职住地建成环境对居民通勤距离的影响效应探究——以武汉市为例
牛 强:负责选题确定、研究框架设计、主导论文撰写与修改;
孙汉文:负责模型构建及实验结果分析、图表绘制、论文初稿撰写;
严雪心:负责研究思路与框架设计、数据收集、论文撰写及修改。
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牛强(1978—),男,湖北宜昌人,博士,教授,博导,研究方向为大数据时代的规划研究新方法、信息时代的规划新理论、数智时代的规划量化分析和智慧城乡规划,(E-mail)niuqiang@whu.edu.cn; Niu Qiang |
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Sun Hanwen, and |
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Yan Xuexin |
收稿日期: 2024-08-07
修回日期: 2024-12-26
网络出版日期: 2025-11-12
基金资助
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52278075)
中国博士后科学基金会与湖北省联合资助(2025T022HB)
Exploring the Impact of Built Environment at Residential and Work Locations on Commuting Distance: Evidence from Wuhan, China
Received date: 2024-08-07
Revised date: 2024-12-26
Online published: 2025-11-12
随着城市蔓延的持续,长距离通勤对城市交通、环境和居民福祉的负面影响日益凸显,如何缩短通勤距离是亟需解决的现实问题。现有研究多聚焦于居住地建成环境对通勤距离的影响,而对就业地建成环境影响效应的关注却有所不足。文章以武汉市为例,基于长时序手机信令数据分析通勤距离的动态变化,并采用空间面板杜宾模型(SPDM)探究职住地的建成环境对通勤距离的影响。研究发现:1)随着城市扩张,武汉居民通勤距离呈逐年增长趋势。2)职住地建成环境对通勤距离具有显著影响,其中轨道交通站点数对通勤距离的正向效应最为突出,而就业人口密度的负向效应最显著。3)职住地建成环境对通勤距离还存在显著直接效应与溢出效应,且直接效应与总体效应趋势一致。其中,轨道交通站点数虽未显示显著直接效应,但却具有显著正向溢出效应,表明轨道交通在重构环站点周边居民职住选择中具有重要作用;而就业人口密度以及到城市次中心的距离表现出显著负向溢出效应,验证了多中心开发模式有助于降低平均通勤距离。
牛强 , 孙汉文 , 严雪心 . 职住地建成环境对居民通勤距离的影响效应探究——以武汉市为例[J]. 热带地理, 2025 , 45(10) : 1757 -1769 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240518
The continuous sprawl of global cities has led to increasingly severe long-distance commuting problems, resulting in a series of negative impacts such as traffic congestion, environmental stress, and declining residents' well-being. Reducing commuting distances has therefore become an urgent challenge for major metropolitan areas worldwide. Optimizing the built environment to shorten commuting distances has been recognized as one of the most effective strategies. While existing studies have primarily focused on the effects of the residential built environment on commuting distance, the influence of the built environment at work location has received relatively limited attention. To address this gap, this study took Wuhan, China, as a case study. Using long-term China Unicom cellular signaling data, it identified the spatiotemporal dynamic changes of commuting distance and employed a Spatial Panel Durbin model to explore the effects of built environments at both residential and work locations on commuting distance. The results reveal that: (1) As the city expanded, the average commuting distance of Wuhan residents increased from 8.22 km in 2017 to 8.49 km in 2021. Although approximately 40% of residents consistently commuted within 5 km, the proportion of long-distance commuters (over 10 km) has shown a continuous upward trend. (2) A distinct "core-periphery" spatial pattern of commuting distances is observed at both residential and workplace ends, with relatively shorter commuting distances in central urban areas and longer ones in suburban areas, along with notable spatial heterogeneity among different suburban clusters. (3) The built environment at both residential and work locations significantly influences commuting distance. Specifically, the number of metro stations, residential population density, the number of road intersections, and distance to the city center exhibit significant positive effects, while employment population density, the number of educational and cultural facilities, and the number of living service facilities have significant negative effects. Among these factors, the number of metro stations and employment population density emerge as the most prominent positive and negative determinants, respectively. (4) The SPDM results further demonstrate significant direct and spillover effects of built environment factors on commuting distance. The direct effects are largely consistent with the total effects, reflecting the core influence of the built environment on local residents' commuting behavior, while the spillover effects reveal spatial externalities across neighboring regions. Notably, the number of metro stations shows no significant direct effect, suggesting that under the city's transit-oriented development (TOD) model, the areas around metro stations have already achieved a relatively balanced job-housing relationship. However, it exhibits a significant positive spillover effect in adjacent areas, indicating that metro systems, while expanding residents' spatial choices of residence and workplace, also facilitate wider commuting extensions. In contrast, employment population density and distance to sub-city centers display significant negative spillover effects, implying the spatial synergy between employment agglomeration and a polycentric urban structure in promoting job-housing balance in surrounding areas and reducing commuting distance. The findings reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of commuting distance and uncover the differentiated mechanisms through which the built environments at both residential and workplace locations influence commuting distance. These results provide robust empirical evidence for formulating transportation policies and land-use optimization strategies aimed at reducing commuting distances. Moreover, the study offers valuable insights for enhancing the job-housing balance and advancing the goals of sustainable urban development.
