“一带一路”沿线国家地缘政治风险评估及影响因素
胡芳(1983—),女,湖南临澧人,讲师,博士,研究方向为评估理论与区域可持续发展,(E-mail)fanghu@gxu.edu.cn。 |
收稿日期: 2022-10-26
修回日期: 2023-04-11
网络出版日期: 2023-07-10
基金资助
国家自然科学地区基金项目“北部湾城市成群结圈的文化动力机制研究”(72163002)
国家自然科学地区基金项目“少数民族地区旅游产业低碳化转型的系统模式与绩效评价研究——以湘黔桂’侗文化‘旅游圈为例”(71861001)
广西大学中国-东盟金融合作研究院项目“低碳经济下中国企业投资柬埔寨基础设施项目集成绩效评估研究”(2023CAFCI02)
Geopolitical Risk Assessment and Influencing Factors of Countries Participating in the Belt and Road Initiative
Received date: 2022-10-26
Revised date: 2023-04-11
Online published: 2023-07-10
构建科学合理的地缘政治风险评估体系是“一带一路”沿线国家防范和化解地缘政治风险的重要前提。基于事后交易成本构建地缘政治风险评估体系,通过全排列多边形图示指标法、全局莫兰指数以及空间杜宾模型,分析“一带一路”沿线国家地缘政治风险水平、时空分布特征与影响因素。结果表明:1)从时间维度看,“一带一路”沿线国家地缘政治风险呈现“先上升后下降”的态势。2)从空间分布看,沿线国家地缘政治风险集聚特征明显,主要集中在中东和东欧地区,但东亚的地缘政治风险近年有所升级。3)地缘政治风险影响因素研究结果表明,政治稳定、经济自由、经济增长率、教育支出以及自然资源对地缘政治风险有显著的抑制作用。基于此,研究认为“一带一路”沿线国家需要提高政府治理能力,加快国家现代化转型,主动融入“一带一路”区域经济合作框架,提高地缘政治风险抵御能力。
胡芳 , 李誉博 . “一带一路”沿线国家地缘政治风险评估及影响因素[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(6) : 1160 -1171 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003686
The Belt and Road Initiative aims to achieve common development and prosperity for all countries. Building a scientific and reasonable geopolitical risk assessment system is an important prerequisite for participating countries to prevent and resolve geopolitical risk. Taking 64 countries in the six economic corridors of the Belt and Road Initiative as the assessment object, this study builds a geopolitical risk assessment system based on post-transaction costs. It analyzes the geopolitical risk level, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, and influencing factors using the full array polygon graphical indicator method, Global Moran's I, and the spatial Durbin model. The research results show that: 1) From the time dimension, the geopolitical risks of participating countries show a trend of first rising and then falling, reaching a peak in 2015. 2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the Middle East and South Asia, while medium to high risk areas are concentrated in Indochina and the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the low to medium risk countries are Western Pacific island countries, while low-risk countries are mainly in Central Europe. The clustering characteristics of geopolitical risks are obvious. The results of Global Moran's I show that from 2011-2020, the geopolitical risk concentration area was initially located in the Middle East and South Asia, and then in 2015, Europe and East Asia also experienced high geopolitical risks. By 2020, it was still mainly concentrated in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, however, generally, the regions with high geopolitical risk will still be mainly concentrated in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. 3) The research results on the factors influencing geopolitical risks indicate that political stability, economic freedom, economic growth, increased education expenditure, and better natural resources have a significant inhibitory effect on geopolitical risk, while increases in the unemployment rate, population size, and oil resources, will to some extent, promote the generation of geopolitical risks. The indirect effect results show that political stability, economic freedom, and the unemployment rate of the host country have a significant impact on surrounding countries. Based on this, we believe that countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative need to improve their government governance capabilities, accelerate their modernization transformation, effectively utilize the resources, funds, and technologies brought about by the Belt and Road Initiative. Furthermore, actively integrate into the regional economic cooperation framework of the Belt and Road Initiative and improve their ability to manage geopolitical risks. This study enriched the evaluation system of geopolitical risks. During the construction of the evaluation indicators, the results emphasized the sudden and violent characteristics of geopolitical risks, further explained the violent confrontation and economic game existing in geopolitical risks, and effectively enriched the literature on the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of geopolitical risks of countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative. It should be pointed out that there are still some limitations in this study. This study is based on countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative and there are deficiencies in the discussion of geopolitical risk for countries not in the region. Future research can be based on a global perspective, further enriching the evaluation index system of geopolitical risk, and conducting more in-depth research on the spatial transmission path and geopolitical risk avoidance measures.
