社交媒体对中国中产阶级老年群体生态旅游消费行为的影响路径——基于扎根理论的探索性研究
孙琼(1984—),女,北京人,教授,博士,主要研究方向为旅游经济与旅游者行为,(E-mail)sunqiongbuu@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2023-03-11
修回日期: 2023-06-15
网络出版日期: 2024-03-13
基金资助
北京市社会科学基金一般项目(23GLB020)
The Influence of Social Media on the Ecotourism Consumption Behavior of China's Elderly Middle Class: An Exploratory Study Based on Grounded Theory
Received date: 2023-03-11
Revised date: 2023-06-15
Online published: 2024-03-13
持续增加的中国中产阶级老年人口数量为中国旅游业发展带来了重要机遇。社交媒体的使用已广泛融入到中国中产阶级老年旅游者的消费决策中。文章对26名中国中产阶级老年生态旅游者进行深度访谈,基于扎根理论抽象提炼出影响路径,构建出一套社交媒体对中国中产阶级老年群体生态旅游消费行为的影响路径模型。研究发现,社交媒体对中国中产阶级老年人生态旅游消费行为的影响主要涉及五大要素。其中,社交媒体信息效用、社交媒体对消费心理影响和社交媒体平台支持有助于激发中国中产阶级老年群体生态旅游消费意愿的形成。在社交媒体的支持下,良好的生态旅游消费体验有助于中国中产阶级老年群体的自我价值实现,并满足其精神需求。而自我价值的实现和精神需求的满足又进一步强化社交媒体影响下中国中产阶级老年群体生态旅游消费意愿的形成。
孙琼 , 安宇翔 , 李林 , 王丽 . 社交媒体对中国中产阶级老年群体生态旅游消费行为的影响路径——基于扎根理论的探索性研究[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(3) : 442 -455 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003835
The continuous increase in the number of middle-aged and elderly people in China has provided important opportunities for the development of China's tourism industry. Ecotourism—a green, healthy, and high-quality tourism method—is particularly popular among middle-aged adults. Social media use has been widely integrated into the consumption decisions of middle-aged and elderly Chinese tourists. It is of great significance to clarify the impact of social media on tourism consumer behavior among China's elderly middle class, especially on rising ecotourism consumption. This study conducted in-depth interviews with 26 elderly middle-class ecotourists in China, abstracted the impact path based on grounded theory, and constructed a set of impact path models of social media on the consumer behavior of elderly ecotourism in China's middle class. This study found that, because social media has the characteristics of information and communication, its impact on the ecotourism consumer behavior of China's elderly middle class mainly involves five factors: social media information utility, social media support, social media impact, self-value realization, and spiritual needs satisfaction. These five elements do not exist in isolation but are interrelated and mutually influencing. Among them, social media can help fully display ecotourism information, plus its own brand building, reputation, and other factors. Moreover, social media information utility, social media impact, and social media platform support can help stimulate the willingness of China's elderly middle class to promote the occurrence of consumer behavior. With the support of social media, a good ecological tourism consumption experience will help realize the self-worth of China's elderly middle class and meet their spiritual needs. The realization of self-worth and satisfaction of spiritual needs will further strengthen the impact of social media on the willingness of China's elderly middle class to engage in ecotourism. First, this study shows that China's elderly middle class can conveniently access destination-related health and historical and cultural knowledge through social media, thus strengthening the ecological tourism motivation of this special group. Second, social media have strengthened the emotional bond between China's elderly middle class and others, helping them meet their social and spiritual needs. Third, poetic dwellings are a prominent feature of the elderly middle class in ecotourism, which differs from other forms of tourism under the influence of social media. This study systematically summarizes and combs the influence path of social media on the consumer behavior of ecotourism in China's elderly middle class by using grounded theory for the first time, and expounds on the important influencing factors, which can provide a reference for future research and practice. Concurrently, this article focuses on the impact of social media on the ecotourism consumer behavior of China's elderly middle class and proposes that the realization of self-value and satisfaction of spiritual needs is an important result of their participation in ecotourism behavior under the influence of social media.
