生物天敌暴发导致珊瑚礁退化的高分遥感监测与分析——以南海太平岛为例
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郑金辉(1996—),女,内蒙古呼和浩特人,硕士研究生,主要从事珊瑚礁遥感研究,(E-mail)huihuizheng922@gmail.com; |
收稿日期: 2023-06-13
修回日期: 2023-09-06
网络出版日期: 2023-10-11
基金资助
自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室开放基金课题(MESTA-2022-B008)
中国高分辨率对地观测专项项目(41-Y30F07-9001-20/22)
海洋领域融合应用示范项目(RHYJKF02)
High Resolution Remote Sensing Monitoring and Analysis of Coral Reef Degradation Caused by Outbreaks of Biological Natural Enemies: A Case Study of the Taiping Island in the South China Sea
Received date: 2023-06-13
Revised date: 2023-09-06
Online published: 2023-10-11
珊瑚生物天敌黑皮海绵、长棘海星在世界范围内暴发严重威胁珊瑚礁生态健康,然而目前珊瑚礁领域尚缺乏生物天敌暴发后对珊瑚礁地貌类型影响的定量研究。文章利用太平岛珊瑚生物天敌黑皮海绵、长棘海星2次暴发事件前后,覆盖太平岛2016—2022年的26期Sentinel-2遥感影像,结合高分辨率GF-2(PMS)遥感影像和卫星遥感影像地理信息系统Google Earth平台中的数据,开展中国南海太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型遥感影像分类实验,对密集珊瑚沉积区、稀疏珊瑚沉积区、珊瑚丛生区、沙坪、浅礁前斜坡等珊瑚礁地貌类型演变进行特征分析。结果表明:1)结合专家解译知识和支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)分类算法开展的太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型分类,最高总体精度和Kappa系数分别为96.46%和0.94。2)在2种珊瑚生物天敌暴发期间,太平岛的珊瑚礁丛生区、密集珊瑚沉积区、稀疏珊瑚沉积区等珊瑚礁地貌类型面积有显著下降;黑皮海绵暴发后对密集珊瑚沉积区影响最大,其面积减少72.92%;长棘海星暴发后对珊瑚丛生区影响最大,其面积减少59.17%。3)2016—2022年,太平岛珊瑚礁退化率高于恢复率,其中2017年3—6月珊瑚礁退化率最高,为23.88%;在2017年6—9月珊瑚礁恢复率最高,为18.03%。
郑金辉 , 任广波 , 胡亚斌 , 张飞飞 , 马毅 , 李明杰 , 王瑞富 . 生物天敌暴发导致珊瑚礁退化的高分遥感监测与分析——以南海太平岛为例[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(10) : 1856 -1873 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003762
The global proliferation of natural predators, including Terpios hoshinota sponge and crown-of-thorns starfish, poses a significant threat to the ecological vitality of coral reefs. However, coral reef research currently lacks comprehensive quantitative studies on the ramifications of predator outbreaks in various coral reef landform types. To bridge this knowledge gap, this study utilized a dataset comprising 26 Sentinel-2 remote sensing images spanning the years 2016 to 2022, both pre- and post-two distinct episodes of natural predator outbreaks involving the Terpios hoshinota sponge and crown-of-thorns starfish, within the vicinity of Taiping Island. High-resolution GF-2 (PMS) remote-sensing images and satellite data were used to augment the analysis. Based on data obtained from the Google Earth platform of the Geographic Information System for remote sensing imagery, we conducted an experiment involving the classification of coral reef landform types in Taiping Island in the South China Sea. During the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification experiments, we performed a meticulous examination of the image interpretation outcomes, making comparisons and rectifications in