中国社会转型背景下高校毕业生空间反向流动的影响因素及机制解释
罗加威(1998—),男,江苏阜宁人,硕士,助理规划师,主要研究方向为社会文化地理与流动性,(E-mail)rogaway@e.gzhu.edu.cn; |
收稿日期: 2024-10-28
修回日期: 2024-12-31
网络出版日期: 2025-03-05
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42371229)
Impact Factors and Mechanisms of University Graduates' Reverse Mobilities amid China's Social Transformation
Received date: 2024-10-28
Revised date: 2024-12-31
Online published: 2025-03-05
时代变迁引发青年求变,随着中国内外部环境的转变,一些高校毕业生出现空间上的反向流动趋势。文章以广州市高校毕业生为例,采用问卷调查、网络民族志与深度访谈等定量定性混合方法,基于空间流动与社会流动理论,从结构属性与能动意愿视角建立了新时期高校毕业生反向流动的解释框架,结果发现:1)地理空间资源的不均衡、现代社会的流动方式多样化和高校毕业生(“Z世代”)所处的社会历史环境共同推动青年反向流动的择地意愿;2)高校毕业生反向流动的影响因素包括其教育文化资本和社会资本等的实现,以及对城市生活成本与综合环境的考虑等;3)高校毕业生空间上的反向流动,即向更低等级城市流动,并不一定代表其社会阶层的降低;一部分人适应反向流动后的生活,在经济和文化上渐渐融入当地,并建构新的社会网络,享受到在原大城市不同的生活品质。研究通过分析高校青年人才空间流动的新特点和现象,为优化城市引才体系提供实证依据,也为未来城市发展提供理论指引和人才政策建议。
罗加威 , 马凌 , 陈家豪 , 王海峰 . 中国社会转型背景下高校毕业生空间反向流动的影响因素及机制解释[J]. 热带地理, 2025 , 45(2) : 319 -332 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240693
Social changes have triggered a drive for change among young people, leading to a spatial reverse mobility trend among university graduates in China, amid shifts in both domestic and international contexts. Using university graduates in Guangzhou as a case study, this study employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating questionnaire surveys, cyber-ethnography, and in-depth interviews. Grounded in spatial and social mobility theories, this study explores the motivations, processes, and outcomes of reverse mobility from the perspectives of structural factors and individual agencies. The findings reveal that: (1) the unequal distribution of spatial resources, shifts in mobility within modern society, and the unique socio-historical environment of Generation Z graduates jointly shape their reverse mobility preferences, with the unequal distribution of spatial resources driving university graduates to consider their location choices from both urban and individual perspectives. Resources available in cities are uneven, and individuals have varying access to these resources. They need to uncover comparative advantages in order to "overtake on a curve." The transformation of societal mobility further facilitates the diversification of movement. Spatially, rapid intercity movement enabled by technology allows some local resources, previously exclusive to first-tier cities, to be more easily accessed across regions. The rapid flow of information further amplifies regional disparities and provides a multifaceted understanding of different cities. Graduates from Generation Z, who are in a unique historical era and social structure, increasingly focus on noneconomic factors such as class mobility, quality of life, and cultural consumption when making employment decisions, no longer simply considering economic opportunities. (2) The factors influencing the reverse migration of university graduates mainly include the realization of their economic, social, and educational cultural capital, as well as considerations of the cost of urban living and the overall environment. According to survey results, university graduates had a clear understanding of the differences between cities. They recognized that first-tier cities offer better matching job opportunities for their fields and higher social status in the future, along with superior cultural resources and public services. However, they are also aware that competition in first-tier cities is intense, the possibility of upward social mobility is relatively low, housing costs are high, and quality of life is lower compared to that in non-first-tier cities. (3) The interviews further confirmed that reverse spatial mobility to lower-tier cities does not necessarily signify a decline in the social status of graduates. Many adapt well to new locales, embedding themselves both spatially and culturally and constructing new social networks that afford a quality of life that is not easily attainable in larger cities. This study developed a new framework for understanding the mechanisms underlying university graduates' reverse mobility by systematically examining pre-migration motivations and post-migration local negotiations and adaptation. By taking a more comprehensive view encompassing economic, non-economic, structural, and agentic factors, this research deepens our understanding of man-milieu interactions during the social transition period. It offers insights into local development and talent attraction strategies and provides policy recommendations to promote balanced urban development in a highly mobile society.
