基层治理的地域领域化与阶级生命政治的变迁
李辉霞(1978—),女,广东新丰县人,教授,博士,主要研究方向为经济地理学,(E-mail)shelly88@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2023-02-08
修回日期: 2023-05-18
网络出版日期: 2024-03-13
基金资助
教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“耦合景观格局与生态服务的西南喀斯特地区生态系统优化管理研究”(20YJAZH053)
Regionalization of Grassroots Governance and Differences in Class Life Politics: A Case Study of the A Town Industrial Park in Zhuhai
Received date: 2023-02-08
Revised date: 2023-05-18
Online published: 2024-03-13
在城市化高速发展的背景下,如何形成空间存量的治理模式是构建现代化治理体系的棘手难题。空间存量中的领域化过程,在市场化的进程中不断地影响着不同群体的生命政治。文章在领域理论的基础上引入福柯生命政治的视角,构建了“社会资本—空间关系—生命政治”三方耦合互动的领域政治框架。通过对普通工人、中层管理者和高层董事的半结构访谈及问卷调查,探究基层治理领域化过程中工人的生命政治变迁规律。结果表明:产业园区的经济属性塑造了工人、中层干部、高层董事三方不同的生活、生产的空间关系,导致不同阶层的社会资本积累产生差异。同时,工人经历了自我主导到经济依附再到全面依附的生命政治过程。政府一方面需要完善薄弱地区的公共服务建设,另一方面需要逐步减少国家对社会的控制,培养社会组织能力,实现工人自我推进社会服务。文章对理解工人生计演变提供了地学理论视角,描述了不同阶层在空间分布上如何形成生命政治的差异。
李辉霞 , 陈世熠 , 胡珏滢 , 林锦标 . 基层治理的地域领域化与阶级生命政治的变迁[J]. 热带地理, 2024 , 44(3) : 520 -531 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003844
With rapid urbanization, the formation of a governance model for spatial stock has become challenging in building a modern governance system. The process of "domainization" in spatial stock constantly affects the biopolitics of different groups during marketization. This paper introduces the perspective of Foucault's biopolitics based on the domain theory and constructs a domain politics framework indicating a tripartite coupling and interaction among social capital, spatial relations, and life politics. Through semi-structured interviews with, and questionnaires administered to, ordinary workers, middle managers, and top directors, we investigate the changing patterns of workers' biopolitics in the "Territorialization" of grassroots governance. The findings show that the "domainization" process relative to industrial parks has gone through three periods: first, when the state strongly shaped the construction of order and the state economy; second, when the government retreated and capital advanced on a large scale; and third, when there was tripartite competition between the government, workers, and capital. The structures of social capital, spatial relations, and biopolitics experienced a dramatic shift during the succession process of the three periods. The economic attributes of industrial parks shape the various spatial relationships of life and production among workers, middle-level cadres, and top directors, causing differences in the accumulation of social capital for the different classes. The compartmentalization of the spatial field has resulted in a reduction in workers' public activities and the weakening of social capital accumulation. The life politics of workers shifted from self-directed ownership of the A town mechanical farm to early economic dependency, then to full dependency on the park. First, this study bridges the gap in the study of "domainization" in production fields and provides a geo-theoretical perspective for understanding how workers' biopolitics is driven by this process in the context of the transformation in economic production relations. Second, the phenomenon of authority transfer in "domainization" is proposed based on the theory of state-society relations. A detailed explanation of the occurrence of semi-centralized governance in modern society is provided herein. Finally, study findings provide theoretical support and case studies on how sphere politics in grassroots governance affects spatial production relations, achieving integration of the disciplines of politics and geography.
