城市知识环境对创业活动的影响及空间异质性——基于中国275个城市的实证检验
吕拉昌(1963—),男,陕西宝鸡人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为城市地理、创新地理与区域发展,(E-mail)lachanglu@163.com。 |
收稿日期: 2022-09-24
修回日期: 2022-12-23
网络出版日期: 2023-08-14
基金资助
国家自然科学基金面上项目“中国三大城市群创新机制与空间组织模式的比较研究”(41971201)
Urban Knowledge Environment on Entrepreneurship: Influence and Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis: The Empirical Analysis of 275 Cities in China
Received date: 2022-09-24
Revised date: 2022-12-23
Online published: 2023-08-14
从城市知识存量和知识基础设施2方面构建了城市知识环境指数,测度了中国275个地级及以上城市知识环境指数的空间分布特征,在此基础上采用空间回归模型方法,分析了城市知识环境对创业活动的影响。结果表明:1)中国城市知识环境指数空间格局呈现东中西部依次下降,直辖市、副省级城市、省会城市及主要城市群的城市具有较高的知识环境指数;2)城市知识环境对创业活动具有促进作用,在其他因素得到控制的情况下,城市知识环境指数越高,创业活动越活跃;3)城市知识环境对创业活动的作用程度存在空间异质性,表现为东部城市高于中西部城市,同一地区的省会及以上级别的城市高于一般地级城市。
吕拉昌 , 赵彩云 . 城市知识环境对创业活动的影响及空间异质性——基于中国275个城市的实证检验[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(8) : 1479 -1488 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003719
In the era of the knowledge economy, with the increasing role of knowledge and entrepreneurship in cities, the impact of the urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship has become an important research topic. Cities are the primary carriers of knowledge and entrepreneurship. However, few studies examine the impact of an urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship. The impact of the urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship in China remains unclear. Therefore, this study constructs an urban knowledge environment index from the two aspects of urban knowledge stock and knowledge infrastructure, measures the spatial distribution characteristics of the knowledge environment index of 275 cities at the prefecture level and above in China, and analyzes its impact using a spatial regression model. The results show that: (1) The urban knowledge environment index in the eastern coastal areas is relatively high, while that in the central and western areas is relatively low. Cities in major urban agglomerations, such as the Beijing Tianjin Hebei, Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu Chongqing urban agglomerations, have a high urban knowledge environment. The level of urban knowledge environment in provincial capitals and above is relatively high, whereas it is relatively low in general, prefecture-level cities. (2) Urban knowledge environments promote entrepreneurship. When other factors are controlled, entrepreneurship increases by 0.239% for every 1% increase in the urban knowledge environment index. (3) Spatial heterogeneity exists in the influence of the urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship, and its marginal effect differs among cities in different regions and levels. Cities in the east had higher values than those in the central and western regions, and cities at or above the provincial capital level in the same region had higher values than ordinary prefecture-level cities. Among these, the increase in entrepreneurship caused by improving the knowledge environment index of cities at the provincial capital level and above is the largest, nearly three times higher than that of the eastern, central, western, and general cities. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the development of urban entrepreneurship in China in the new era by revealing the internal laws and impact mechanisms of the urban knowledge environment.
表1 城市知识环境和创业活动评价指标体系Table 1 Evaluation index system of urban knowledge environment and entrepreneurship |