表1 职住地建成环境对通勤距离影响的模型选择检验Table 1 Model selection tests for the impact of built environment at residential and work locations on commuting distance |
| 检验 | 居住地建成环境 | 就业地建成环境 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 统计量 | P值 | 统计量 | P值 | ||
| LM-spatial error | 1 328.546 | <0.001 | 969.404 | <0.001 | |
| Robust LM-spatial error | 927.094 | <0.001 | 843.433 | <0.001 | |
| LM-spatial lag | 402.926 | <0.001 | 133.424 | <0.001 | |
| Robust LM-spatial lag | 1.475 | <0.001 | 7.453 | 0.006 | |
| Wald-spatial error | 48.95 | <0.001 | 114.24 | <0.001 | |
| Wald-spatial lag | 46.85 | <0.001 | 116.03 | <0.001 | |
| LR-spatial error | 60.31 | <0.001 | 154.83 | <0.001 | |
| LR-spatial lag | 54.08 | <0.001 | 127.75 | <0.001 | |
| Hausman test | 25.12 | 0.014 3 | 104.81 | <0.001 | |
| LR test (spatial-fixed effect) | 116.71 | <0.001 | 138.77 | <0.001 | |
| LR test (time-fixed effect) | -4 317.94 | 1.000 0 | -7 181.56 | 1.000 0 | |
表2 职住地建成环境对通勤距离影响的变量设置及定义Table 2 Variables selection and description for the impact of built environment at residential and work locations on commuting distance |
| 变量 | 变量描述 | 平均值 | 标准差 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017年 | 2018年 | 2019年 | 2021年 | 2017年 | 2018年 | 2019年 | 2021年 | ||||
| 密 度 | 居住人口密度 | 各TAZ内的居住人口密度/(人·km-2),由手机信令数据计算得到 | 3 766.66 | 3 697.34 | 4 081.23 | 3 171.08 | 4 460.97 | 4 363.96 | 4 714.64 | 3 653.33 | |
| 就业人口密度 | 各TAZ内的就业人口密度/(人·km-2),由手机信令数据计算得到 | 1 726.86 | 1 738.80 | 1 802.42 | 1 371.64 | 2 902.25 | 2 595.94 | 2 573.19 | 2 114.97 | ||
| 容积率 | 各TAZ内的建筑容积率,由建筑轮廓数据计算得到 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 4.66 | 4.66 | 4.75 | 4.75 | ||
| 多 样 性 | 土地利用 混合度 |
式中:S为土地利用混合度;k为土地利用类型的分类数据; 为i类土地面积占比 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | |
| 设计 | 道路交叉口数 | 各TAZ内的交叉路口数量/个 | 7.26 | 7.60 | 8.03 | 14.41 | 9.10 | 9.22 | 9.95 | 18.87 | |
| 目 的 地 可 达 性 | 公司企业数 | 各TAZ内的公司企业数量/个 | 28.19 | 28.19 | 33.86 | 23.93 | 43.44 | 43.44 | 55.07 | 42.66 | |
| 餐饮设施数 | 各TAZ内的餐饮服务设施数量/个 | 32.71 | 32.71 | 51.67 | 32.31 | 50.74 | 50.74 | 81.57 | 48.59 | ||
| 公园广场数 | 各TAZ内的公园广场数量/个 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.93 | ||
| 科教文化设施数 | 各TAZ内的科教文化设施数量/个 | 14.23 | 14.23 | 18.12 | 7.89 | 28.39 | 28.39 | 31.04 | 19.44 | ||
| 购物中心数 | 各TAZ内的购物中心数量/个 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 104.37 | 0.54 | 2.74 | 2.74 | 202.50 | 1.24 | ||
| 生活服务设施数 | 各TAZ内的生活服务设施数量/个 | 14.73 | 14.73 | 58.01 | 23.62 | 26.26 | 26.26 | 88.24 | 37.40 | ||
| 距城市中心距离 | 各TAZ与城市中心的直线距离/m | 13 701.67 | 13 701.67 | 13 701.67 | 13 701.67 | 8 415.03 | 8 415.03 | 8 415.03 | 8 415.03 | ||
| 距城市次中心 距离 | 各TAZ与最近城市次中心的 直线距离/m | 8 931.62 | 8 931.62 | 8 931.62 | 8 931.62 | 7 383.50 | 7 383.50 | 7 383.50 | 7 383.50 | ||
| 到公交 站点 距离 | 地铁站点数 | 各TAZ内的地铁站点数量/个 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.36 | |
