Spatio-temporal Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Violent Attacks in India
Received date: 2019-08-19
Request revised date: 2019-09-27
Online published: 2019-12-26
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Violent extremism, as an unconventional means and phenomenon by which a weak party confronts a strong, and to achieve their own political or other non-purely selfish purposes through violence, threats and other destructive means. Violent extremism is usually manifested as political extremism, religious extremism and national extremism, it has thus also become one of the ideological roots of terrorism. As a great power in South Asia, India has been plagued by violent extremism since its independence. The frequent occurrence of violent attacks not only seriously affects the domestic security situation in India, but also poses a threat to peace and stability in South Asia. In addition, as one of the important nodes of the “turbulent arc of world terrorism”, the proliferation of violent extremism in India will further aggravate the instability in the region and even the whole world. Based on data from the violent attacks in India included the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and the South Asian Terrorism Portal (SATP), this study analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution and driving mechanism of violent attacks in India from 1980 to 2017 by means of nuclear density analysis. The violent attacks in India are frequent, which have obvious targets and spatial orientation in the targets and the distribution of the events. The targets of violent attacks mainly refer to organizations such as government departments, the military, the police, the transportation department, and religious figures. From a spatial perspective, the violent attacks in India have spread from west to east, from north to south, and from border areas to inland. The characteristics show the development trend of local concentration and surface diffusion. Presented in the northwestern Jammu-Kashmir region and Punjab, the northeastern Assam and Manipur, the central Chhattisgarh and the eastern Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal Four gathering centers. A “T”-shaped spatial pattern is formed with the upper axis of the Indus River-the Ganges-Brahmaputra River as the horizontal axis, and the eastern Ghats and its northern mountains as the vertical axis. The research shows that it is affected by many factors, such as identity, economic problems, historical problems and interest demands, and under the promotion of religious extremism, national separatism, armed revolutionism, the interaction between actors, the violent attacks in India have shown that the subject of the attack has become more complicated and diversified. The scope of the attack has expanded, the attacks has become more frequent and violent attacks have far-reaching effects. At present, violent attacks and terrorist attacks occur frequently all over the world, which pose a great threat to regional stability, national security and international peace. The study on the spatio-temporal evolution and driving mechanism of violent attacks in India is of certain reference significance for global counter-terrorism strategy and harmonious development of global society.
Zhuo Zeng , Liran Xiong , Meiying Jiang . Spatio-temporal Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Violent Attacks in India[J]. Tropical Geography, 2019 , 39(6) : 869 -879 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003188
表1 1980—2017年印度制造暴力袭击事件的主要组织及其类别Tab.1 Major organizations and categories of violent attacks in India during 1980-2017 |
组织名称 | 发动次数/起 | 类别 |
---|---|---|
a1锡克教极端分子 | 705 | a宗教 极端 主义 组织 |
a2穆斯林武装分子 | 120 | |
a3穆斯林分离主义者 | 117 | |
a4虔诚军 | 86 | |
a5克什米尔极端分子 | 77 | |
a6伊斯兰圣战组织 | 73 | |
a7查谟—克什米尔解放阵线 | 53 | |
a8穆罕默德军 | 40 | |
b1阿萨姆联合解放阵线(ULFA) | 191 | b民族 分离 主义 组织 |
b2波多武装分子 | 87 | |
b3廓尔喀民族解放阵线 | 58 | |
b4特里普拉邦民族解放阵线(NLFT) | 49 | |
b5波多民族民主阵线(NDFB) | 45 | |
b6迪什米什团 | 43 | |
c1人民战争集团(PWG) | 97 | c武装 革命 主义 组织 |
c2印度毛派(CPI-Maoist) | 94 | |
c3纳萨尔派 | 59 | |
c4印度共产主义中心(MCC) | 42 |
表2 1980—2017年印度各邦暴力袭击事件发生频次统计Tab.2 Statistics on the number of violent attacks in various states of India during 1980-2017 |
邦名 | 暴力袭击发生 次数/起 | 发生次数占总次数 百分比/% |
---|---|---|
查馍-克什米尔 | 2 453 | 20.55 |
阿萨姆 | 1 149 | 9.63 |
曼尼普尔 | 1 096 | 9.18 |
恰蒂斯格尔 | 979 | 8.20 |
旁遮普 | 949 | 7.95 |
贾坎德 | 885 | 7.41 |
比哈尔 | 686 | 5.75 |
西孟加拉 | 650 | 5.45 |
奥里萨 | 649 | 5.44 |
梅加拉亚 | 294 | 2.46 |
其他 | 2 146 | 17.98 |
总计 | 11 936 | 100 |
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