consultation with domain experts. Classification was performed by analyzing remote sensing images, and the identified landform types included areas characterized by dense coral sedimentation, sparse coral sedimentation, coral clusters, sand flats, and shallow reef front slopes. Subsequent analyses focused on discerning distinctive characteristics and tracing their evolutionary patterns. The findings reveal that (1) this study effectively integrates expert interpretation knowledge and an SVM classification algorithm to classify the various landform types present in Taiping Island's coral reef ecosystem. Remarkably, the classification achieved an unprecedented level of accuracy, with an overall accuracy rate of 96.46% and a kappa coefficient of 0.94. (2) The analysis showed that during the two natural predator outbreaks, the coral reef landforms on Taiping Island, which included dense coral reef areas, dense coral sedimentation areas, and sparse coral sedimentation areas, displayed significant decreases in their respective areas. The outbreak of Terpios hoshinota sponge had the most profound impact on the dense coral sedimentation area, resulting in a 72.92% decrease in the total area. Meanwhile, the outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish had the most significant effect on the coral cluster area, causing a 59.17% reduction in total area. (3) Over the period spanning from 2016 to 2022, the degradation rate of the coral reefs on Taiping Island exceeded the recovery rate. Notably, the highest degradation rate (23.88%) occurred between March-June 2017. Conversely, the highest rate of recovery (18.03%) was observed from June-September 2017. We analyzed the dynamic characteristics of coral reef landform types, including changes in type distribution, areal extent, degradation rate, and recovery rate. Furthermore, we assessed the influence of natural disturbances on the degradation of coral reef ecosystems, thereby providing valuable insights for conservation and scientific inquiries pertaining to coral reef ecological resources in the waters surrounding Taiping Island. This effort is underpinned by a solid theoretical foundation. The Chinese and English literature cited in this article have contributed significantly to various facets, including coral reef monitoring methodologies, construction of coral reef classification systems, and assessment of coral reef ecosystem health.
图2 不同遥感影像数量与成像时间统计 Fig.2 Statistics of the number and imaging time of different remote sensing images |
表1 遥感影像信息Table 1 Remote sensing image information |
| 影像源 | 谱段号 | 谱段范围/ nm | 幅宽/ km | 空间分辨 率/m | 影像 数/景 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sentinel-2 | 2 | 458~523 | 290 | 10 | 26 |