Key words: Domain theory; life politics; grassroots governance; industrial park; Zhuhai City
表1 访谈问卷调查样本基本信息Table 1 Survey questionnaire samples |
变量 | 数量/人 | |
---|---|---|
性别 | 男 | 65 |
女 | 49 | |
户籍 | 本地 | 45 |
外地 | 69 | |
年龄/岁 | 18~30 | 66 |
31~45 | 40 | |
46~60 | 7 | |
文化程度 | 高中及以下 | 46 |
大专、本科 | 48 | |
硕士及以下 | 20 | |
政治面貌 | 中共党员 | 15 |
其他 | 99 | |
居住类型 | 自住 | 29 |
租聘 | 85 | |
人均收入/元 | ≤5 000 | 34 |
>5 000~10 000 | 50 | |
>10 000~20 000 | 25 | |
>20 000 | 5 | |
婚姻状况 | 未婚 | 81 |
已婚 | 33 |
表 2 访谈对象基本信息Table 2 Survey interview samples |
身份 | 所属公司 | 数量/人 | (平均)访谈时间/min |
---|---|---|---|
普通工人、 村民 | B公司 | 7 | 47 |
A公司 | 4 | 32 | |
C公司 | 6 | 52 | |
D公司 | 3 | 46 | |
E公司 | 3 | 36 | |
F公司 | 3 | 41 | |
G公司 | 5 | 59 | |
H公司 | 9 | 48 | |
中层员工 (经理、主任) | B公司 | 2 | 72 |
C公司 | 3 | 68 | |
G公司 | 4 | 87 | |
E公司 | 3 | 59 | |
高层董事 | G公司 | 4 | 82 |
D公司 | 3 | 77 | |
E公司 | 2 | 86 | |
C公司 | 3 | 79 |
表 3 阶级划分标准Table 3 Survey interview samples |
阶级划分(数量/人) | 工资收入/元 | 公司地位 | 参与公司治理状况 | 与公司财产情况 |
---|---|---|---|---|
低收入阶层(68) | ≤7 500 | 普通工人 | 几乎不参与 | 无财产关系 |
中等收入阶层(43) | >7 500~20 000 | 中层干部 | 参与到普通工人的管理,大多 以接受命令式参与 | 大多数无财产关系、小部分与高层董事存在亲属关系,而与公司财产有关系 |
高收入阶层(27) | ≥20 000 | 高层董事 | 直接参与公司事务管理 | 与公司财产有直接关系 |
“我们当时全部都是有组织,像看病呀、吃饭呀上面都分配好了,我们平时参与表决。像日常的管理运转,(生产队)队长会搞定。”
“当时厂里就没怎么分配东西了,以前有很多“福利”,后来就没什么了……管理当时换了人,没有大队呀那些组织了,但大家当时都还是在那工作只不过厂子里没提供那么多东西了。”
“我们用地的时候政府存在感一直很强,像什么建新房报批都要和他们报备,所以我们也很难建新房,不像佛山那些城市一样。”
“我们平常就待在园区里面,也比较少出门,很多事情都是老板定好的规矩,我们照做就是了……老板说在这住的,大家一起打扫一下卫生、看一下大门安全。”
“政府创建资源资产公司以后,我们有机会参与A镇各个项目的决策,到底怎么建、建什么我们有了知情权。虽然我们可能没他们有文化,但起码我们可以提一下大多数人的意见。”
“我周六日也很常到市区找朋友玩或者去看看电影什么的。但市区消费太高了,而且离我们住的地方很远,来回就要花上很长时间。这种活动方式开销太大了,像我们这种工人的工资根本撑不住多久,就没钱了。”
“当时大家都是把厂子当家看,虽然不在那里住,但是都很有感情……当时厂子里面做决定会开会,把大家都叫来一起决定要不要做。不管你是技术专家、工人还是队长,那都一样的,大家就像整个厂子里的主人。”
“工会还有职工会(即职工代表大会)都是大家选出来的,每年又给我们争取很多福利……他们也可以帮我们和领导提意见,工会也总有办法让领导听我们提的意见。像附近(指周围的村)出了事,工会就会组织我们去帮忙,帮一些老乡修一下房子,收(甘蔗)的时候帮帮”。
“那时候厂里工会倒还是有,只不过职工会(即职工代表大会)没了,普通工人的话确实说不上什么话了,毕竟管理还是他们那些有知识的人更在行嘛……”
“我们虽然在村里面说不上什么话,但是我们回到村里面很受人尊敬的。而且当时在搞乡镇企业,我们这些在有工作经验的老工人可以参与村里面事务的管理,像有个工人就被选成了村长,我以前也干过村干部”。
“当时(疫情期间)很少能够出门,厂里面不让我们出去,有个厂听说有在外面住的员工也被主任要求回宿舍住不能外出”。
“企业当时要求我们上报所有行程还有每次出入都要检查粤康码的状态,如果不去做核酸就要扣钱或者被开除”。
李辉霞:论文撰写、论文修改;
陈世熠:论文主体撰写、案例调研;
胡珏滢:论文修改、案例调研、数据整理;
林锦标:案例调研、数据整理。
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