表1 地缘政治风险评估指标体系Table 1 Geopolitical risk assessment index system |
因素 | 指标名称 | 指标含义 | 指标来源 |
---|---|---|---|
战争 | 因战死亡 | 战事冲突中的死亡人数 | 世界银行 |
难民人数 | 当地的难民总人数 | 世界银行 | |
持续冲突 | 反映该国的冲突状况 | 经济与和平研究院 | |
军事化程度 | 反映该国的军事化程度 | 经济与和平研究院 | |
恐怖 主义 | 犯罪率 | 国际谋杀犯罪率(每10万人) | 世界银行 |
恐怖主义 指数 | 由恐怖主义事件造成的综合损失 | 经济与和平研究院 | |
制裁 | 美国制裁 | 列在美国经贸制裁名单中的国家 | 美国财政部 |
国际制裁 | 联合国安理会制裁名单中的国家 | 联合国安理会 |
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表2 “一带一路”沿线国家地缘政治风险指数Table 2 The latest geopolitical risk index of countries along the Belt and Road |
风险等级 | 国家 | 2011年 | 2012年 | 2013年 | 2014年 | 2015年 | 2016年 | 2017年 | 2018年 | 2019年 | 2020年 | 均值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
高 风 险 地 区 | 阿富汗 | 0.530 | 0.569 | 0.591 | 0.724 | 0.724 | 0.629 | 0.647 | 0.653 | 0.652 | 0.661 | 0.638 |
也门 | 0.221 | 0.411 | 0.360 | 0.605 | 0.657 | 0.640 | 0.651 | 0.666 | 0.631 | 0.601 | 0.544 | |
叙利亚 | 0.366 | 0.509 | 0.524 | 0.534 | 0.533 | 0.534 | 0.530 | 0.512 | 0.494 | 0.483 | 0.502 | |
伊拉克 | 0.357 | 0.359 | 0.460 | 0.514 | 0.540 | 0.556 | 0.563 | 0.498 | 0.468 | 0.485 | 0.480 | |
伊朗 | 0.483 | 0.451 | 0.450 | 0.440 | 0.445 | 0.266 | 0.271 | 0.284 | 0.283 | 0.310 | 0.368 | |
巴基斯坦 | 0.373 | 0.373 | 0.359 | 0.366 | 0.340 | 0.299 | 0.293 | 0.260 | 0.259 | 0.265 | 0.319 | |
黎巴嫩 | 0.278 | 0.286 | 0.308 | 0.341 | 0.338 | 0.315 | 0.333 | 0.304 | 0.305 | 0.292 | 0.310 | |
俄罗斯 | 0.171 | 0.180 | 0.166 | 0.375 | 0.369 | 0.348 | 0.313 | 0.286 | 0.267 | 0.252 | 0.273 | |
印度 | 0.216 | 0.205 | 0.201 | 0.205 | 0.205 | 0.213 | 0.213 | 0.220 | 0.220 | 0.216 | 0.211 | |
土耳其 | 0.126 | 0.197 | 0.176 | 0.173 | 0.245 | 0.269 | 0.233 | 0.237 | 0.227 | 0.212 | 0.210 | |
中 高 风 险 地 区 | 缅甸 | 0.212 | 0.214 | 0.182 | 0.166 | 0.202 | 0.154 | 0.180 | 0.147 | 0.187 | 0.157 | 0.180 |
中国 | 0.118 | 0.116 | 0.114 | 0.220 | 0.223 | 0.216 | 0.215 | 0.210 | 0.194 | 0.175 | 0.180 | |
埃及 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.118 | 0.143 | 0.164 | 0.152 | 0.165 | 0.179 | 0.157 | 0.154 | 0.142 | |
以色列 | 0.141 | 0.151 | 0.126 | 0.192 | 0.117 | 0.121 | 0.120 | 0.117 | 0.117 | 0.105 | 0.131 | |
菲律宾 | 0.117 | 0.119 | 0.129 | 0.126 | 0.130 | 0.132 | 0.151 | 0.111 | 0.104 | 0.103 | 0.122 | |
约旦 | 0.091 | 0.106 | 0.098 | 0.087 | 0.118 | 0.129 | 0.122 | 0.130 | 0.123 | 0.109 | 0.111 | |
乌克兰 | 0.054 | 0.056 | 0.064 | 0.151 | 0.164 | 0.141 | 0.144 | 0.121 | 0.112 | 0.100 | 0.111 | |
白俄罗斯 | 0.149 | 0.145 | 0.138 | 0.135 | 0.133 | 0.083 | 0.081 | 0.081 | 0.077 | 0.080 | 0.110 | |
泰国 | 0.118 | 0.114 | 0.130 | 0.114 | 0.111 | 0.101 | 0.098 | 0.099 | 0.097 | 0.094 | 0.108 | |
孟加拉国 | 0.099 | 0.101 | 0.096 | 0.088 | 0.096 | 0.103 | 0.117 | 0.117 | 0.125 | 0.120 | 0.106 | |
沙特阿拉伯 | 0.053 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.064 | 0.079 | 0.087 | 0.088 | 0.089 | 0.086 | 0.080 | 0.074 | |
阿塞拜疆 | 0.066 | 0.063 | 0.054 | 0.055 | 0.054 | 0.063 | 0.053 | 0.047 | 0.042 | 0.088 | 0.059 | |
斯里兰卡 | 0.098 | 0.092 | 0.065 | 0.045 | 0.038 | 0.032 | 0.039 | 0.048 | 0.064 | 0.064 | 0.059 | |
塔吉克斯坦 | 0.068 | 0.062 | 0.060 | 0.058 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.047 | 0.067 | 0.063 | 0.059 | 0.056 | |