表1 广州高校毕业生流动意愿调查Table 1 Survey on the migration willingness of Guangzhou graduates |
测量变量 | 来源文献 | 测量变量 | 来源文献 |
---|---|---|---|
职业流动 | Champion & Gordon(2021) | 开销 | 李强(2014) |
专业匹配 | Li等(2021) | 存款 | 童玉芬等(2015) |
工作环境 | 张再生(2000) | 稳定住房 | Hu等(2022) |
社会保障 | 王一凡等(2021) | 生活向往 | von Reichert(2011) |
公共权力 | Israel & Frenkel(2018) | 社会阶层 | Watson(1964) |
户籍 | Hu等(2022) | 社会地位 | Bonjour & Chauvin(2018) |
熟人网络 | 王珏等(2014) | 主观社会定位 | Lai(2022) |
家庭/代际资本 | Zorlu & Kooiman(2019) | 主观社会定位意愿 | |
学历 | Findlay等(2012) | 气候 | 张文忠(2007); 刘晔 等(2019) |
继续学习 | 王宁(2014);马凌等(2021) | 环境质量 | |
文化消费 | 王宁(2014) | 卫生与治安 | |
公共文化 | 何仲禹等(2015) | 基础设施 |
表2 广州高校毕业生流动意愿调查的样本基本情况(N=305)Table 2 Basic information of questionnaire survey samples on migration willingness of Guangzhou graduates |
变量 | 取值 | 样本量/个 | 占比/% | 变量 | 取值 | 样本量/个 | 占比/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 男=1 | 127 | 41.64 | 毕业高校 | 双一流A类高校=1 | 29 | 9.51 |
女=2 | 178 | 58.36 | 其他双一流高校=2 | 25 | 8.20 | ||
是否独生子女 | 是=1 | 93 | 30.49 | 非双一流一本=3 | 209 | 68.52 | |
不是=2 | 212 | 69.51 | 公办二本=4 | 33 | 10.82 | ||
年龄 | 18~22岁=2 | 177 | 58.03 | 民办本科院校或二本B类=5 | 4 | 1.31 | |
23~26岁=3 | 111 | 36.39 | 高职高专=6 | 2 | 0.66 | ||
27~30岁=4 | 13 | 4.26 | 其他=8 | 2 | 0.66 | ||
30岁以上=5 | 4 | 1.31 | 学历 | 高职高专=1 | 3 | 0.98 | |
毕业去向 | 政府或国家行政机关=1 | 67 | 21.97 | 本科/学士=2 | 182 | 59.67 | |
事业单位=2 | 71 | 23.28 | 硕士=3 | 114 | 37.38 | ||
国企=3 | 33 | 10.82 | 博士=4 | 6 | 1.97 | ||
私企=4 | 35 | 11.48 | 期望薪资 | 2.4万~6万元=1 | 18 | 5.90 | |
港澳台资、外资企业或 合资企业=5 | 10 | 3.28 | 6万~12万元=2 | 67 | 21.97 | ||
创业=6 | 4 | 1.31 | 12万~24万元=3 | 161 | 52.79 | ||
继续求学=7 | 73 | 23.93 | 24万~36万元=4 | 35 | 11.48 | ||
其他=8 | 12 | 3.93 | 36万元以上=5 | 24 | 7.87 |
表3 广州高校毕业生空间反向流动的影响因子分析Table 3 Exploratory factor analysis of driving mechanisms for reverse mobility among Guangzhou graduates |
因子 | 因子 载荷 | 公因子方差 | 特征 根值 | 方差解释率/% | 累计方差 解释率/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
阶层流动与生活品质 | 5.052 | 25.261 | 25.261 | ||
D 1社会阶层 | 0.890 | 0.785 | |||
D 2社会地位 | 0.885 | 0.742 | |||
D 3生活向往 | 0.783 | 0.731 | |||
D 4定居后生活品质 | 0.717 | 0.664 | |||
文化资本实现 | 2.863 | 14.313 | 39.574 | ||
C 2文化消费 | 0.911 | 0.584 | |||
C 1公共文化 | 0.849 | 0.713 | |||
C 3继续学习 | 0.841 | 0.792 | |||
城市环境 | 2.171 | 10.857 | 50.431 | ||
A 2环境质量 | 0.852 | 0.781 | |||
A 1气候 | 0.800 | 0.671 | |||
A 3卫生和治安 | 0.799 | 0.817 | |||
A 4基础设施 | 0.533 | 0.885 | |||
社会网络 | 1.707 | 8.534 | 58.965 | ||
S 2亲人 | 0.876 | 0.758 | |||
S 1家庭 | 0.873 | 0.664 | |||
S 3熟人 | 0.762 | 0.763 | |||
工作与经济资本实现 | 1.618 | 8.092 | 67.057 | ||
V 1满意工作 | 0.850 | 0.700 | |||
V 3职业流动 | 0.807 | 0.506 | |||
V 2专业匹配 | 0.803 | 0.830 | |||