一级指标 | 二级指标 | 指标表示 | 数据来源 |
---|---|---|---|
城市 知识 环境 | 知识存量 | 专利授权数量/个 | 国家知识产权局(https://www.cnipa.gov.cn/) |
论文数量/篇 | 中国知网(https://www.cnki.net/) | ||
图书数量/千册 | 《中国城市统计年鉴》(国家统计局城市社会经济调查司,2016) | ||
知识基础 设施 | 高等院校、研究机构、图书馆、科技馆、博物馆、 天文馆、美术馆的数量/个 | 百度地图POI开放平台(https://lbsyun.baidu.com/) | |
创业 活动 | 新企业 | 新注册企业数量/个 | 爱企查官网(https://aiqicha.baidu.com/?from=pz) |
企业精英 | 独角兽企业数量/个 | 中国独角兽官网(https://www.chinagazelle.cn/unicorn/index) | |
瞪羚企业数量/个 | 中国独角兽官网(https://www.chinagazelle.cn/unicorn/index) |
表2 模型变量指标和数据来源Table 2 Model variable indicators and data sources |
变量名称 | 变量指标 | 变量表示 | 数据来源 |
---|---|---|---|
被解释变量 | 城市创业活动指数(ENP) | 城市创业活动综合得分 | 由城市创业活动评价指标计算 |
核心解释变量 | 城市知识环境指数(UKE) | 城市知识环境综合得分 | 由城市知识环境评价指标计算 |
控制变量 | 人力资源(HR) | 每万人口中拥有大学及以上学历人口数 | 根据第六次全国人口普查和2015年全国1% 人口抽样调查计算 |
创业资本(VC) | 城乡居民储蓄年末余额占GDP比重 | 《中国城市统计年鉴》(国家统计局城市 社会经济调查司,2016) | |
市场规模(MS) | 城市年平均人口 | ||
营商环境(BS) | 城市商业信用环境指数 | 中国市场信用网(http://www.chinacei.org/) | |
文化多样性(CD) | 迁移人口来源城市多样性 | 腾讯位置服务(https://heat.qq.com/qianxi.php) |
表3 城市知识环境对创业活动的回归结果Table 3 Regression results of urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship |
变量 | OLS | SLM | SEM | 统计值 | P值 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
系数 | P值 | 系数 | P值 | 系数 | P值 | ||||
lnUKE | 0.241*** | 0.000 | 0.244*** | 0.000 | 0.239*** | 0.000 | — | — | |
lnHR | 0.260*** | 0.001 | 0.246*** | 0.001 | 0.196*** | 0.009 | — | — | |
lnVC | 0.041** | 0.048 | 0.020 | 0.338 | 0.034 | 0.121 | — | — | |
lnMS | 0.661*** | 0.000 | 0.647*** | 0.000 | 0.732*** | 0.000 | — | — | |
lnBS | 0.756 | 0.392 | 0.971 | 0.254 | 0.763 | 0.381 | — | — | |
lnCD | 0.365 | 0.364 | 0.525 | 0.175 | 0.821** | 0.034 | — | — | |
常数项 | -10.582 | 0.004 | -11.178 | 0.001 | -10.257 | 0.004 | — | — | |
样本量/个 | 275 | — | 275 | — | 275 | — | — | — | |
ρ | — | — | 0.141 | — | — | — | — | — | |
λ | — | — | — | — | 0.365 | — | — | — | |
R 2 | 0.845 | — | 0.853 | — | 0.859 | — | — | — | |
Loglikelihood | -133.204 | — | -127.045 | — | -125.153 | — | — | — | |
AIC | 280.407 | — | 270.089 | — | 264.306 | — | — | — | |
SC | 305.725 | — | 299.023 | — | 289.623 | — | — | — | |
残差空间 依赖检验 | Moran's I | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.028 | 0.000 |
LM-Lag | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.886 | 0.000 | |
RobustLM-Lag | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.330 | 0.037 | |
LM-Error | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13.870 | 0.000 | |
RobustLM-Error | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.313 | 0.02 |
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表4 知识存量和知识基础设施对创业活动的估计结果Table 4 Estimates of knowledge stock and knowledge infrastructure on entrepreneurship |
变量 | 模型1 | 模型2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
系数 | P值 | 系数 | P值 | |
lnKS | 0.209*** | 0.000 | — | — |
lnKI | — | — | 0.153*** | 0.003 |
lnHR | 0.280*** | 0.000 | 0.270*** | 0.000 |
lnVC | 0.037* | 0.085 | 0.043** | 0.048 |
lnMS | 0.693*** | 0.000 | 0.739*** | 0.000 |
lnBS | 0.532 | 0.544 | 0.770 | 0.382 |
lnCD | 0.723* | 0.065 | 0.894** | 0.022 |
常数项 | -9.978 | 0.005 | -11.160 | 0.002 |
样本量/个 | 275 | — | 275 | — |
λ | 0.305 | — | 0.376 | — |
R2 | 0.856 | — | 0.855 | — |
Loglikelihood | -126.251 | — | -128.465 | — |
AIC | 266.501 | — | 270.929 | — |
SC | 291.819 | — | 296.247 | — |
表5 城市知识环境对创业活动的空间异质性分析结果Table 5 Analysis results of spatial heterogeneity of urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship |
变量 | 东部 | 中西部 | 重点城市 | 一般城市 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OLS | SLM | SEM | OLS | SLM | SEM | OLS | SLM | SEM | OLS | SLM | SEM | |