| 3 | 543~578 | ||||
| 4 | 650~680 | ||||
| 8 | 785~900 | ||||
| GF-2(PMS) | 2 | 450~520 | 45 | 4 | 3 |
| 3 | 520~590 | ||||
| 4 | 630~690 | ||||
| 5 | 770~890 | ||||
| Google Earth | 3 | — | — | 1 | 8 |
表2 太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型分类解译标志Table 2 Classification and interpretation signs of coral reef geomorphology types of the Taiping Island |
| 序号 | 研究区地貌类型 | 定义 | 所含底质 | 解译标志(Sentinel-2影像) | 解译特征 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 深礁前斜坡 | 岛礁最外缘,坡度0~40°入海,洋流冲刷作用强,极少珊瑚生长,沉积物堆积质较多 | 生物碎屑、砂石 | | 位于岛礁外侧。深水呈现深蓝色、浅水呈绿色,由于含有暗礁,故有网状纹理特征 |
| 2 | 浅礁前斜坡 | 深礁前斜坡内,坡度>40°,坡面伴有沟槽,有珊瑚分布及沉积物 | 礁块、珊瑚碎屑、 活珊瑚 | | 位于深礁前斜坡内侧,整体呈深蓝绿色,对岛礁呈现包围状 |
| 3 | 珊瑚丛生区 | 密集珊瑚沉积区内部,以珊瑚礁及活珊瑚为主 | 礁块、生物碎屑、 活珊瑚 | | 片状分布,整体呈暗绿色,纹理有明显分界 |
| 4 | 稀疏珊瑚 沉积区 | 位于浅礁前斜坡内部,位置较分散,珊瑚礁块沉积较少 | 珊瑚砂、活珊瑚 | | 面状分布,整体呈较亮的蓝绿色,有棕黑色点状分布 |
| 5 | 密集珊瑚 沉积区 | 围绕珊瑚丛生区形成,坡度较缓,其底部沉积有较多珊瑚断枝 | 珊瑚砂、活珊瑚、 珊瑚碎屑 | | 面状分布,整体呈现灰绿色,有模糊黑色纹状 |
| 6 | 沙坪 | 浅海处砂质,低潮时出露海面,随海流堆积而成,位置多变 | 陆源碎屑、生物碎屑、 砂石、珊瑚砂 | | 块状分布,整体呈现极亮的淡蓝色,无明显纹理特征 |
| 7 | 陆地 | 海岸线内,出露于海面之上,表面附有土壤,生长有陆生植物 | 土壤、植被、砂石 | | 位于岛礁中央,包含较纯净的绿色和白色 |
图5 转移矩阵原理(a. 珊瑚礁地貌类型转移矩阵;b. 珊瑚礁地貌类型转移量示意) Fig.5 Schematic diagram of transfer matrix principle (a. Coral reef landform type transfer matrix; b. Schematic diagram of coral reef landform type transfer) |
图6 太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型分类过程(以2017-06-28所选影像为例)Fig.6 Classification process of coral reef landform types in Taiping Island (taking the image selected on June 28th, 2017 as an example) |
表3 太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型精度评定(专家解译修正后)Table 3 Precision evaluation table for the landform types of the Taiping Island coral reef (after expert interpretation and correction) |
| 时间 | OA/% | Kappa系数 |
|---|---|---|
| 均值 | 95.30 | 0.89 |
| 2016-11-20 | 92.29 | 0.87 |
| 2017-06-28 | 95.70 | 0.93 |
| 2018-08-27 | 96.46 | 0.94 |
| 2019-08-12 | 94.87 | 0.91 |
| 2020-06-22 | 96.45 | 0.86 |
| 2021-07-12 | 96.02 | 0.85 |
表4 2016-11-20—2017-06-28太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型变迁转移矩阵Table 4 Transition matrix of changes in coral reef geomorphic types on the Taiping Island during November 20th, 2016 to June 28th, 2017 |
| 面积转化量 | 2017-06-28地貌类型 | 总计 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-11-20 地貌类型 | 陆地 | 密集珊瑚 沉积区 | 浅礁前斜坡 | 沙坪 | 珊瑚丛生区 | 稀疏珊瑚 沉积区 | |
| 总计 | 51.43 | 34.16 | 49.73 | 28.22 | 0.51 | 42.13 | 206.19 |
| 陆地 | 50.46 | 0.52 | 0 | 1.55 | 0.16 | 0.39 | 53.08 |
| 密集珊瑚 沉积区 | 0 | 19.16 | 1.02 | 12.66 | 0.25 | 19.01 | 52.10 |
| 浅礁前斜坡 | 0 | 0.59 | 48.71 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.38 | 49.93 |
| 沙坪 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.28 | 0 | 0.54 | 0.82 |
