 to 1994, and the peak period of land reclamation was from 1994 to 2008. After 2008, Shenzhen coastline development gradually entered a sustainable and rational stage. (3) The spatial vicissitudes of the Shenzhen coastline have progressed through the stages of initiation, acceleration, and rational restriction. Areas with significant coastline expansion were located in Bao'an International Airport, Qianhai Cooperation Zone, Shenzhen Bay of Houhai, Yantian District, and near Longqi Bay. The change in the west coast of Shenzhen is more drastic than that of the east coast. The maximum rate of change (EPR) on the west coast reaches 422.19 m/a, which occurred during the Shekou Peninsula seaward extension period from 2004 to 2008. The EPR on the east coast reached the highest level of 449.65 m/a during the development and construction of Yantian Port from 1994 to 1998; and (4) the Shenzhen coastline change is a dynamic and a continuous process of change. Human activities, special zone policies, and natural factors were the main driving forces of the coastline changes. The special zone policy is the core driving force for Shenzhen's population expansion, urban sprawl, and the fundamental reason for the reduction in natural coastlines and the growth of artificial coastlines. This study provides important guidance for future sustainable urban development in Shenzhen.
表1 研究区遥感影像数据参数信息Table 1 Parameters of the remote sensing image data for the study area |
序号 | 卫星 | 传感器 类型 | 轨道号 | 成像时间 | 空间 分辨率/m | 云量/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Landsat3 | MSS | 130/44 | 1979-10-18 | 79 | 0.00 |
2 | Landsat3 | MSS | 131/44 | 1979-10-19 | 79 | 0.00 |
3 | Landsat5 | TM | 121/44 | 1988-12-19 | 30 | 0.02 |
4 | Landsat5 | TM | 122/44 | 1988-11-24 | 30 | 7.49 |
5 | Landsat5 | TM | 121/44 | 1994-10-01 | 30 | 0.04 |
6 | Landsat5 | TM | 122/44 | 1994-10-24 | 30 | 0.20 |
7 | Landsat5 | TM | 121/44 | 1998-09-26 | 30 | 3.10 |
8 | Landsat5 | TM | 122/44 | 1998-11-04 | 30 | 0.48 |
9 | Landsat5 | TM | 121/44 | 2004-10-12 | 30 | 0.03 |
10 | Landsat5 | TM | 122/44 | 2004-10-19 | 30 | 0.12 |
11 | Landsat5 | TM | 121/44 | 2008-12-10 | 30 | 0.12 |
12 | Landsat5 | TM | 122/44 | 2008-12-01 | 30 | 0.28 |
13 | Landsat8 | OLI | 121/44 | 2013-10-05 | 15 | 0.01 |
14 | Landsat8 | OLI | 122/44 | 2013-12-31 | 15 | 0.14 |
15 | Landsat8 | OLI | 121/44 | 2019-11-23 | 15 | 4.00 |
16 | Landsat8 | OLI | 122/44 | 2019-11-14 | 15 | 0.23 |
表2 深圳海岸线解译标志及确定原则Table 2 Interpretation mark and determination principle of Shenzhen coastline |
岸线类型 | 利用方式 | 确定原则 | 解译标志 | 岸线类型 | 利用方式 | 确定原则 | 解译标志 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
自然 岸线 | 基岩 岸线 | 经过长期海水侵蚀和波浪冲刷所形成,多在岬湾相间地带,由坚硬岩石组成,岸线弯曲复杂,水边线不平整 | ![]() | 自然 岸线 | 自然 过渡 河口 岸线 | 河口区域由海向陆若无桥梁等人工建筑物,则以河口突然展宽处的河流两岸连线为岸线位置所在 | ![]() |
砂质 岸线 | 影像中一般呈现亮白色的长条带状,常常堆积成一条与岸平行的脊状砂质沉积 | ![]() | 人工 岸线 | 围垦 养殖 岸线 | 一般呈现规则的方形片状分布在淤泥质岸线附近 | ![]() | |
生物 岸线 | 分布在河口附近的潮滩或者海岸沼泽区,其空间分布具有向海延伸的特征。影像中表现为红色,比陆地植被要暗,纹理平滑 | ![]() | 工程 建设 岸线 | 主要为人工建筑所形成的 岸线,在影像上具有明显的几何特征,棱角分明 | ![]() | ||
粉砂 淤泥质 岸线 | 主要分布在一些隐蔽的港湾和平原的外端,影像表现为海底处颜色偏暗 | ![]() | 人工 分界 河口 岸线 | 通常以河口区域由海向陆 所遇到的第一人工建筑(道路、桥梁或者闸门)确定 | ![]() |
表3 深圳区域不同岸线类型的人力作用强度指数Table 3 Intensity index of human action of different shoreline types in Shenzhen |
岸线类型 | 利用方式 | 人力作用强度指数 |
---|---|---|
自然岸线 | 基岩岸线 | 1 |
砂质岸线 | 1 | |
生物岸线 | 1 | |
粉砂淤泥质岸线 | 1 | |
自然过渡河口岸线 | 1 | |
人工岸线 | 围垦养殖岸线 | 2 |
工程建设岸线 | 3 | |
人工分界河口岸线 | 2 |
图3 1979—2019年深圳市海岸线空间变化Fig.3 Spatial change of Shenzhen coastline from 1979 to 2019 |
图4 深圳市不同类型海岸线的空间分布Fig.4 Spatial distribution of different coastline types in Shenzhen |
表4 近40年来深圳不同海岸类型的岸线长度 (km)Table 4 Coastline length of different coastal types in Shenzhen in recent 40 years |