lnUKE | 0.226** (0.044) | 0.138 (0.153) | 0.207** (0.034) | 0.189** (0.014) | 0.187** (0.013) | 0.214*** (0.004) | 0.727** (0.030) | 0.715** (0.013) | 0.702** (0.014) | 0.228*** (0.000) | 0.233*** (0.000) | 0.228*** (0.000) |
lnHR | 0.257** (0.033) | 0.269*** (0.008) | 0.178 (0.111) | 0.264*** (0.005) | 0.265*** (0.004) | 0.198** (0.034) | -0.140 (0.691) | -0.123 (0.700) | -0.117 (0.705) | 0.311*** (0.000) | 0.291*** (0.000) | 0.254*** (0.001) |
lnVC | 0.161*** (0.001) | 0.167*** (0.000) | 0.192*** (0.000) | -0.005 (0.828) | -0.005 (0.842) | -0.005 (0.831) | 0.127 (0.161) | 0.128 (0.101) | 0.131 (0.107) | 0.028 (0.183) | 0.018 (0.406) | 0.028 (0.213) |
lnMS | 0.572*** (0.000) | 0.598*** (0.000) | 0.635*** (0.000) | 0.738*** (0.000) | 0.739*** (0.000) | 0.794*** (0.000) | 0.237 (0.205) | 0.238 (0.141) | 0.245 (0.131) | 0.685*** (0.000) | 0.676*** (0.000) | 0.740*** (0.000) |
lnBS | 2.201 (0.148) | 2.409* (0.061) | 2.232* (0.086) | 0.069 (0.948) | 0.059 (0.955) | 0.203 (0.848) | 2.631 (0.333) | 2.627 (0.267) | 2.629 (0.264) | 1.812 (0.110) | 1.611 (0.145) | 1.545 (0.164) |
lnCD | 0.048 (0.959) | 0.434 (0.591) | -0.662 (0.465) | 0.431 (0.315) | 0.424 (0.315) | 0.789* (0.060) | -0.276 (0.926) | -0.279 (0.915) | 0.032 (0.990) | 0.294 (0.465) | 0.233 (0.557) | 0.658* (0.097) |
常数项 | -15.977 | -17.014 | -15.611 | -8.391 | -8.376 | -8.468 | -11.26 | -11.448 | -11.527 | -15.811 | -14.635 | -14.316 |
样本量/个 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 176 | 176 | 176 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 242 | 242 | 242 |
ρ | — | 0.282 | — | — | -0.005 | — | — | -0.023 | — | — | 0.093 | — |
λ | — | — | 0.554 | — | — | 0.241 | — | — | -0.11 | — | — | 0.293 |
R2 | 0.856 | 0.887 | 0.891 | 0.834 | 0.834 | 0.840 | 0.793 | 0.793 | 0.794 | 0.797 | 0.800 | 0.810 |
Loglikelihood | -39.316 | -28.221 | -30.022 | -78.828 | -78.824 | -76.440 | -11.122 | -11.102 | -11.080 | -112.248 | -110.148 | -106.855 |
AIC | 92.632 | 72.442 | 74.045 | 171.655 | 173.647 | 166.880 | 36.243 | 38.204 | 36.161 | 238.495 | 236.295 | 227.710 |
SC | 110.798 | 93.203 | 92.210 | 193.848 | 199.011 | 189.073 | 46.719 | 50.176 | 46.636 | 262.918 | 264.207 | 252.132 |
Moran's I | 4.587*** (0.000) | — | — | 2.322** (0.020) | — | — | -0.281 (0.779) | — | — | 3.404*** (0.001) | — | — |
LM-Lag | 24.709*** (0.000) | — | — | 0.007 (0.931) | — | — | 0.050 (0.823) | — | — | 4.232** (0.040) | — | — |
RobustLM-Lag | 11.917*** (0.001) | — | — | 1.714 (0.190) | — | — | 0.018 (0.892) | — | — | 0.275 (0.600) | — | — |
LM-Error | 15.758*** (0.000) | — | — | 4.150** (0.042) | — | — | 0.069 (0.792) | — | — | 9.582*** (0.002) | — | — |
RobustLM-Error | 2.966* (0.085) | — | — | 5.857** (0.016) | — | — | 0.038 (0.846) | — | — | 5.625** (0.018) | — | — |
|
表6 知识存量和知识基础设施对创业活动的异质性分析结果Table 6 Analysis results of spatial heterogeneity of urban knowledge stock and knowledge infrastructure on entrepreneurship |
变量 | 东部 | 中西部 | 重点城市 | 一般城市 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型3 | 模型4 | 模型5 | 模型6 | 模型7 | 模型8 | 模型9 | 模型10 | |
lnKS | 0.159*(0.068) | — | 0.126*(0.082) | — | 0.378**(0.040) | — | 0.183***(0.002) | — |
lnKI | — | 0.106*(0.065) | — | 0.165***(0.007) | — | 0.265*(0.055) | — | 0.160***(0.002) |
控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
样本量/个 | 99 | 99 | 176 | 176 | 33 | 33 | 242 | 242 |
R2 | 0.855 | 0.851 | 0.834 | 0.839 | 0.789 | 0.760 | 0.805 | 0.806 |
吕拉昌:确定研究框架、论文撰写与修改指导;
赵彩云:数据获取与分析、论文撰写与修改。
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