湖滨旅游地空间正义性测度及其实现路径——洱海西岸原住民感知研究
方珊珊(1999—),女,湖南湘潭人,硕士研究生,研究方向为旅游规划与旅游产业发展,(E-mail)f420047961@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2022-08-16
修回日期: 2023-07-02
网络出版日期: 2023-10-11
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目“旅游开发影响下乡村旅游目的地的空间正义性研究:地役权视角”(42061029)
Measuring and Implementing Spatial Justice in Lakeside Tourist Destinations: A Study on the Perception of Indigenous People on the West Coast of Erhai Lake
Received date: 2022-08-16
Revised date: 2023-07-02
Online published: 2023-10-11
运用列斐伏尔“空间的生产”与弗雷泽社会正义尺度理论,借助结构方程模型的因子分析方法,基于原住民这一旅游供役地权利人(弱势群体)的主位感知视角,构建湖滨旅游地空间正义性感知测度模型。以洱海西岸为研究对象,采用问卷调查法及访谈法,对模型进行实证检验。结果表明:1)湖滨旅游地空间正义性感知测度模型可由承认正义、分配正义及参与正义维度3个维度共13个测量指标进行表征;2)村民对洱海湖滨旅游地空间正义性感知处于中立范畴;3)破解湖滨旅游地空间不正义症结,关键在于对湖泊及其湖滨区旅游供役地权益的制度性“确认”,并通过建立向旅游经营者开征“旅游供役补偿费”制度,并经由政府财政转移支付手段,在旅游供役地权利人、需役地权利人与旅游者等利益主体之间建立起共建共享共治命运共同体,才能真正实现湖滨旅游地的空间正义。
方珊珊 , 王维艳 , 王月 . 湖滨旅游地空间正义性测度及其实现路径——洱海西岸原住民感知研究[J]. 热带地理, 2023 , 43(10) : 2035 -2048 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003761
In recent years, the ecological control of lakeside areas and the issue of spatial justice and injustice have aroused widespread interest in the academic community. This field of research would benefit from greater scientific measurement of the degree of spatial justice. Using the results of relevant studies of several lakeside areas, we applied the principles of space production (sensu Lefebvre), Fraser's scale theory of social justice, and the factor analysis method of structuring quantitative models. With this approach we constructed a spatial justice measurement model of lakeside tourism sites from the perspective of the perception of indigenous people, a vulnerable group, and the right holders of tourist service land. Taking the west bank of Erhai Lake as the research object, the villagers were surveyed by using the five-point Likert scale, and the model was tested and measured. The key results were as follows. (1) The spatial justice perception model of lakeside tourism destination can be characterized by the dimensions of recognition justice, distribution justice, participation justice and 13 measurement indexes. (2) The perceived value of spatial justice of the "Haixi" villagers with respect to the tourism destination of the lake is quantified as 2.67, which is biased towards injustice in general, especially in the dimension of distributive justice (2.34). (3) The results of this study provide a preliminary measurement tool for the assessment of spatial justice of lakeside tourism destinations and can inform the decision-making of the relevant government departments to improve the local perception of spatial justice in areas where indigenous people live. Another outcome of this study is the proposal that the easement system is an effective way to realize the spatial justice of the "Haixi" tourist destination. However, it is worth noting that after the lakeside redevelopment, fewer tourism operators in the "Haixi" area can sustain themselves; thus, it will be difficult to add tourism business opportunities in an area that already has significant space constraints. The repercussions of the space limitations have spread to to the periphery of the first and second control areas and even to the entire Dali, Yunnan Province. In Dali, Yunnan Province, through fair market transactions between the rights holders of tourism real estate and tourists, the redistribution of tourism economic income can be realized. The crux of solving the spatial injustice of the lakeside tourism destination of Erhai Lake lies in the institutional "confirmation" of the rights and interests of Erhai Lake and its lakeside area (the largest area of tourism service) and through the imposition of different degrees of "paid use of Erhai resources" on all tourism operators, as well as government payments to increase the compensation given to the indigenous people in the lakeside area. In other words, only by establishing a community of co-construction, sharing, and co-governance of rights holders and tourists in the Erhai Lake-and in tourism destinations generally-can the spatial justice be truly realized.