尼泊尔 | 0.074 | 0.071 | 0.058 | 0.051 | 0.043 | 0.046 | 0.052 | 0.053 | 0.055 | 0.054 | 0.056 | |
中 低 风 险 地 区 | 巴林 | 0.043 | 0.053 | 0.056 | 0.062 | 0.053 | 0.058 | 0.063 | 0.058 | 0.051 | 0.038 | 0.054 |
吉尔吉斯斯坦 | 0.073 | 0.068 | 0.071 | 0.058 | 0.054 | 0.055 | 0.048 | 0.038 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.052 | |
马尔代夫 | 0.048 | 0.054 | 0.048 | 0.047 | 0.049 | 0.057 | 0.063 | 0.057 | 0.048 | 0.036 | 0.051 | |
哈萨克斯坦 | 0.065 | 0.059 | 0.047 | 0.046 | 0.042 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.047 | 0.043 | 0.038 | 0.049 | |
文莱 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.034 | 0.044 | |
亚美尼亚 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.040 | 0.053 | 0.050 | 0.045 | 0.041 | 0.047 | 0.043 | |
印度尼西亚 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.046 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.048 | 0.041 | 0.045 | 0.042 | |
土库曼斯坦 | 0.027 | 0.030 | 0.028 | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.052 | 0.049 | 0.040 | 0.028 | 0.041 | |
格鲁吉亚 | 0.044 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.040 | 0.035 | 0.031 | 0.027 | 0.040 | |
科威特 | 0.023 | 0.029 | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.054 | 0.052 | 0.043 | 0.019 | 0.036 | |
乌兹别克斯坦 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.043 | 0.029 | 0.042 | 0.035 | 0.029 | 0.030 | 0.027 | 0.026 | 0.036 | |
塞尔维亚 | 0.048 | 0.055 | 0.049 | 0.040 | 0.032 | 0.028 | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.034 | |
马来西亚 | 0.018 | 0.034 | 0.035 | 0.031 | 0.036 | 0.037 | 0.030 | 0.035 | 0.033 | 0.029 | 0.032 | |
北马其顿 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.020 | 0.035 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.045 | 0.040 | 0.031 | 0.017 | 0.032 | |
波黑 | 0.027 | 0.026 | 0.027 | 0.022 | 0.038 | 0.032 | 0.036 | 0.032 | 0.028 | 0.017 | 0.029 | |
柬埔寨 | 0.031 | 0.045 | 0.042 | 0.037 | 0.028 | 0.024 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.028 | |
老挝 | 0.018 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.048 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.028 | |
阿联酋 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.029 | 0.024 | 0.027 | 0.026 | |
阿曼 | 0.025 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.023 | |
摩尔多瓦 | 0.041 | 0.036 | 0.030 | 0.013 | 0.017 | 0.027 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.023 | |
越南 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.033 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.021 | |
黑山 | 0.037 | 0.031 | 0.017 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.019 | |
爱沙尼亚 | 0.033 | 0.030 | 0.024 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.018 | |
保加利亚 | 0.015 | 0.030 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.020 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.018 | |
低 风 险 地 区 | 立陶宛 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.017 |
东帝汶 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.016 | |
卡塔尔 | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.012 | 0.022 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.016 | |