表1 访谈样本描述性统计(N=26)Table 1 Descriptive statistics of interview samples (N=26) |
变量 | 频数/人 | 比例/% | |
---|---|---|---|
性别 | 男 | 12 | 46 |
女 | 14 | 54 | |
年龄/岁 | 年轻老人:60~74 | 17 | 65 |
老年人:75~89 | 9 | 35 | |
退休前职业 | 教师 | 3 | 12 |
公务员 | 5 | 18 | |
事业单位 | 3 | 12 | |
律师 | 2 | 8 | |
中小私营企业 | 3 | 12 | |
企业管理人员 | 8 | 30 | |
医生 | 2 | 8 | |
婚姻状况 | 已婚 | 19 | 73 |
未婚 | 1 | 4 | |
丧偶 | 6 | 23 | |
学历 | 大专及以下 | 5 | 19 |
本科 | 15 | 58 | |
硕士 | 6 | 23 | |
博士 | 0 | 0 | |
人均可支配 收入/万元 | 2~3.5 | 5 | 19 |
3.51~5 | 13 | 50 | |
5.01~6.7 | 8 | 31 |
表2 开放性编码及范畴提炼Table 2 Open coding and category extraction |
范畴 | 概念 | 原始事件记录 |
---|---|---|
F1 生态旅游资源信息 | a11 生态资源介绍 | 我在浏览社交媒体信息时会重点关注目的地的生态环境介绍,如有什么特别的生态资源等。 |
a12 康养设施介绍 | 微信的旅游宣传中如果有一些关于疗养设施情况的内容,让我更想去旅游。 | |
F2 信息来源的可信度 | a21 信息发布渠道 | 官方媒体或政府公众号推送的生态旅游信息让我觉得更加可信,内容更真实。 |
a22 信息发布者 | 我认为具有权威的知名人士发布的生态旅游信息更加真实、更有保障,他们推荐的内容也更可信。 | |
F3 善意嫉妒 | a31 炫耀性分享 | 有些朋友经常会在群里发照片,穿着漂亮裙子站在一望无际的草原上,炫耀他们不需要在家里做家务可以到大自然中去,让我觉得很羡慕,也想去。 |
a32 高相似度用户攀比 | 对于年龄、家庭情况和我差不多的朋友分享的生态旅游信息更容易引起我的关注,我会留意他去哪个海边度假了,如果恰好没去过那个地方,我就会也想去看看。 | |
F4 临场感增强 | a41 情感唤起 | 有些社交媒体上发布的生态旅游文字或者视频能够唤起我对那个地方的向往,引发我的共鸣,这样的地方我更想去。 |
a42 沉浸感/心流体验 | 可视性和生动性的信息对我的影响更大,比如在冬季白雪覆盖的森林里泡温泉的视频让我迅速了解目的地的情况。 | |
F5 同群效应 | a51 朋友转发推荐 | 我会认真看朋友转发给我的乡村旅游信息,更可能选择去朋友推荐的地方旅行。 |
a52 口碑效应 | 我出行前会到社交媒体上查询生态旅游地的口碑,确认(目的地)口碑较好后,才会决定去旅游。 | |
F6 风险感知 | a61 旅游产品真实性 | 有些目的地宣传的健康疗效太过夸张或有很多不相关的推荐链接,让人感到不可信。 |
a62 旅行安全风险 | 有些生态旅游宣传中有在水中漂流、丛林徒步的画面,有的设施极为简陋,看着没什么安全保障,不适合老年人,不会考虑。 | |
F7 目的地社交 媒体账号服务 | a71 完备的信息查询功能 | 通过公众号就能查询所有的度假和康养旅游信息,不用到处找,会让我感觉更加便捷、服务更好,更愿意前往。 |
a72 人工咨询服务 | 我眼睛不好,手机上的字太小,微信宣传页面如果提供联系电话或人工服务方式预约生态旅游项目,更方便我直接联系获取信息,更有可能前往。 | |
F8 康养知识追求 | a81 康养知识 | 我在决定去旅游前会主动通过微信搜索当地自然环境或饮食对身体健康的影响,介绍得越详实越好,这样旅游的同时还能增长知识。 |
a82 增长见识 | 我在浏览社交媒体时,会倾向选择有详细康养疗效或特色养生方法介绍的生态旅游地,这样还能增长见闻。 | |
F9 丰富社交 | a91 参与活动 | 我会重点关注小学同学群发布的旅游信息,并尽可能参加他们组织的乡村旅游活动,回归田园的同时可以顺便和老同学们聚会。 |
a92 构建和稳固社会关系 | 我最近新加入了社区的慢跑群,里面经常会发一些周边生态旅游的信息,为了和邻居们尽快熟悉起来,我会偶尔参加活动。 | |
