基于多源开放数据的城市非正式住区空间分布及趋势研究
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朱静怡(1999—),女,江苏扬州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为城市化过程,(E-mail)zhujingyi0821@163.com; |
收稿日期: 2025-02-11
修回日期: 2025-05-01
网络出版日期: 2025-12-25
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42161144003)
国家自然科学基金项目(41771140)
Spatial Distribution and Trend of Informal Settlements Based on Multi-Source Open Data
Received date: 2025-02-11
Revised date: 2025-05-01
Online published: 2025-12-25
了解非正式住区的位置规模、分布规律和未来土地需求对于减少贫困、优化土地利用和促进城市可持续发展具有重要意义。文章以撒哈拉以南非洲城市内罗毕和达累斯萨拉姆为例,基于Google Earth高分辨率影像、OpenStreetMap数据和建筑轮廓数据,利用机器学习分类等方法识别非正式住区,进而探究其空间分布规律和趋势。结果表明:1)在3种机器学习算法中,随机森林算法在非正式住区提取上的总体表现优于逻辑回归和支持向量机,Kappa系数达85%;建筑物特征对分类的总贡献度超过50%,起最关键作用。2)内罗毕和达累斯萨拉姆的非正式住区占城市总面积的比例分别为3.64%和21.69%,2个城市各识别出7个明显的集聚区,人口规模分别为3.47万~31.35万人、2.93万~129.41万人。非正式住区主要分布在缓坡、主要道路和水系沿线地区,且多位于城市中心区5 km以外,但在工业指向性上内罗毕显著高于达累斯萨拉姆。3)内罗毕非正式住区人均建筑面积仅为达累斯萨拉姆的一半,其人口拥挤和房屋紧凑程度更为严重。预计至2050年,2座城市将面临日益严峻的土地资源紧张困境与住区正规化挑战。因此,非正式住区的改造与升级亟待立足长远,采取前瞻性策略加以推进。
朱静怡 , 陈爽 . 基于多源开放数据的城市非正式住区空间分布及趋势研究[J]. 热带地理, 2025 , 45(12) : 2265 -2280 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20250079
Informal settlements generally refer to low-quality residential areas built without government permission and characterized by poverty and insufficient basic services. Understanding their location, size, spatial distribution patterns, and future land demand is crucial for reducing poverty, optimizing land use, and promoting sustainable urban development. Using the sub-Saharan African cities of Nairobi and Dar es Salaam as case studies, based on multi-source open data, including Google Earth high-resolution imagery, OpenStreetMap data, and building footprint datasets, this study compared the performances of three machine learning classification methods (logistic regression, support vector machine, and random forest) in identifying informal settlements. After extracting informal settlements using the best-performing model, the spatial distribution patterns and trends of urban informal settlements in both cities were analyzed. Results showed the following: (1) The random forest model performed better than the support vector machine and logistic regression, exhibiting the highest overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient; hence, the random forest model had certain advantages in extracting informal settlements in different urban environments. The total contribution of four building features was greater than 50%, indicating that they played the most critical role in distinguishing informal settlements from other land types. (2) Informal settlements constitute 3.64% and 21.69% of the total areas of Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, respectively. Seven distinct agglomeration areas were identified in both Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, with population sizes of 34.7-313.5 and 29.3-1,294.1 thousand, respectively. In the two cities, informal settlements were mainly located in areas with gentle slopes, along rivers and main roads, and five kilometers away from the city center; however, informal settlements in Nairobi exhibited significantly higher industrial orientation than that in Dar es Salaam. (3) The population and building density of informal settlements in Nairobi were higher than those in Dar es Salaam, with the per capita building area in Nairobi being only half that of Dar es Salaam. This showed that the population congestion and housing compactness of informal settlements in Nairobi were more severe. With the increase of urban population, it is projected that by 2050, Nairobi and Dar es Salaam will add 30.26 and 169.96 km2 of informal built-up area, respectively. Under the prospect of informal settlement regularization, the future migrant population and corresponding land demand are expected to triple the current levels. In conclusion, we find a certain similarity in the spatial distribution patterns of informal settlements in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam; however, there are significant differences in their morphological patterns. In the future, both cities are expected to face increasing challenges, such as diminishing land resources and greater difficulties in regularizing informal settlements. Thus, informal settlements require targeted transformation and upgrading measures in combination with urban context differences and future development trends.
