基于地缘关系的“海上丝路”沿线港口区位优势度评价
郭建科(1980—),男,山西长治人,教授,博士,主要从事区域海洋经济与空间规划、港口航运网络与交通地理、海洋地缘经济等科研与教学工作,(E-mail)gjianke98@126.com; |
收稿日期: 2022-07-31
修回日期: 2023-04-22
网络出版日期: 2023-08-14
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目——“开放进程中港口区位优势度变迁的系统识别及其重塑机理”(41871112)
Evaluation of the Port Location Advantage Degree along the Maritime Silk Road Based on Geographic Relationships
Received date: 2022-07-31
Revised date: 2023-04-22
Online published: 2023-08-14
从港口联系出发,综合港口的地缘关系相关要素,以2008、2018年“海上丝路”沿线港口为对象,对沿线港口的区位优势度展开评价。研究发现:1)港口区位优势度也呈现一定程度的无标度特征,通过对港口间地缘关系的量化表达,发现在国际经贸往来中处于不同相对地位的腹地经济所赋予港口的重要性得以凸显,以中国为代表的亚洲新兴经济体普遍呈现较高水平的区位优势度;2)港口间的区位联系强度基本遵循距离衰减定律,区位联系重心向亚洲转移,反映随着亚洲诸多新兴经济体的发展,以亚洲为主导的港口区位联系格局逐渐形成;3)通过与主流的复杂网络指标的对比发现,尽管全球化时代“流空间”下形成要素流动的集中化,但诸如地缘关系、空间距离等基础的地理属性仍保持其独立性,未在全球产业与贸易的重构的影响下而呈现空间不均衡,港口区位优势度将保持较稳定的格局分布。基于地缘关系的港口区位分析可有效补充港口在航运网络区位联系的不足,对于揭示港口在国际航运网络中的区位稳定性具有重要意义。
郭建科 , 冯天琪 , 秦娅风 , 刘晓扬 . 基于地缘关系的“海上丝路”沿线港口区位优势度评价[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(8) : 1652 -1664 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003727
As the most significant international transportation infrastructure, the operation and external links of ports are affected by more complicated aspects, resulting in immense changes not seen in a century. Related studies have long been interested in and have followed the evaluation of port location advantage as a comprehensive response to ports' economic and trade conditions. Location advantage reflects the overall resource advantage of a location. Transportation infrastructure can be evaluated from various perspectives, and the choice of different indicators sets the evaluation slant for its use. A port's ability to operate depends on natural navigational conditions, high-quality infrastructure, an appropriate economic hinterland, favorable geographic relationships, and a global environment. Port location advantage has traditionally been focused on from the perspective of transportation routes, hinterland economy, etc. The geographical proximity of nations also has a significant impact on how ports function in today's complex international development environments. To evaluate the advantages of port location along the route, this study uses the geo-relationships between various countries as well as the physical, functional, and economic links between ports as its research objects. It then homogenizes the national-scale WGI Global Governance Index to ports and incorporates it with port-scale maritime distances and route linkages as an integrated model of the degree of location advantage of the ports, using ports along the Maritime Silk Road from 2008 to 2018 as case studies to show how much the ports' advantage in location affects their significance in the real world international environment. The research findings are as follows. 1) Because of the relative position of the hinterland economy in international economic and trade exchanges, the port location advantage also exhibits some scale-free characteristics, and the quantitative expression of geo-relationships between ports emphasizes the importance of ports. As a representative of Asia's emerging economies, China has added more ports with more significant location advantages. 2) The strength of location connections between ports follows the law of distance attenuation, and the shift in the center of gravity of port location connections to Asia reflects the formation of a port location connection pattern dominated by internal Asia with the development of many emerging economies therein. 3) Comparison with mainstream complex network indicators found that although the concentration of factor flow has been formed under the "flow space" in the era of globalization, primary geographical attributes such as geographical relationships and spatial distance still maintain their independence and do not exhibit spatial imbalance under the influence of the reconstruction of global industries and trade. The location of ports based on geographical relationships and port location dominance avoids the limitations of a single perspective in evaluating port location in the international shipping network and can serve as a new basis for assessing the importance of ports in shipping networks; the expression of geographical spatial relationships fills the evaluation gap of existing network indicators.