F10 生态旅游产品 感知价值 | a101 新开发生态旅游产品 | 在浏览社交媒体信息时,我会特别关注新开发的乡村度假地,更加想要去别人没去过的新奇地方旅行。 |
a102 价格价值 | 如果生态旅游产品的价格让我觉得物超所值,更容易让我想去。 | |
F11 主观幸福感 | a111 生活满足感提升 | 看到朋友圈中很多和我同龄的老年人和我一样离开子女,独自享受旅行拍摄的照片和视频,让我感觉生活更快乐。 |
a112 生活获得感提升 | 我组织退休的同事和他的老伴与我和老伴去了张家界周边森林旅行,玩得很开心,在朋友圈发了很多照片,人老了依然可以自由旅行。 | |
F12 满足个人需求 | a121 怀旧 | 听着那个年代的音乐,看到视频里曾经插队(知青“上山下乡”)的地方环境更好了,变成了新开发的国家公园,我一定要去看看。 |
a122 家国情怀 | 有些生态旅游度假区本身就是国家复兴的见证地,带有红色元素,让我更感兴趣。 | |
F13 追求年轻态 生活 | a131 挑战性运动 | 看到微博视频中年轻人参与登山、皮划艇等极具挑战性的运动,我也在旅游时尝试了,很有趣。 |
a132 冒险性探索 | 看到过一个关于秘鲁自然探索之旅的微信介绍,很感兴趣就去了,我并非完全愿意被禁锢在“安全范围”之内(的人)。 | |
a133 自由行方式 | 我越来越喜欢浏览关于生态旅游自由行的推荐,更倾向于选择自由行方式。 | |
F14 诗意栖居 | a141 逃离城市生活 | 看到朋友分享的海南热带雨林旅行的照片感觉他们好像去了“桃花园”,不用天天在城市的家里看孩子,到大自然中去的生活让我向往。 |
a142 自在生活 | 看到微博中朋友前往湖北太子山国家森林公园旅游的视频,看到她躺在草地上、在蓝天下拍摄的照片,让我感觉她是那么地自由和幸福。 | |
F15 社交媒体 形象和声誉 | a151 平台评价 | 像大众点评这种大的社交媒体平台的信息还是很有参考价值的,我在出行前会参考。 |
a152 平台声誉 | 没有丑闻或负面新闻的平台信息是最基本的保障。 | |
(未完,转下页) | ||
F16 生态旅游 体验分享 | a161 影像分享 | 我会将沿途拍摄的自然风光照片分享到单位退休人员的摄影群中。 |
a162 心情分享 | 在欣赏自然风光的同时,常让我对日常的生活有所感悟,我会把这些体会写成文字配上旅行照片发表在朋友圈中。 | |
F17 网络推荐信息 | a171 网红景点推荐 | 经常在抵达目的地后查阅社交网络浏览推荐的网红景点,如果感兴趣就会前往。 |
a172 美食信息推荐 | 在旅行外出用餐前会参考社交网络上的美食排名决定用餐地点。 | |
F18 自创内容 关注度 | a181 点赞数量 | 分享在朋友圈的南山国家公园的旅行照片被很多人点赞,让我想继续到其他国家公园旅行。 |
a182 积极评论 | 曾经发表过杭州西溪湿地的旅行记录,那里风景独特,朋友圈中很多人问我杭州西溪湿地好不好玩、如何自由行等,从此我旅行都会有意识地记录重要的旅行信息。 | |
F19 旅游住宿信息 | a191 住宿设施 | 不同于年轻人在哪里都能凑合住宿,详尽的住宿信息和条件介绍是我决定去旅游前必须要了解的。 |
a192 住宿环境 | 最好能够展示住宿条件的图片或者视频,这样可以直观感受住宿环境,有助于进行消费决策。 | |
F20 旅游交通信息 | a201 往返目的地交通 | 生态旅游地不同于城市旅游目的地,我更喜欢前往有详细旅游交通信息的目的地,这样能提前了解这个地方是否适合我和老伴出行。 |
a202 目的地当地交通 | 我和老伴喜欢自由安排行程,微信推荐页中最好有详细的旅游交通信息,这样就不用麻烦子女安排。 | |
F21 卫生与安全 | a211 目的地卫生 | 我在看旅游目的地的短视频时会关注当地的卫生条件,干净的街道、良好的卫生条件是我选择旅游的必备条件。 |
a212 目的地治安 | 我会在社交网络中主动搜索关于当地治安情况的信息,我和老伴出游,良好的治安条件是最基本要求。 | |
F22 健康追寻 | a221 饮食健康 | 比较关注目的地当地绿色饮食的情况,如水质如何、有什么降血脂的健康饮食。 |
a222 绿色环境 | 目的地的环境要有助于身体健康,社交媒体的宣传中需要有一些详细的数据证明环境是绿色健康的,有益于身体的。 | |
F23 生活意义的 重塑 | a231充实生活 | 孩子都长大了,他们有了自己的家庭。我们退休了,突然发现我们不再是家庭的“中心”,前往各大环境优美的生态旅游地旅游并拍照发布在微博上,成为我新的生活意义,这样做让我感觉不那么孤独。 |
