老龄人口与养老设施匹配关系时空演化研究——以广州市为例
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周柳青(1986—),女,广东梅州人,高级工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为国土空间规划、城市更新及城乡专项规划研究,(E-mail)45134405@qq.com; |
收稿日期: 2022-10-31
修回日期: 2023-01-05
网络出版日期: 2023-09-11
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目“智慧社会下的远程办公:时空模式、影响机理及空间效应”(42271210)
广东省自然科学基金面上项目“基于多源地理大数据的城市活力与建成环境关系研究:时空异质性、非线性与阈值效应”(2022A1515011572)
中央高校基本科研业务费项目“粤港澳大湾区空间集聚与扩散的过程与机制研究”(22qntd2001)
Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Matching Relationship between the Elderly Population and Facilities for the Elderly: A Case Study of Guangzhou
Received date: 2022-10-31
Revised date: 2023-01-05
Online published: 2023-09-11
以广州市为例,利用人口普查和养老设施数据,以街道/镇为空间单元,分析2000—2020年老龄人口与养老设施空间的时空演化特征,并探究二者的匹配关系及其时空演化特征。结果表明:1)广州市老龄人口与养老设施空间不均衡特征愈加显著,相较于老龄人口持续的“高-低-中”圈层结构,养老设施经历从相对均衡转变为由内向外逐级递减的演化过程;2)广州市老龄人口与养老设施匹配关系虽然得到一定改善,但不匹配现象仍然突出;3)广州市老龄人口与养老设施匹配关系在中心城区、近郊区和远郊区的空间差异逐渐缩小,且匹配关系改善的空间单元存在明显的空间分异。
周柳青 , 周婷婷 , 王莉 , 王波 . 老龄人口与养老设施匹配关系时空演化研究——以广州市为例[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(9) : 1777 -1786 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003739
As places providing professional living care, facilities for the elderly (hereafter abbreviated as "facilities") are playing an increasingly important role in China's old-age service system. Evidence suggests that older adults who receive living care from nearby facilities enjoy better health outcomes than those who move to facilities over long distances. Therefore, a higher level of matching between the elderly population and facilities is crucial for improving service efficiency and facility support. Taking Guangzhou as a case study, this study collected data on the population census and facilities from 2000 to 2020. The data were used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the elderly population, facilities, and their matching relationships, focusing on microscale units (i.e., sub-districts and towns). The results show that the uneven spatial distribution of both the elderly population and facilities is becoming more evident. Specifically, there is a stable "high-low-middle" sphere structure of the elderly population distribution. While the central areas are already home to an aged society, suburban areas have a relatively low level of population aging owing to the concentration of the modern service industry and strategic emerging industries that attract the working-age population. Accordingly, the level of population aging in outskirts is between those of the central and suburban areas. Compared to the consistent sphere structure of the elderly population distribution, the number of facilities has evolved from an even distribution to a polarized distribution that decreases stepwise from the inside to the outside. Although populations in both areas have aged rapidly, the number of facilities have increased considerably in the central areas, whereas limited growth has occurred in the outskirts. Second, from a global perspective, although the matching relationship between the elderly population and facilities has improved, the level remains low. Specifically, the Gini coefficient of the elderly population and facilities decreased from 0.62 in 2000 to 0.54 in 2020. However, even by 2020, 30% of the elderly population was able to enjoy living care from nearly 60% of facilities; instead, approximately 10% of the elderly population was not well covered by facilities. Third, from a local perspective, improvement in the matching relationship between the elderly population and facilities did not occur equally across Guangzhou. Specifically, although most sub-districts and towns have witnessed an improvement from a low level of "mismatch" to a medium level of "match," these sub-districts and towns are mainly distributed in Tianhe and Huangpu. Generally, even by 2020, few sub-districts and towns reached a high level of "match" relationship between the elderly population and facilities. The percentage of these subdistricts and towns, which are mainly concentrated in the central areas and are located near Baiyun and Panyu, has slowly increased from 25.4% in 2000 to 32.4% in 2020. Finally, some policy measures regarding the spatial planning of facilities have been independently proposed for the central areas, suburban areas, and outskirts based on the specific spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the matching relationship between the elderly population and facilities during the last two decades.