波兰 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.016 | |
阿尔巴尼亚 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.014 | 0.014 | |
克罗地亚 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.014 | |
不丹 | 0.031 | 0.025 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.013 | |
斯洛伐克 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.012 | |
蒙古 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.012 | |
罗马尼亚 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.011 | |
匈牙利 | 0.015 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.011 | |
拉脱维亚 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.010 | |
新加坡 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.008 | |
斯洛文尼亚 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.007 | |
捷克 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.006 |
表3 地缘政治风险影响因素指标定义及描述性分析Table 3 Index definition and descriptive analysis of factors influencing geopolitical risks |
变量名称 | 变量符号 | 指标含义 | 数据来源 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
地缘政治风险 | ln_Gpr | 前文测算得出 | -3.06 | 1.22 | -5.25 | -0.43 | |
政治稳定 | Psnv | 反映政治稳定性 | 世界银行 | -0.31 | 0.99 | -2.79 | 1.37 |
经济自由度 | Ief | 衡量经济自由及健康程度 | 美国传统基金会 | 61.01 | 9.16 | 40.30 | 88.00 |
经济增长率 | Gdp | GDP增长率(年百分比)/% | 世界银行 | 3.17 | 3.97 | -9.99 | 13.38 |
教育支出 | Edu | 教育支出占GDP的比例/% | 世界银行 | 4.08 | 1.34 | 1.47 | 8.51 |
失业率 | ln_Une | 反映就业情况 | 世界银行 | 1.66 | 0.95 | -1.90 | 3.32 |
人口 | ln_Pop | 东道国人口数量 | 世界银行 | 16.29 | 1.75 | 12.94 | 21.05 |
石油资源 | Oir | 石油租金占GDP的比例/% | 世界银行 | 5.45 | 10.93 | 0.00 | 50.76 |
自然资源 | NNrr | 除石油外自然资源租金GDP占比/% | 世界银行 | 3.00 | 5.63 | 0.00 | 40.32 |
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表4 时间固定空间杜宾模型估计结果Tab.4 Estimation results of time fixed spatial Dobbin model |
变量 | 主效应 | 空间滞后 | 直接效应 | 间接效应 | 总效应 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psnv | -0.729***(0.000) | -0.267***(0.000) | -0.740***(0.000) | -0.389***(0.000) | -1.129***(0.000) |
Ief | -0.020***(0.000) | 0.022***(0.000) | -0.020***(0.000) | 0.022***(0.000) | 0.002(0.752) |
Gdp | -0.016**(0.021) | 0.006(0.581) | -0.015**(0.023) | 0.005(0.685) | -0.010(0.495) |
Edu | -0.044**(0.011) | -0.020(0.486) | -0.045***(0.006) | -0.028(0.367) | -0.073**(0.041) |
ln_Une | 0.157***(0.000) | -0.205***(0.000) | 0.155***(0.000) | -0.208***(0.000) | -0.054(0.170) |
ln_Pop | 0.115***(0.000) | -0.020(0.320) | 0.115***(0.000) | -0.007(0.741) | 0.108***(0.000) |
Oir | 0.006**(0.042) | 0.004(0.285) | 0.006**(0.029) | 0.006(0.179) | 0.011***(0.002) |
NNrr | -0.019***(0.000) | 0.002(0.851) | -0.019***(0.000) | -0.001(0.878) | -0.021**(0.027) |
rho | — | — | 0.118**(0.014) | — | — |
Observations | 640 | 640 | 640 | 640 | 640 |
R 2 | 0.823 | 0.823 | 0.823 | 0.823 | 0.823 |
时间固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
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1 http://viewswire.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=homePubTypeRK
2 https://epub.prsgroup.com/products/political-risk-services/country-reports
3 bmiresearch.com
胡 芳:提出研究设想,提供研究建议,数据分析,论文撰写修改;
李誉博:数据分析、建模与制图,论文撰写修改。
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