| 珊瑚丛生区 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 0 | 0.51 | 0 | 0.46 | 1.43 |
| 稀疏珊瑚 沉积区 | 0.94 | 13.46 | 0 | 12.97 | 0.11 | 21.35 | 48.83 |
表5 2017-06-28—2019-12-20太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型变迁转移矩阵Table 5 Transition matrix of changes in coral reef geomorphic types on the Taiping Island during June 28th, 2017 to December 20th, 2019 |
| 面积转化量 | 2019-12-20地貌类型 | 总计 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017-06-28 地貌类型 | 陆地 | 密集珊瑚 沉积区 | 浅礁前斜坡 | 沙坪 | 珊瑚 丛生区 | 稀疏珊瑚 沉积区 | |
| 总计 | 52.11 | 59.74 | 48.19 | 10.51 | 1.30 | 34.43 | 206.28 |
| 陆地 | 50.17 | 0.04 | 0 | 1.07 | 0 | 0.25 | 51.52 |
| 密集珊瑚 沉积区 | 0.26 | 19.77 | 0.08 | 3.00 | 0.49 | 10.56 | 34.16 |
| 浅礁前斜坡 | 0 | 1.84 | 47.18 | 0 | 0 | 0.71 | 49.73 |
| 沙坪 | 1.03 | 16.12 | 0.45 | 4.17 | 0.02 | 6.42 | 28.22 |
| 珊瑚丛生区 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0 | 0.15 | 0 | 0.09 | 0.51 |
| 稀疏珊瑚 沉积区 | 0.55 | 21.80 | 0.47 | 2.13 | 0.79 | 16.40 | 42.13 |
表6 黑皮海绵暴发研究时段太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型增减统计 (hm2)Table 6 Changes in coral reef geomorphic types on the Taiping Island during the period of Terpios hoshinota sponge outbreak study |
| 时间 | 陆地 | 密集珊瑚沉积区 | 浅礁前斜坡 | 沙坪 | 珊瑚 丛生区 | 稀疏珊瑚沉积区 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-11-20 | 53.35 | 52.10 | 49.93 | 0.82 | 1.43 | 48.83 |
| 2017-03-20 | -2.29 | 20.05 | -0.02 | 2.57 | -0.57 | -19.78 |
| 2017-06-28 | 0.59 | -37.99 | -0.18 | 24.83 | -0.34 | 13.09 |
| 2017-09-16 | 0.43 | 47.34 | -0.90 | -25.23 | 0.32 | -21.97 |
| 2017-10-06 | -1.05 | -24.55 | 0.53 | 3.23 | -0.04 | 21.72 |
| 2017-11-20 | 2.72 | -1.78 | 0.61 | -4.17 | 1.08 | 1.72 |
| 2018-02-18 | -0.56 | -10.16 | -1.79 | 1.89 | -0.10 | 10.72 |
| 2018-08-27 | -0.62 | 14.97 | 0.13 | 4.10 | -0.79 | -17.66 |
| 2018-10-26 | -0.09 | -8.33 | 0 | 3.63 | -0.24 | 5.04 |
| 2018-12-20 | -0.33 | 16.38 | 0 | -5.92 | -0.06 | -10.06 |
| 2019-02-28 | 0.06 | -12.03 | 0 | 7.88 | 0.09 | 4.00 |
| 2019-08-12 | 0 | 0.86 | 0 | -3.06 | 0.46 | 1.74 |
| 2019-12-20 | 0 | 2.91 | 0 | -0.04 | 0.07 | -2.94 |
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表7 2020-02-13—2021-06-27太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型变迁转移矩阵Table 7 Transition matrix of changes in coral reef geomorphic types on the Taiping Island during February 13th, 2020 to June 27th, 2021 |
| 面积转化量 | 2021-06-27地貌类型 | 总计 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-02-13地貌类型 | 陆地 | 密集珊瑚沉积区 | 浅礁前斜坡 | 沙坪 | 珊瑚丛生区 | 稀疏珊瑚沉积区 | |
| 总计 | 50.28 | 43.88 | 48.99 | 23.24 | 1.11 | 36.52 | 204.02 |
| 陆地 | 48.75 | 0.51 | 0 | 2.38 | 0 | 0.20 | 51.85 |
| 密集珊瑚沉积区 | 0.06 | 29.81 | 2.92 | 2.53 | 0.76 | 20.42 | 56.5 |
| 浅礁前斜坡 | 0 | 0 | 45.92 | 0 | 0 | 0.32 | 46.24 |
| 沙坪 | 1.15 | 0.65 | 0 | 10.52 | 0 | 1.30 | 13.63 |
