中国人对西沙群岛历史认知与风力、潮流、海浪作用下的变迁研究
阎根齐(1959—),河南睢县人,研究员,博士生导师,主要研究海南历史文化、南海海洋历史文化等方向,(E-mail)ydh195903@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2023-01-18
修回日期: 2023-06-24
网络出版日期: 2024-02-08
基金资助
国家社会科学基金重大项目(17ZDA187)
Chinese Historical Perceptions of the Xisha Islands and Study of Changes under the Action of Wind, Tides, and Waves
Received date: 2023-01-18
Revised date: 2023-06-24
Online published: 2024-02-08
通过研究西沙群岛的历史认识和地理环境演变,强调了地理特征和稳定性的重要性,以及风力、潮流和海浪对其造成的影响。研究表明:1)中国人至迟在汉代对“岛”和“沙洲”就有了较为理性的认知,岛屿的形成具有悠久的历史,形成于4 000年以上,地势相对较高,不易被海水淹没。相反,沙洲是相对年轻的地貌,其地势较低,容易受到自然因素的影响。2)风力、潮流和巨浪对西沙群岛地貌的变化有重要影响。风力和巨浪堆积沙洲,但同时也能导致其消失在海平面以下。潮流的周期性变化也对这些岛屿和沙洲的稳定性产生重要影响。这些变迁不仅是地貌的动态展现,也与海洋生物数量下降趋势密切相关。综合分析表明,岛和沙洲在地理特征和稳定性上存在明显差异。西沙群岛地貌的变迁是自然因素与人类活动交互作用的结果。文章有助于更好地了解西沙群岛的演化过程,以及保护和改善这一地区的生态环境方面的实际需求。
阎根齐 , 吴昊 . 中国人对西沙群岛历史认知与风力、潮流、海浪作用下的变迁研究[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(2) : 258 -268 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003822
This study provides an in-depth understanding of the islands and sandbars within the Xisha Islands, located in the South China Sea, with the aim of distinguishing them based on different geological, ecological, and historical features. The changes in the marine ecosystem and the conservation measures taken to maintain the rich biodiversity of the archipelago are also explored. The main objective of this study was to differentiate islands and sandbars based on geological, ecological, and historical criteria and to examine the period of formation, geological features, and altitudinal characteristics of these terrains. The dynamic characteristics of sandbars were explored as the basis of island formation by focusing on their sensitivity to external environmental factors and assessing the presence of vegetation and human activities. The overall implications of these findings for marine life and conservation efforts on the Paracel Islands were analyzed. To achieve these objectives, geological investigations, historical documentation, and ecological assessments were combined. Key methods included geochronological analysis to date the formation of the islands and sandbars, assessment of elevation and geological composition to analyze the vegetation cover on these terrains, and a review of the historical documentary record to gain insights into human activities and investigate the marine ecosystem and its biodiversity. The geological studies revealed that islands are usually formed over a long period of time (approximately 4,000 years or more) and above the water surface, with beach rocks formed around them and a large amount of coral detritus accumulating on the embankment, which in turn forms a sand dike encompassing the dyke and the coastline. This protects the embankment and coastline, making the island expand in size, increase in elevation slowly and become more stable, and the landscape less susceptible to deformation. In contrast, sandbars are relatively young (within the last 3,000 years) and low in elevation, are often inundated at high tides, and are more dynamic, including accretion and erosion, making them vulnerable to environmental changes. Vegetation grows on these islands and sandbars and planted vegetation is a prominent feature. Increased vegetation cover enhances the stability, height, and area of these terrains and plays a vital role in ecological conservation. This study also presents findings on the overall declining trend in marine organisms such as corals, sea turtles, and seabirds in the Xisha Islands, the causes of which are mainly related to anthropogenic (e.g., fishing) and natural (e.g., climatic causes such as typhoons and biological causes such as reduction in food availability) factors. In addition, the Government of Sansha Municipality (a special administrative region overseeing the Xisha Islands) in China has implemented the following measures: artificially cultivating marine plants, setting up marine life protection stations, establishing marine life nature reserves, and stepping up the fight against illegal hunting, which are examples of a series of effective measures that emphasize the need to strengthen comprehensive conservation measures in the face of increasingly severe environmental challenges. This study helps understand the geological and ecological characteristics of the Xisha Islands and provides an important reference for ongoing marine conservation efforts. This methodology for distinguishing between islands and sandbars based on different criteria lays the foundation for further research on biodiversity and environmental changes in the area. In addition, this study highlights the importance of maintaining fragile ecosystems in the face of mounting environmental challenges. Overall, this comprehensive study of the islands and sandbars of the Paracel Islands highlights the dynamic nature of these terrains, the influence of vegetation on their stability, and the need to strengthen integrated measures for marine conservation efforts in the South China Sea.
1 三国康泰撰写《扶南传》,原书已佚,现仅从个别文献中可见零篇碎简,如《太平御览》中引有《扶南传》等(国家图书馆中国边疆文献研究中心,2016)。
2 “七连屿”的地名在民国时期和新中国成立后的包括范围有所变化。在1947年民国政府公布的地名中,七连屿包括了赵述岛。
3 在地质学上的分类标准不同,有的称为珊瑚岛、火山岛(如高尖石)、岩石岛(如石岛)和沙岛(如中建岛)。
4 数据来源:国家林业和草原局政府网. https://www.forestry.gov.cn
5 数据来源:三沙市人民政府. http://www.sansha.gov.cn/sansha/
6 《琼管志》一书约撰写于南宋嘉泰三年至嘉定元年(1203—1208年),后来失传,部分资料被收录在宋代王象之的《舆地纪胜》书中。此条记载见《舆地纪胜》卷127,广南西路吉阳军风俗形胜条。
7 白鲣鸟每天在宣德群岛海域觅食,发现船只航行时,跟着船盘旋飞翔,因为飞鱼被船惊吓后会飞出水面,甚至飞到甲板上,鲣鸟就跟着船飞翔抓飞鱼。晚上归来聚集在茂密的树林里。如果渔船在海上迷失方向,可以根据鲣鸟白天出去、傍晚飞回的路线,找到岛所在的位置,故海南渔民称这种鸟为“导航鸟”。
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吴 昊:参与论文选题设计,采集数据;撰写文章及修改。
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