生活成本 | 1.095 | 5.477 | 72.533 | ||
M 3开销 | 0.779 | 0.836 | |||
M 1房价 | 0.744 | 0.688 | |||
M 2存款 | 0.702 | 0.597 |
表4 影响广州高校毕业生流动地的因子评价均分Table 4 Evaluation scores of factors affecting the migration destinations of Guangzhou graduates |
维度 | 极不符合 | 比较不符合 | 一般 | 比较符合 | 非常符合 | 平均分 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
被选次数 | 占比/% | 被选次数 | 占比/% | 被选次数 | 占比/% | 被选次数 | 占比/% | 被选次数 | 占比/% | ||||||
阶层流动与生活品质 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1.0 | 27 | 8.9 | 163 | 53.4 | 112 | 36.7 | 4.26 | ||||
文化资本实现 | 7 | 2.3 | 28 | 9.2 | 78 | 25.6 | 115 | 37.7 | 77 | 25.2 | 3.74 | ||||
城市环境 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 15.1 | 172 | 56.4 | 87 | 28.5 | 4.13 | ||||
社会网络 | 8 | 2.6 | 22 | 7.2 | 53 | 17.4 | 142 | 46.6 | 80 | 26.2 | 3.87 | ||||
工作与经济资本实现 | 1 | 0.3 | 15 | 4.9 | 70 | 23 | 164 | 53.8 | 55 | 18 | 3.84 | ||||
生活成本 | 2 | 0.7 | 31 | 10.2 | 97 | 31.8 | 130 | 42.6 | 45 | 14.8 | 3.61 |
表5 人口统计特征与因子相关性分析P值Table 5 Correlation analysis of demographic characteristics and factors |
影响因素 | 阶层流动与生活品质 | 文化资本实现 | 城市环境 | 社会网络 | 工作与经济资本实现 | 生活成本 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 0.963 | 0.872 | 0.605 | 0.588 | 0.177 | 0.042** |
是否独生 | 0.531 | 0.136 | 0.143 | 0.109 | 0.450 | 0.095* |
年龄 | 0.002** | 0.904 | 0.228 | 0.009** | 0.853 | 0.974 |
学历 | 0.035** | 0.805 | 0.332 | 0.346 | 0.578 | 0.630 |
学校 | 0.145 | 0.557 | 0.644 | 0.820 | 0.554 | 0.166 |
期望薪酬 | 0.367 | 0.001*** | 0.014** | 0.297 | 0.118 | 0.275 |
毕业去向 | 0.993 | 0.108 | 0.424 | 0.347 | 0.695 | 0.655 |
|
表6 广州高校毕业生反向流动影响因素的多元Logistic回归结果Table 6 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the factors influencing the reverse mobility of Guangzhou graduates |
参照变量:广州 | 北上深海外 | 新一线城市 | 二线城市 | 三线城市及以下 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | S.E. | Exp(B) | B | S.E. | Exp(B) | B | S.E. | Exp(B) | B | S.E. | Exp(B) | ||||
V 1满意工作 | 1.050** | 0.513 | 2.859 | 0.077 | 0.438 | 1.080 | -0.210 | 0.488 | 0.810 | -0.751 | 0.526 | 0.472 | |||
V 2专业匹配 | -1.040** | 0.476 | 0.353 | -0.761** | 0.382 | 0.467 | -0.584 | 0.406 | 0.558 | -0.946** | 0.460 | 0.388 | |||
V 3职业流动 | -0.549 | 0.502 | 0.577 | 0.000 | 0.411 | 1.000 | -0.136 | 0.448 | 0.873 | 0.117 | 0.496 | 1.124 | |||
M 1房价 | 0.242 | 0.329 | 1.274 | 0.596** | 0.277 | 1.814 | 0.325 | 0.306 | 1.383 | 0.366 | 0.358 | 1.442 | |||
M 2存款 | 0.320 | 0.323 | 1.376 | 0.146 | 0.261 | 1.157 | -0.439 | 0.276 | 0.645 | -0.015 | 0.327 | 0.985 | |||
M 3开销 | -0.244 | 0.356 | 0.784 | 0.667*** | 0.259 | 1.949 | 0.942*** | 0.310 | 2.565 | 1.979*** | 0.430 | 7.237 | |||