| 珊瑚丛生区 | 0 | 0.80 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 1.20 |
| 稀疏珊瑚沉积区 | 0.31 | 12.11 | 0.15 | 7.78 | 0 | 14.25 | 34.6 |
表8 2021-06-27—2022-06-07太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型变迁转移矩阵Table 8 Transition matrix of changes in coral reef geomorphic types on the Taiping Island during June 27th, 2021 to June 7th, 2022 |
| 面积转化量 | 2022-06-07地貌类型 | 总计 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-06-27地貌类型 | 陆地 | 密集珊瑚沉积区 | 浅礁前斜坡 | 沙坪 | 珊瑚丛生区 | 稀疏珊瑚沉积区 | |
| 总计 | 52.30 | 58.70 | 47.32 | 9.29 | 1.47 | 35.34 | 204.42 |
| 陆地 | 49.98 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.46 | 0 | 0.15 | 50.65 |
| 密集珊瑚沉积区 | 0.15 | 31.40 | 0.54 | 1.29 | 0.74 | 9.76 | 43.88 |
| 浅礁前斜坡 | 0 | 2.19 | 46.38 | 0 | 0 | 0.45 | 49.02 |
| 沙坪 | 1.73 | 6.43 | 0.05 | 6.16 | 0 | 8.86 | 23.24 |
| 珊瑚丛生区 | 0 | 0.38 | 0 | 0 | 0.72 | 0 | 1.11 |
| 稀疏珊瑚沉积区 | 0.44 | 18.23 | 0.36 | 1.38 | 0 | 16.12 | 36.52 |
表9 长棘海星暴发研究时段太平岛各珊瑚礁地貌类型增减统计 (hm2)Table 9 Changes in each coral reef geomorphic type on the Taiping Island during the period of crown-of-thorns starfish outbreak study |
| 时间 | 陆地 | 密集珊瑚沉积区 | 浅礁前斜坡 | 沙坪 | 珊瑚丛生区 | 稀疏珊瑚沉积区 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-02-13 | 52.20 | 56.58 | 48.32 | 13.63 | 1.20 | 34.60 |
| 2020-05-13 | -1.55 | 3.60 | 0 | -2.29 | 0.01 | 0.23 |
| 2020-06-22 | 0.71 | -8.47 | 0.79 | -3.21 | -0.13 | 10.16 |
| 2020-07-27 | -0.85 | -2.14 | -0.08 | 0.89 | 0.10 | -0.01 |
| 2021-03-29 | 1.27 | 10.68 | -0.19 | -2.19 | -0.08 | -7.43 |
| 2021-04-28 | -2.25 | -13.56 | -0.26 | 5.72 | 0.25 | 8.05 |
| 2021-06-27 | 1.15 | -2.82 | 0.46 | 10.69 | -0.24 | -9.07 |
| 2021-07-21 | -0.31 | -1.66 | -0.69 | 0.67 | -0.27 | 2.53 |
| 2021-08-21 | 0.19 | 3.26 | -0.24 | -10.37 | 0.84 | 6.26 |
| 2021-09-25 | -0.02 | -7.41 | 0 | -3.10 | 0.89 | 9.64 |
| 2021-11-04 | 1.23 | 5.76 | 0.05 | 1.73 | -0.71 | -8.08 |
| 2022-04-18 | 0.35 | 16.09 | 0.13 | -3.94 | -0.46 | -12.08 |
| 2022-06-07 | 0.42 | -1.19 | -0.93 | 1.06 | 0.08 | 0.55 |
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1 活珊瑚覆盖率:指珊瑚生长覆盖的面积占岛礁总体面积的百分比。
2 资料来源:https://www.agriharvest.tw/archives/20987#:~:text=%E5%8D%97%E6%B2%99%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%B3%B6%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E6%B5%B7,UCN%E6%98%93%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE
3 https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home
4 珊瑚礁覆盖率:指有活珊瑚生长覆盖的地貌类型面积占岛礁总体面积的百分比。
5 不等于实际暴发时间,影像获取时间代表的是这一时间点的状况信息,而具体一段时间的整体情况及变化趋势须通过多时相以及多源数据才能完整掌握。
6 http://typhoon.nmc.cn
郑金辉:进行研究构思和设计、数据收集与分析以及论文撰写工作;
任广波、马毅:参与论文的审阅与修订工作;
胡亚斌:参与实验与论文的指导工作;
张飞飞:参与实验数据收集分析及论文修改工作;
李明杰:参与论文的核实与验证工作;
王瑞富:参与论文的监督与指导工作。
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