| 公交站点数 | 各TAZ内的公交站点数量/个 | 2.81 | 3.31 | 2.62 | 16.62 | 4.23 | 5.24 | 4.27 | 20.26 | ||
表3 SPDM模型结果Table 3 SPDM model results |
| 变量 | 居住地建成环境的影响(SPDMr) | 就业地建成环境的影响(SPDMw) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main | Wx | LR_Direct | LR_Indirect | LR_Total | Main | Wx | LR_Direct | LR_Indirect | LR_Total | ||
| 居住人口密度 | 0.095*** (0.00) | 0.024 (0.62) | 0.096*** (0.00) | 0.032 (0.54) | 0.128** (0.02) | -0.030*** (0.00) | 0.146*** (0.00) | -0.029*** (0.01) | 0.156*** (0.00) | 0.127*** (0.01) | |
| 就业人口密度 | -0.062*** (0.00) | -0.097* (0.06) | -0.063*** (0.00) | -0.104* (0.06) | -0.167*** (0.00) | 0.027** (0.02) | -0.185*** (0.00) | 0.026** (0.02) | -0.196*** (0.00) | -0.170*** (0.00) | |
| 容积率 | 0.001 (0.46) | 0.023 (0.25) | 0.001 (0.36) | 0.024 (0.29) | 0.025 (0.26) | 0.000 (0.88) | 0.009 (0.61) | 0.000 (0.78) | 0.008 (0.66) | 0.009 (0.65) | |
| 土地利用混合度 | 0.122*** (0.00) | 0.006 (0.98) | 0.123*** (0.00) | -0.014 (0.95) | 0.109 (0.59) | 0.080** (0.02) | -0.113 (0.47) | 0.080** (0.02) | -0.128 (0.45) | -0.048 (0.78) | |
| 道路交叉口数 | 0.002*** (0.01) | 0.002 (0.35) | 0.002*** (0.00) | 0.002 (0.30) | 0.004* (0.07) | 0.003*** (0.00) | 0.005*** (0.01) | 0.003*** (0.00) | 0.006*** (0.00) | 0.009*** (0.00) | |
| 公司企业数 | -0.000 (0.85) | -0.001 (0.53) | -0.000 (0.83) | -0.001 (0.52) | -0.001 (0.49) | 0.000 (0.16) | 0.000 (0.98) | 0.000 (0.14) | 0.000 (0.98) | 0.000 (0.76) | |
| 餐饮设施数 | -0.000 (0.41) | 0.002* (0.09) | -0.000 (0.47) | 0.002* (0.08) | 0.002 (0.12) | 0.000 (0.71) | 0.001 (0.47) | 0.000 (0.63) | 0.001 (0.46) | 0.001 (0.42) | |
| 公园广场数 | 0.003 (0.77) | 0.048 (0.38) | 0.003 (0.73) | 0.050 (0.41) | 0.053 (0.39) | -0.005 (0.51) | 0.229*** (0.00) | -0.004 (0.59) | 0.247*** (0.00) | 0.243*** (0.00) | |
| 科教文化机构数 | -0.001*** (0.00) | -0.003* (0.09) | -0.001*** (0.00) | -0.003* (0.09) | -0.004** (0.02) | -0.001*** (0.00) | -0.005*** (0.00) | -0.001*** (0.00) | -0.005*** (0.00) | -0.006*** (0.00) | |
| 购物中心数 | 0.000 (0.40) | 0.000 (0.55) | 0.000 (0.37) | 0.000 (0.53) | 0.000 (0.43) | 0.000 (0.64) | -0.000 (0.54) | 0.000 (0.61) | -0.000 (0.57) | -0.000 (0.64) | |
| 生活服务设施数 | -0.000 (0.92) | -0.003* (0.06) | -0.000 (0.81) | -0.003* (0.05) | -0.003* (0.05) | -0.000 (0.57) | -0.000 (0.92) | -0.000 (0.48) | -0.000 (0.93) | -0.000 (0.82) | |
| 距城市中心距离 | 0.115*** (0.00) | -0.098* (0.10) | 0.116*** (0.00) | -0.096 (0.13) | 0.020 (0.74) | 0.114*** (0.00) | 0.157*** (0.00) | 0.115*** (0.00) | 0.181*** (0.00) | 0.296*** (0.00) | |
| 距城市次中心距离 | 0.097*** (0.00) | 0.013 (0.82) | 0.095*** (0.00) | 0.024 (0.69) | 0.120** (0.04) | 0.083*** (0.00) | -0.112** (0.01) | 0.081*** (0.00) | -0.110** (0.03) | -0.029 (0.56) | |
| 轨道交通站点数 | 0.030 (0.16) | 0.209** (0.03) | 0.031 (0.13) | 0.219** (0.03) | 0.251** (0.02) | 0.016 (0.36) | 0.246*** (0.00) | 0.018 (0.31) | 0.266*** (0.00) | 0.283*** (0.00) | |