岸线类型 | 利用方式 | 1979年 | 1988年 | 1994年 | 1998年 | 2004年 | 2008年 | 2013年 | 2019年 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
自然海岸线 | 基岩岸线 | 106.49 | 86.88 | 82.24 | 81.93 | 74.68 | 74.46 | 67.90 | 61.50 |
砂质岸线 | 39.65 | 33.00 | 27.16 | 22.19 | 25.49 | 23.00 | 22.20 | 22.83 | |
粉砂淤泥质岸线 | 51.84 | 21.54 | 17.39 | 12.57 | 8.71 | 6.51 | 5.98 | 4.73 | |
生物岸线 | 8.02 | 5.43 | 7.10 | 5.16 | 5.95 | 6.99 | 8.61 | 9.66 | |
自然过渡河口岸线 | 0.52 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.17 | |
总计 | 206.52 | 147.05 | 134.08 | 122.03 | 115.03 | 111.16 | 104.85 | 98.89 | |
人工海岸线 | 围垦养殖岸线 | 0.00 | 41.62 | 43.97 | 28.56 | 35.81 | 17.77 | 16.65 | 15.24 |
工程建设岸线 | 11.54 | 41.06 | 63.43 | 92.41 | 94.74 | 123.07 | 136.23 | 144.35 | |
人工分界河口岸线 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 1.10 | |
总计 | 11.54 | 83.18 | 107.76 | 121.27 | 130.62 | 141.31 | 153.48 | 160.69 | |
总计 | 218.06 | 230.23 | 241.84 | 243.30 | 245.65 | 252.47 | 258.33 | 259.58 |
图7 东宝河河口—大铲湾岸线变迁速率(a. 线性回归速率LRR空间分布;b. LRR分布统计;c. EPR分布统计)Fig.7 The coastline change rate of Dongbao River estuary-Dachan Bay [a. spatial distribution of Linear Regression Rates (LRR); b. Linear Regression Rates (LRR) distribution statistics; c. End Point Rates (EPR) distribution statistics] |
图8 大铲湾—深圳河河口岸线变迁速率(a. 线性回归速率LRR空间分布;b. LRR分布统计;c. EPR分布统计)Fig.8 The coastline change rate of Dachan Bay-Shenzhen River port line [a. Spatial distribution of Linear Regression Rates (LRR); b. Linear Regression Rates (LRR) distribution statistics; c. End Point Rates (EPR) distribution statistics] |
图9 沙头角—大鹏湾东岸岸线变迁速率(a. 线性回归速率LRR空间分布;b. LRR分布统计;c. EPR分布统计)Fig.9 Change rate of the eastern shoreline of Sha Tau Kok - Dapeng Bay [a. Spatial distribution of Linear Regression Rates (LRR); b. Linear Regression Rates (LRR) distribution statistics; c. End Point Rates (EPR) distribution statistics] |
图10 大鹏湾东岸—大亚湾西岸岸线变迁速率(a. 线性回归速率LRR空间分布;b. LRR分布统计;c. EPR分布统计)Fig.10 The coastline change rate of the eastern coast of Dapeng Bay and the western coast of Daya Bay [a. spatial distribution of Linear Regression Rates (LRR); b. Linear Regression Rates (LRR) distribution statistics; c. End Point Rates (EPR) distribution statistics] |
表5 人为扩张热点地区主要扩张过程Table 5 The expansion process of key artificial sites |
时间 | 宝安国际机场 | 前海合作区 | 后海深圳湾 | 盐田区近岸 | 龙岐湾近岸 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1979年 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
1988年 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
1994年 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
1998年 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
2004年 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
2008年 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
2013年 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
2019年 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
表6 人为扩张热点地区主要发展历程Table 6 The main development history of hot spots of artificial expansion |
地点 | 时间段 | 事件 |
---|---|---|
宝安国际机场 | 1991年 | 建设完成,正式通航 |
1994—1998年 | 续建货运站,航站楼扩建 | |
2004—2008年 | B号候机楼扩建,飞行区扩建,机场南停机坪扩建 | |
2008—2013年 | T3航站楼扩建 | |
2013—2019年 | 航站区与跑滑系统扩建,三跑道扩建 | |
前海合作区 | 2010年 | 合作区建成 |
2013年 | 产业准入 | |
2013—2019年 | 前海合作区和前海蛇口自贸片区“双扩区” | |
后海深圳湾 | 1980—1988年 | 集中在蛇口半岛南部的填海开发 |
1995—2000年 | 扩建南山商业文化中心区、滨海大道、赤湾码头、蛇口码头 | |
2001—2005年 | 后海中心区初步形成 | |
2013—2019年 | CBD超级基地形成 | |
盐田区近岸 | 1989年 | 盐田港建设完成 |
1999年 | 大梅沙海滨公园竣工 | |
2013—2019年 | 万科天琴湾建成 | |
龙岐湾近岸 | 2013—2019年 | 龙岐湾1号建成、桔钓沙旅游片区、较场尾沿岸民宿小镇兴起 海滨路—滨海养殖区绿岛规划建设 |
卫诗韵:数据收集处理,制图分析并撰写初稿;
付东洋:框架确定,全程指导并修改;
刘大召、徐华兵、李高聪:参与文章指导;
程阳艳:协助初期数据收集。
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