表1 湖滨旅游地空间正义尺度及其测量指标体系Table 1 Spatial justice scale and measurement index system of lakeside destination |
维度 | 测量指标 | 问卷题项 |
---|---|---|
承认 正义 A | A 1承认村民湖泊保护牺牲与旅游贡献 | A 1您觉得大理市政府承认一二级保护区内的村民对洱海保护做出较大牺牲与旅游贡献 |
A 2承认给予村民合理的生态搬迁补偿 | A 2您觉得政府认同应当给予一级保护区内村民合理的生态搬迁补偿 | |
A 3承认应给予村民合理的农田流转费 | A 3您觉得政府认同应当给予一二级保护区内的村民合理的农田流转费 | |
A 4承认给予村民合理的生态保护补偿 | A 4您觉得政府认同应当给予一二级保护区内村民合理的生态保护补偿 | |
分配 正义 B | B 1政府给予村民的生态搬迁补偿公平 | B 1政府给予一级保护区内村民的生态搬迁补偿是公平合理的 |
B 2政府给予村民的农田流转补偿合理 | B 2政府给予一二级保护区村民的农田流转费是公平合理的 | |
B3政府禁养家禽、牲畜管理的合理性 | B 3政府禁止海西一二级保护区内农户饲养家禽、牲畜的管理是合理的 | |
B 4政府对村民生活用水管理的合理性 | B 4政府对海西一二级保护区的家庭用水管理规定是公平合理的 | |
B 5湖泊保护给予村民更好的发展机会 | B 5您认为洱海保护区的管控使保护区的村民拥有了更好的发展机会 | |
参与 正义 C | C 1村民对旅游/湖泊保护政策的知情权 | C 1政府的洱海保护、生态搬迁、农田流转、旅游发展等相关决策,做到信息及时公开 |
C 2村民对旅游/湖泊保护政策的话语权 | C 2居民对于洱海保护、生态搬迁、农田流转、旅游发展等相关决策,具有话语权 | |
C 3村民对旅游/湖泊保护政策的表决权 | C 3居民对于与自身利益相关的政府决策,具有自主表决权 | |
C 4村民对旅游/湖泊保护政策的监督权 | C 4居民对于与自身利益相关的政策执行、承诺等,可以参与监督 |
表2 样本基本信息(N=454)Table 2 The samples' fundamental information (N=454) |
基本特征 | 样本数/份 | 比例/% | |
---|---|---|---|
性别 | 男 | 228 | 50.22 |
女 | 226 | 49.78 | |
年龄/岁 | 15~24 | 15 | 3.30 |
25~44 | 76 | 16.74 | |
45~59 | 204 | 44.93 | |
≥60 | 159 | 35.02 | |
人均月收入/元 | ≤1 000 | 11 | 2.42 |
1 001~3 000 | 224 | 49.34 | |
3 001~5 000 | 201 | 44.27 | |
>5 001 | 18 | 3.96 | |
生态搬迁户/ 非生态搬迁户 | 生态搬迁户 | 22 | 4.85 |
非生态搬迁户 | 432 | 95.15 | |
职业 | 农民 | 311 | 68.50 |
旅游经营人员 | 13 | 2.86 | |
旅游务工人员 | 27 | 5.95 | |
学生 | 8 | 1.76 | |
其他 | 95 | 20.93 | |
受教育程度 | 小学以下 | 187 | 41.19 |
初中 | 191 | 42.07 | |
中专及高中 | 54 | 11.89 | |
大专及本科 | 21 | 4.63 | |
硕士及以上 | 1 | 0.22 | |
住改商户/ 非住改商户 | 住改商户 | 15 | 3.30 |
非住改商户 | 439 | 96.70 | |
家庭主要 收入来源* | 农田补偿 | 33 | 7.27 |
旅游经营(民宿、餐饮) | 15 | 3.30 | |
旅游务工收入 | 36 | 7.93 | |
外出打工 | 330 | 72.69 | |
本地打工 | 118 | 25.99 | |
农业 | 3 | 0.66 | |
旅游运输 | 5 | 1.10 | |
其他 | 31 | 6.83 |
|
表3 验证性因子分析结果(N=454)Table 3 The result of confirmatory factor analysis(N=454) |
维度 | 题项 | 指标值 | 因子荷 | 平均变异 抽取量AVE | 组合信度CR | Cronbach's α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
承认 正义 (A) | A 1 | 3.45 | 0.703 | 0.504 | 0.803 | 0.802 |
A 2 | 3.06 | 0.704 | ||||
A 3 | 3.21 | 0.730 | ||||
A 4 | 3.31 | 0.703 | ||||
分配 正义 (B) | B 1 | 3.15 | 0.708 | 0.581 | 0.873 | 0.871 |
B 2 | 2.87 | 0.886 | ||||
B 3 | 3.12 | 0.824 | ||||
B 4 | 2.65 | 0.739 | ||||
B 5 | 2.92 | 0.628 | ||||
参与 正义 (C) | C 1 | 3.52 | 0.701 | 0.632 | 0.872 | 0.869 |
C 2 | 3.02 | 0.794 | ||||
C 3 | 2.61 | 0.788 | ||||
C 4 | 2.92 | 0.886 |
表4 二阶模型拟合度Table 4 Second-order model fit |
适配指标 | 绝对适配度指数 | 增值适配度指数 | 简约适配度指数 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2/df | GFI | AGFI | RMSEA | NFI | IFI | CFI | TLI | PGFI | PNFI | PCFI | |||
理想数值 | <3 | >0.9 | >0.9 | <0.08 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.5 | >0.5 | >0.5 | ||
模型 | 2.773 | 0.945 | 0.919 | 0.063 | 0.942 | 0.962 | 0.962 | 0.952 | 0.765 | 0.749 | 0.765 | ||
是否符合 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
表5 量表成分得分系数矩阵Table 5 Scale component score coefficient matrix |
A 1 | A 2 | A 3 | A 4 | B 1 | B 2 | B 3 | B 4 | B 5 | C 1 | C 2 | C 3 | C 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
成分 | 1 | -0.036 | -0.091 | -0.114 | -0.074 | 0.179 | 0.253 | 0.303 | 0.404 | 0.252 | -0.041 | -0.055 | -0.079 | -0.028 |
2 | -0.067 | -0.083 | -0.036 | -0.071 | 0.006 | -0.025 | -0.016 | -0.054 | -0.096 | 0.285 | 0.304 | 0.427 | 0.275 | |
3 | 0.283 | 0.418 | 0.398 | 0.333 | 0.010 | -0.020 | -0.059 | -0.181 | -0.046 | -0.018 | -0.057 | -0.126 | -0.042 |
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方珊珊:文章最主要的撰写者,直接参与调研、数据录入与分析;文章主要修改者;
王维艳:主要负责文章的总体思路与图1、图3设计;参与调研,同时也是文章主要修改者;
王 月:直接参与问卷调研,协助数据录入与分析。
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