表1 2000—2020年广州市老龄人口(≥65岁)与养老设施统计Table 1 Statistics of populationand facilities for the elderly(above 65 years old) in Guangzhou during 2000-2020 |
| 圈层结构 | 分区 | 2000年 | 2010年 | 2020年 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人口/人 | 人口占比/% | 养老设施/个 | 人口/人 | 人口占比/% | 养老设施/个 | 人口/人 | 人口占比/% | 养老设施/个 | ||||
| 中心城区 | 荔湾区 | 79 855 | 9.69 | 5 | 94 179 | 10.49 | 19 | 169 184 | 13.66 | 31 | ||
| 越秀区 | 110 231 | 11.33 | 4 | 132 848 | 11.48 | 13 | 164 984 | 15.88 | 22 | |||
| 海珠区 | 88 556 | 7.22 | 6 | 136 418 | 8.75 | 14 | 213 733 | 11.75 | 31 | |||
| 天河区 | 40 437 | 3.62 | 0 | 70 019 | 4.89 | 2 | 132 007 | 5.89 | 16 | |||
| 近郊区 | 白云区 | 67 693 | 3.82 | 11 | 101 803 | 4.63 | 17 | 207 876 | 5.55 | 32 | ||
| 黄埔区 | 19 182 | 4.33 | 0 | 33 801 | 4.40 | 2 | 70 258 | 5.56 | 16 | |||
| 番禺区 | 43 657 | 4.01 | 10 | 71 060 | 5.14 | 11 | 153 324 | 5.77 | 17 | |||
| 远郊区 | 花都区 | 43 473 | 6.40 | 4 | 58 158 | 4.20 | 7 | 109 297 | 6.65 | 15 | ||
| 南沙区 | 26 451 | 5.05 | 6 | 33 593 | 5.82 | 8 | 63 111 | 7.45 | 13 | |||
| 从化区 | 35 397 | 6.88 | 3 | 41 907 | 7.14 | 4 | 63 849 | 8.90 | 9 | |||
| 增城区 | 51 227 | 6.13 | 2 | 67 084 | 6.53 | 6 | 112 710 | 7.69 | 14 | |||
| 总计 | 606 159 | 6.10 | 51 | 840 870 | 6.62 | 103 | 1 460 333 | 7.82 | 216 | |||
表2 广州市区域人口老龄化演化类型Table 2 Types of regional population aging in Guangzhou |
| 类型 | ≥65岁人口占比/% | ≥65岁年均增长率/% | 特征 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 慢速未老龄化型 | PA≤7 | V PA≤4 | 该街道/镇人口老龄化程度较低,且长时期停滞于现人口老龄化阶段 |
| 快速未老龄化型 | PA≤7 | 4<V PA | 该街道/镇人口老龄化程度较低,且很快进入下一个人口老龄化阶段 |
| 慢速浅度老龄化型 | 7<PA≤10 | V PA≤4 | 该街道/镇人口老龄化程度不高,且长时期停滞于现人口老龄化阶段 |
| 快速浅度老龄化型 | 7<PA≤10 | 4<V PA | 该街道/镇人口老龄化程度不高,且很快进入下一个人口老龄化阶段 |
| 慢速深度老龄化型 | 10<PA≤14 | V PA≤4 | 该街道/镇人口老龄化程度较高,且长时期停滞于现人口老龄化阶段 |
| 快速深度老龄化型 | 10<PA≤14 | 4<V PA | 该街道/镇人口老龄化程度较高,且很快进入下一个人口老龄化阶段 |
| 慢速老龄社会型 | 14<PA | V PA≤4 | 该街道/镇人口老龄化程度极高,且长时期停滞于现人口老龄化阶段 |
| 快速老龄社会型 | 14<PA | 4<V PA | 该街道/镇人口老龄化程度极高,且很快进入下一个人口老龄化阶段 |
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表3 2000—2020年广州市养老设施机构性质和规模等级Table 3 Statistics of institution nature, scale and grade of facility for the elderly in Guangzhou during 2000-2020 |
| 机构属性 | 年份 | 指标 | 中心城区 | 近郊区 | 远郊区 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 机构性质 | 2000 | 民办占比/% | 75 | 31.8 | 6.7 |
| 相对份额/% | 60 | 35 | 5 | ||
| 2010 | 民办占比/% | 91.7 | 46.7 | 8 | |
| 相对份额/% | 73.3 | 23.3 | 3.3 | ||
| 2020 | 民办占比/% | 95 | 70.3 | 31.4 | |
| 相对份额/% | 60.8 | 29.1 | 10.1 | ||
| 规模等级 | 2000 | 小型/个 | 7 | 9 | 14 |
| 中型/个 | 5 | 8 | 1 | ||
| 大型/个 | 3 | 4 | 0 | ||
| 2010 | 小型/个 | 26 | 13 | 20 | |
| 中型/个 | 16 | 9 | 2 | ||
| 大型/个 | 6 | 10 | 1 | ||
| 2020 | 小型/个 | 56 | 25 | 40 | |
| 中型/个 | 28 | 18 | 7 | ||
| 大型/个 | 17 | 21 | 4 |

1 全国人口普查数据来源于国家统计局网站,网址:http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/pcsj/。
2 采用≥65岁人口占比作为老龄化指标。当占比达到7%,表明进入老龄化社会;当占比达到7%~14%、14%~20%、20%~40%时,则分别处于轻度老龄化、中度老龄化和重度老龄化阶段。
3 “四二一”家庭指家庭中包括4位老人,1对为独生子女的夫妻,1个孩子。
4 鉴于数据有限,本研究养老设施特指机构养老。下文同。
5 广州市人口普查数据来源于广州市统计局网站,网址:http://tjj.gz.gov.cn/stats_newtjyw/tjsj/pcsj/4jpsjhb/。
6 为保持空间单元的一致性,以2020年行政区划为基准(共计176个街道/镇),依据行政区划调整记录,相应地归并2000、2010年的空间单元。
7 广州市养老设施数据来源于广州市民政局网站,网址:http://mzj.gz.gov.cn/gk/fwjgylb/index.html。
周柳青:数据收集、论文撰写;
周婷婷:论文选题、研究框架与思路、论文修改;
王 莉:数据处理、图表制作、论文排版;
王 波:论文修改、获取基金资助。
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