表1 港口区位优势度测算指标与数据来源Table 1 Indicators of port location advantages and data sources |
属性构成 | 表达含义 | 测算指标 | 数值范围 | 数据说明 | 数据来源 | 数据类型 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
航运联系 | 航线承接 能力F | 航线重合度 | 0~1 | 两港口航线联系 紧密程度 | 基于《中国航务周刊》 船期数据测算订阅 | 2008、2018年截面数据 |
空间集聚 水平 | 空间距离D | 海运航线距离 | 5~12 696 | 海里(n mile) | Marine Circle数据库 (http://www.portdistance.com) | 截面数据、 无时间变化 |
地缘关系 | 制度距离Z | 话语权和问责 | 0~100 | 所有国家的 百分位排名 | 世界银行The Worldwide Governance Indicators数据库 (http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/) | 2008、 2018年 截面数据 |
政治稳定 | ||||||
政府效率 | ||||||
监管质量 | ||||||
法治程度 | ||||||
腐败控制 | ||||||
恐怖主义 | 0~1 364 | 恐怖主义活动 发生次数/次 | Global Terrorism Database数据库 (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/) | 2008、2018年 截面数据 | ||
腹地支撑 | 港口对外联系强度L | 航次加权度 | 3~12 417 | 开通航线频次/次 | 《中国航务周刊》 | 2008、2018年截面数据 |
表2 “海上丝路”沿线港口构成Table 2 List of ports along the Marime Silk Road |
大洲 | 港口 |
---|---|
非洲 | 阿比让、阿尔及尔*、班珠尔*、博马*、达喀尔*、达累斯萨拉姆**、丹吉尔**、德班、杜阿拉*、弗里敦*、黑角*、吉布提*、卡宾达*、开普敦、 科纳克里*、科托努、拉各斯、利伯维尔* |
罗安达、洛比托*、洛美、马普托*、马塔迪*、毛里求斯、蒙巴萨**、蒙罗维亚*、纳米贝*、努瓦克肖特*、苏丹港*、索约*、特马、瓦赫兰*、 沃尔维斯湾**、伊丽莎白港 | |
欧洲 | 阿尔赫西拉斯、阿姆斯特丹*、安特卫普、敖德萨、奥尔胡斯*、巴塞罗那、比雷埃夫斯、不来梅、的里亚斯特**、东方港*、敦刻尔克**、 费利克斯托、符拉迪沃斯托克* |
福斯、格但斯克**、汉堡、焦亚陶罗、康斯坦察、科佩尔、克莱佩达*、勒阿弗尔、里加*、里窝那*、里耶卡、鹿特丹、伦敦、马尔萨什洛克、 马耳他*、马拉加*、那不勒斯 | |
哥德堡、南安普顿、热那亚、塞萨洛尼基*、圣彼得堡*、塔兰托*、瓦伦西亚、威廉哈芬**、威尼斯**、锡尼什**、新罗西斯克**、伊利伊雷夫 斯基*、泽布吕赫 | |
亚洲 | 阿巴斯、阿布扎比、阿利亚加**、阿什杜德、八打雁**、八代*、巴生、巴士拉**、贝鲁特巴林**、槟城**、博多、常州**、达曼、达米埃塔*、 达沃**、大阪、大分、大连、大山**、丹戎帕拉帕斯、德岛* |
德山、迪拜、东莞**、东京、杜蒂戈林*、多哈**、防城、福山阿卜杜拉国王港**、福州、釜山、富山、高松、高雄、关丹*、光阳、广岛、广州、 哈兹拉**、海法、海防、豪尔法坎、荷台达*、横滨、胡志明 | |
基隆、吉达、加尔各答*、界泉北、今治*、金泽、锦州**、境港、酒田**、卡加延**、卡拉奇、科伦坡、科钦、拉塔基亚*、岘港、连云港、林查班、马尼拉、曼谷、梅尔辛**、门司、蒙德拉、台北** |
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表3 “海上丝路”沿线港口区位优势度与复杂网络指标相关性检验Table 3 Correlation test of location advantage and complex index of ports along Maritime Silk Road |
指标 | 年份 | 区位优势度 | 航次加权度 | 度中心性 | 邻近中心性 | 介中心性 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2018 | 2008 | 2018 | 2008 | 2018 | 2008 | 2018 | 2008 | 2018 | ||||||
区位优势度 | 2008 | 1.000 | |||||||||||||
2018 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||||
航次加权度 | 2008 | 0.465** | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
2018 | 0.415** | 1.000 | |||||||||||||
度中心性 | 2008 | 0.507** | 0.922** | 1.000 | |||||||||||
2018 | 0.422** | 0.880** | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
邻近中心性 | 2008 | 0.461** | 0.891** | 0.935** | 1.000 | ||||||||||
2018 | 0.416** | 0.843** | 0.962** | 1.000 | |||||||||||
介中心性 | 2008 | 0.343** | 0.747** | 0.820** | 0.807** | 1.000 | |||||||||
2018 | 0.245** | 0.722** | 0.822** | 0.779** | 1.000 |
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图5 “海上丝路”沿线复杂网络指标等级空间分布Fig.5 Spatial distribution of complex network index of ports along Maritime Silk Road |
年份 | 港口航次加权度 | 港口节点中心性 |
---|---|---|
2008 | ![]() | ![]() |
2018 | ![]() | ![]() |
1 https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/
郭建科:参与选题与制定研究框架,负责文章修改,并资助文章的发表;
冯天琪:完成数据收集整理、指标构建计算、内容写作与图表制作;
秦娅风:参与数据收集、文章排版;
刘晓扬:参与摘要修改与图片修改。
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