S 1家庭 | 0.653* | 0.387 | 1.920 | 0.675** | 0.307 | 1.964 | 0.240 | 0.337 | 1.271 | 0.991** | 0.443 | 2.694 | |||
S 2亲人 | 0.187 | 0.379 | 1.206 | -0.138 | 0.312 | 0.871 | -0.130 | 0.347 | 0.878 | -0.530 | 0.414 | 0.589 | |||
S 3熟人 | -0.406 | 0.401 | 0.666 | -0.420 | 0.296 | 0.657 | -0.308 | 0.327 | 0.735 | -0.286 | 0.403 | 0.751 | |||
C 1公共文化 | -0.055 | 0.479 | 0.947 | -0.756* | 0.401 | 0.469 | -1.552*** | 0.459 | 0.212 | -1.454*** | 0.488 | 0.234 | |||
C 2文化消费 | -1.390** | 0.569 | 0.249 | -0.472 | 0.435 | 0.623 | -0.593 | 0.510 | 0.552 | 0.142 | 0.524 | 1.152 | |||
C 3继续学习 | -0.283 | 0.473 | 0.753 | -0.480 | 0.345 | 0.619 | 0.295 | 0.435 | 1.344 | -0.503 | 0.449 | 0.605 | |||
A 1气候 | 0.532 | 0.435 | 1.702 | 0.463 | 0.329 | 1.589 | 0.082 | 0.349 | 1.085 | 0.131 | 0.439 | 1.140 | |||
A 2环境质量 | 0.255 | 0.460 | 1.291 | 0.503 | 0.396 | 1.654 | 0.734* | 0.446 | 2.083 | 0.843 | 0.544 | 2.323 | |||
A 3卫生和治安 | 0.144 | 0.504 | 1.154 | 0.797* | 0.458 | 2.219 | 1.406** | 0.559 | 4.081 | 0.806 | 0.606 | 2.240 | |||
A 4基础设施 | 0.127 | 0.593 | 1.135 | -1.212** | 0.510 | 0.298 | -0.213 | 0.628 | 0.808 | -1.079 | 0.695 | 0.340 | |||
D 1社会阶层 | 0.942 | 0.832 | 2.565 | 1.958** | 0.776 | 7.082 | 2.029** | 0.889 | 7.605 | 2.156** | 0.895 | 8.633 | |||
D 2社会地位 | -0.241 | 0.809 | 0.786 | -1.627** | 0.793 | 0.197 | -2.323*** | 0.907 | 0.098 | -3.381*** | 0.940 | 0.034 | |||
D 3生活向往 | -0.908 | 0.623 | 0.403 | -0.349 | 0.512 | 0.706 | -0.568 | 0.607 | 0.567 | -0.596 | 0.674 | 0.551 | |||
D 4定居后生活 | -0.051 | 0.506 | 0.950 | 0.290 | 0.444 | 1.337 | 0.782 | 0.545 | 2.185 | 1.690*** | 0.621 | 5.421 | |||
年龄 | 0.630 | 0.795 | 1.878 | 0.756 | 0.561 | 2.129 | 0.898 | 0.630 | 2.454 | 0.748 | 0.689 | 2.112 | |||
学历 | -0.836 | 0.887 | 0.434 | 0.038 | 0.678 | 1.039 | 0.037 | 0.764 | 1.038 | -0.585 | 0.850 | 0.557 | |||
学校 | -0.729* | 0.401 | 0.482 | -0.552* | 0.291 | 0.576 | -0.829** | 0.343 | 0.436 | -0.579 | 0.382 | 0.560 | |||
期望薪酬 | 0.761** | 0.317 | 2.140 | 0.027 | 0.232 | 1.028 | -0.072 | 0.283 | 0.931 | -0.236 | 0.318 | 0.790 | |||
性别(参照组=女) | -0.958 | 0.604 | 0.384 | -0.677 | 0.423 | 0.508 | -0.587 | 0.503 | 0.556 | -0.147 | 0.582 | 0.863 | |||
独生子女(参照组=否) | 0.777 | 0.608 | 2.174 | -0.322 | 0.465 | 0.725 | -0.819 | 0.568 | 0.441 | -2.231*** | 0.786 | 0.107 | |||
截距 | 3.298 | 3.071 | 1.501 | 2.164 | 2.269 | 2.636 | 3.179 | 3.066 |
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罗加威:论文构思、数据收集与分析、图表绘制、论文撰写、修改与完善;
马 凌:论文选题与构思、修改与完善、基金支持;
陈家豪:图表绘制、修改与完善;
王海峰:数据分析、修改与完善。
感谢华南师范大学特聘研究员穆学英、西南大学博士后王强和华东师范大学博士研究生谢圆圆在论文早期参与讨论与提供帮助。参考文献(References):
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