| 公交站点数 | 0.001* (0.06) | 0.001 (0.73) | 0.001* (0.07) | 0.001 (0.73) | 0.000 (0.90) | 0.001** (0.05) | -0.016*** (0.00) | 0.001* (0.06) | -0.017*** (0.00) | -0.016*** (0.00) | |
| 样本观测数量/个 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | |
| R 2 | 0.443 | 0.443 | 0.443 | 0.443 | 0.443 | 0.439 | 0.439 | 0.439 | 0.439 | 0.439 | |
| 截面个体数量/个 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | |
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附表1 空间自相关检验结果Appendix Table 1 Spatial autocorrelation test |
| 年份 | 居住端通勤距离 | 就业端通勤距离 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | E(I) | sd(I) | z | P值* | I | E(I) | sd(I) | z | P值* | ||
| 2017 | 0.265 | -0.001 | 0.004 | 70.205 | 0.000 | 0.309 | -0.001 | 0.004 | 81.772 | 0.000 | |
| 2018 | 0.124 | -0.001 | 0.004 | 33.040 | 0.000 | 0.124 | -0.001 | 0.004 | 33.040 | 0.000 | |
| 2019 | 0.124 | -0.001 | 0.004 | 33.040 | 0.000 | 0.124 | -0.001 | 0.004 | 33.040 | 0.000 | |
| 2021 | 0.124 | -0.001 | 0.004 | 33.040 | 0.000 | 0.124 | -0.001 | 0.004 | 33.040 | 0.000 | |
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附表2 稳健性检验结果Appendix Table 2 Results of robustness checks |
| 变量名称 | 居住地建成环境的影响(SPDMr) | 就业地建成环境的影响(SPDMw) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main | Wx | Main | Wx | ||
| 居住人口密度 | 0.001(0.78) | 0.024(0.15) | -0.039***(0.00) | -0.026(0.15) | |
| 就业人口密度 | -0.045***(0.00) | -0.020(0.24) | 0.028***(0.00) | -0.028(0.12) | |
| 容积率 | 0.008(0.26) | 0.099***(0.01) | 0.015*(0.05) | 0.079**(0.04) | |
| 土地利用混合度 | 0.083***(0.00) | 0.109*(0.10) | 0.075***(0.00) | 0.125*(0.08) | |
| 道路交叉口数 | -0.000(0.91) | -0.002**(0.02) | 0.002***(0.00) | 0.002*(0.08) | |
| 公司企业数 | -0.000(0.70) | -0.000(0.69) | 0.000(0.37) | 0.000(0.63) | |
| 餐饮设施数 | 0.000(0.10) | -0.001(0.17) | 0.000*(0.06) | 0.001(0.29) | |
| 公园广场数 | 0.009(0.14) | 0.044(0.97) | -0.017***(0.00) | 0.011(0.69) | |
| 科教文化机构数 | -0.000***(0.00) | -0.001*(0.08) | -0.000***(0.00) | -0.000(0.50) | |
| 购物中心数 | 0.000(0.22) | 0.000(0.44) | 0.000(0.50) | -0.000**(0.03) | |
| 生活服务设施数 | -0.000(0.23) | -0.002***(0.00) | -0.000(0.74) | 0.002***(0.00) | |
| 距城市中心距离 | 0.077***(0.00) | -0.088***(0.00) | 0.090***(0.00) | 0.041*(0.09) | |
| 距城市次中心距离 | 0.071***(0.00) | 0.003(0.88) | 0.046***(0.00) | -0.042*(0.05) | |
| 轨道交通站点数 | 0.024***(0.00) | 0.025(0.58) | 0.015*(0.09) | 0.069(0.15) | |
| 公交站点数 | 0.003***(0.00) | 0.003*(0.08) | 0.002***(0.00) | -0.004**(0.01) | |
| 样本观测数量/个 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | 5 956 | |
| R 2 | 0.530 | 0.530 | 0.520 | 0.520 | |
| 截面个体数量/个 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | 1 489 | |
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1 2023年中国主要城市通勤监测报告. https://bj.bcebos.com/v1/mapopen/cms/report/2023tongqin/index.html
2 https://daas.smartsteps.com/
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