表1 特征及其描述Table 1 Features and descriptions |
| 特征类型 | 特征名称 | 特征描述 |
|---|---|---|
| 光谱特征 | 均值 | 各波段的光谱平均值 |
| 标准差 | 各波段的光谱标准差 | |
| 亮度 | 所有波段的亮度加权平均值 | |
| 最大差分值 | 所有波段的亮度差异最大值 | |
| 纹理特征 | 对比度 | 反映图像中局部灰度变化总量 |
| 同质性 | 度量图像局部灰度均匀性 | |
| 熵 | 表示图像中纹理的非均匀程度或复杂程度 | |
| 相异性 | 度量与对比度相类似,但为线性增加 | |
| 建筑物特征 | 平均建筑物面积/m² | 建筑屋顶总面积/建筑物数量,公式为: /n |
| 建筑密度/% | 建筑屋顶总面积/地块单元面积,公式为: /S | |
| 建筑物数量密度/个 | 单位公顷面积内建筑的数量,公式为:n/S | |
| 平均建筑物最邻近距离/m | 地块单元内建筑物质心到其最邻近建筑物质心距离的平均值,公式为: /n |
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表2 各模型分类精度评价Table 2 Classification accuracy of different machine learning methods |
| 城市 | 模型 | 精度/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 精确率 | 召回率 | F 1分数 | 总体精度 | Kappa | ||
| 内罗毕 | LR | 93.22 | 87.30 | 90.16 | 94.57 | 86.42 |
| SVM | 86.51 | 87.20 | 86.85 | 92.53 | 81.64 | |
| RF | 91.20 | 90.48 | 90.84 | 94.80 | 87.20 | |
| 达累 斯萨 拉姆 | LR | 83.91 | 86.90 | 85.38 | 93.17 | 80.93 |
| SVM | 92.47 | 82.69 | 87.31 | 93.17 | 82.66 | |
| RF | 91.14 | 85.71 | 88.34 | 94.81 | 85.01 | |
表3 非正式住区集聚区人口规模Table 3 Population size of agglomeration areas in informal settlements |
| 城市 | 集聚区 | 人口/万人 |
|---|---|---|
| 内罗毕 | ① | 24.21 |
| ② | 17.87 | |
| ③ | 10.56 | |
| ④ | 31.35 | |
| ⑤ | 15.50 | |
| ⑥ | 3.47 | |
| ⑦ | 3.71 | |
| 达累斯萨拉姆 | ① | 66.48 |
| ② | 51.87 | |
| ③ | 129.41 | |
| ④ | 89.04 | |
| ⑤ | 7.25 | |
| ⑥ | 2.93 | |
| ⑦ | 3.73 |
表4 非正式与正式住区的密度估算结果Table 4 Density estimation results of informal and formal settlements |
| 城市 | 住区类型 | 人口密度/(人·km-2) | 建筑密度/% | 人均建筑面积/m2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 内罗毕 | 非正式 | 47 534 | 52.10 | 10.96 |
| 正式 | 8 670 | 18.54 | 21.39 | |
| 达累斯萨拉姆 | 非正式 | 11 740 | 23.68 | 20.17 |
| 正式 | 6 085 | 11.78 | 19.40 |
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表5 非正式住区集聚区密度估算结果Table 5 Density estimation results of agglomeration areas in informal settlements |
| 城市 | 集聚区 | 人口密度/(人·km-2) | 建筑密度/% | 人均建筑 面积/m2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 内罗毕 | ① | 57 598 | 47.45 | 8.24 |
| ② | 76 152 | 61.38 | 8.06 | |
| ③ | 39 392 | 63.65 | 16.15 | |
| ④ | 43 633 | 51.66 | 11.84 | |
| ⑤ | 130 777 | 66.49 | 5.08 | |
| ⑥ | 35 249 | 47.56 | 13.49 | |
| ⑦ | 29 370 | 53.01 | 18.05 | |
| 达累斯 萨拉姆 | ① | 7 964 | 21.31 | 26.76 |
| ② | 8 946 | 21.53 | 24.07 | |
| ③ | 21 973 | 30.33 | 13.81 | |
| ④ | 46 517 | 44.94 | 9.66 | |
| ⑤ | 5 299 | 19.58 | 36.94 | |
| ⑥ | 7 476 | 24.46 | 32.71 | |
| ⑦ | 6 846 | 27.41 | 40.04 |
表6 建筑用地需求估算Table 6 Demand estimation of construction land |
| 年份 | 人口与建筑用地指标 | 内罗毕 | 达累斯 萨拉姆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 非正式住区人口/万人 | 123.24 | 414.93 |
| 密度合理化后人口迁移数量/万人 | 91.47 | 196.75 | |
| 密度合理化后人口迁移所需建筑面积/km² | 19.57 | 38.17 | |
| 2050 | 非正式住区人口/万人 | 399.30 | 1 257.56 |
| 新增非正式住区人口数量/万人 | 276.06 | 842.63 | |
| 新增非正式建筑面积/km² | 30.26 | 169.96 | |
| 密度合理化后人口迁移数量/万人 | 296.36 | 596.31 | |
| 密度合理化后人口迁移所需建筑面积/km² | 63.39 | 115.68 |
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1 http://www.planning4adaptation.org-/Default.aspx
2 https://www.gadm.org/
3 https://www.nbs.go.tz/
4 https://geonode.resilienceacade-my.ac.tz/
5 https://www.openstreetmap.org/
6 http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov
7 https://www.worldpop.org/
朱静怡:研究方案设计,数据处理,论文撰写与修改;
陈 爽:概念构思,研究指导,论文审查与修改,项目支持。
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