a241重塑情感纽带 | 我们这代人对情感的表达都趋向于隐秘,我和丈夫从不说“爱你”。在一次生态旅游中,我险些从山崖边摔落,幸亏我丈夫冲过来抱住了我,事后我把这件事写在了旅行博客中,我的丈夫留言:“你要是出了什么事,我也不想活了。”这是他四十年来第一次如此强烈地表达对我的感情,让我发现我是他生活的核心。 |
表3 主轴编码及主范畴提炼Table 3 Main axis coding and main category extraction |
主范畴 | 初始范畴 | 范畴内涵 |
---|---|---|
Z1 社交媒体 信息效用 | F1 生态旅游资源信息 | 旅游目的地或旅游企业借助社交媒体从生态资源介绍和康养设施介绍2个维度对目的地生态旅游发展情况的整体性展示。 |
F10 生态旅游产品感知价值 | 消费者在社交媒体上从新开发生态旅游产品和价格价值2个方面对产品效用的总体评估。 | |
F19 旅游住宿信息 | 旅游目的地或旅游企业借助社交媒体从住宿设施和住宿环境2个维度对目的地旅游住宿条件的整体性展示。 | |
F20 旅游交通信息 | 旅游目的地或旅游企业借助社交媒体从往返目的地交通和目的地当地交通2个方面对目的地旅游交通情况的整体性反映。 | |
F21 卫生与安全 | 社交媒体上所反映的目的地卫生条件和治安状况。 | |
Z2 社交媒体 平台支持 | F2 信息来源的可信度 | 社交媒体上发布的生态旅游信息来源的可靠性、权威性和专业性。 |
F4 临场感增强 | 当中国老年中产阶级在社交媒体浏览生态旅游信息时受其信息性和娱乐性特征的影响而产生的“自己仿佛置身于旅游目的地”的感觉。 | |
F7 目的地社交媒体账号服务 | 目的地的社交媒体账号提供相关适老化服务质量。 | |
F15 社交媒体平台形象和声誉 | 发布生态旅游信息的社交媒体平台在消费者心中的个性化特征和好感评价,体现了消费者对该社交媒体平台的评价与认知。 | |
Z3 社交媒体对 消费心理影响 | F3 善意嫉妒 | 中国老年中产阶级通过浏览熟人在朋友圈中分享的生态旅游信息,进而产生羡慕情绪,促使其进行生态旅游实践。 |
F5 同群效应 | 中国老年中产阶级在浏览社交媒体信息进行生态旅游消费决策时,会受到周围朋友转发推荐或网络口碑的影响,从而使其消费决策发生变化。 | |
F6 风险感知 | 中国老年中产阶级在浏览社交媒体生态旅游信息时对某个特定风险的特征及其严重性所做出的主观判断。 | |
Z4 自我价值实现 | F8 康养知识追求 | 中国老年中产阶级在通过社交媒体学习生态旅游目的地的康养知识。 |
F9 丰富社交 | 中国老年中产阶级通过参与社交群体组织的生态旅游活动,快速融入该群体并建立群体权威和声誉。 | |
F16 生态旅游体验分享 | 中国老年中产阶级在进行生态旅游过程中,借助社交媒体平台分享旅行影像和旅游体验。 | |
F18 自创内容关注度 | 中国老年中产阶级在社交媒体上发布的生态旅游游记等的受关注程度,具体包括点赞数量和积极评论等。 | |
F22 健康追寻 | 中国老年中产阶级通过社交媒体了解生态旅游目的地对健康的积极作用。 | |
Z5 精神需求满足 | F12 满足个人需求 | 中国老年中产阶级在浏览社交媒体有关生态旅游地的历史信息后,前往目的地旅游所产生的怀旧或家国情怀等。 |
F11 主观幸福感 | 中国老年中产阶级在社交媒体分享生态旅游经历或体验所产生的主观幸福感,具体包括旅行满意度的增强和自我获得感的提升。 | |
F13 追求年轻态生活 | 中国老年中产阶级在进行生态旅游时主动实践其在社交媒体上浏览的年轻化生态旅游活动,具体包括挑战性运动、冒险性探索和自由行方式。 | |
F14 诗意栖居 | 中国老年中产阶级在社交媒体浏览相关信息后期望通过生态旅游达到诗意、幸福生活的目的,具体包括逃避日常城市生活和追求自在生活。 | |
F23 生活意义的重塑 | 中国老年中产阶级在社交媒体上发布生态旅游相关照片和旅行感悟,以充实生活并加强与人的情感纽带。 |
孙 琼:研究资料的分析,研究框架的设定,论文撰写与修订;
安宇翔:论文修改与提升,校对与修改文字表述;
李 林:进度把控,论文修改与提升;
王 丽:协助访谈资料收集,论文修改与提升。
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