Environmental Restorative Effects of Destination for Tourists from the Perspective of Tourist-Environment Interaction
Received date: 2019-10-14
Revised date: 2020-03-24
Online published: 2020-08-11
With the fast pace of life in modern society, people are under pressure from work and life, so we should pay attention to the mental health problems of individuals. However, both daily living environments and tourist destinations can provide an opportunity for individuals to recover, and the attributes of different environments lead to different degrees of recovery. Are individual restorative effects in the tourism destination higher than those in the daily life environment? Further, are there significant differences in the restorative effects between urban and rural tourism destinations? Does the length of stay regulate the relationship between the environment and the restorative effects? All these questions are worth thinking about and discussing further. For these reasons, this study adopts a questionnaire survey method, using the paired sample t-test and mixed design analysis of variance, to explore the restorative effects of tourists in different environments and to provide a psychological explanation for this phenomenon. Firstly, the four dimensions of recovery experience, that is, relaxation experience, psychological disengagement, mastery experience, and control experience, scored higher in the tourism destination category than in the daily life environment category. On the basis of Goffman’s dramatic framework and organizational behavior theory, the macro-restorative effects brought about by the liminal experience function of tourism destinations are stronger than the meta-restorative effects of non-working leisure experience in daily life. Secondly, under the influence of traditional Chinese cultural values and Confucianism, the restorative effects of the urban environment as perceived by Chinese tourists are higher than those of the natural environment. This study differentiated between urban and rural tourism destinations from the perspective of tourists’ perception, and beginning with the two aspects of restoration experience, that is, effort-restoration and resource conservation, and taking into account the role of the environment, then found that the attributes of tourism destinations and the separation between daily life are perceived by tourists as a social situation with backstage functions,so the tourism destinations could promote individual recovery better than daily living environment. Additionally, the study found that the threshold function of the destination has a time limit, and tourists’ psychological response to the environment will change at different stages. The difference in threshold experience between urban and rural tourism destinations has an impact in the first few days. When the length of stay is extended, tourists are more familiar with rural tourism destinations, and the restorative effects brought about by destination attributes that are more inclined to natural environment characteristics are highlighted. Moreover, the intersection between urban tourism destinations and daily living environment is becoming more and more obvious. Under certain circumstances, the effects of effort-restoration of urban tourism destinations may be lower than those of rural tourism destinations. Therefore, the type of destination does not independently affect the restorative effects of tourists; it is regulated by the length of stay and related to the degree of tourists’ adaptation to the environment. This study enriches the research on environmental restorative effects from the perspective of experience and also helps to deepen the understanding of the strategies to improve restorative effects for academia and industry. At the same time, it provides a comprehensive research perspective for understanding the relationship between restorative effects, type of environment, and length of stay.
Fang Zhu , Qin Su , Yun Tao , Jinghong Shen . Environmental Restorative Effects of Destination for Tourists from the Perspective of Tourist-Environment Interaction[J]. Tropical Geography, 2020 , 40(4) : 636 -648 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003262
表1 受访者样本信息Table 1 Sample information of the survey respondents |
| 变量 | 分类 | 人数/人 | 比例/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 性别 | 男 | 242 | 44.8 |
| 女 | 298 | 55.2 | |
| 年龄/岁 | ≤20 | 36 | 6.7 |
| 21~35 | 388 | 71.9 | |
| 36~50 | 64 | 11.9 | |
| 51~65 | 32 | 5.9 | |
| >65 | 20 | 3.7 | |
| 文化程度 | 初中及以下 | 22 | 4.1 |
| 高中或中专 | 30 | 5.6 | |
| 大专 | 88 | 16.3 | |
| 本科 | 362 | 67.0 | |
| 硕士及以上 | 38 | 7.0 | |
| 职业 | 企业职工 | 156 | 28.9 |
| 个体工商户 | 128 | 23.7 | |
| 学生 | 78 | 14.4 | |
| 政府、事业单位职工 | 114 | 21.1 | |
| 其他 | 64 | 11.9 | |
| 人均月收入/元 | ≤3 000 | 60 | 11.1 |
| 3 001~4 500 | 88 | 16.3 | |
| 4 501~6 000 | 110 | 20.4 | |
| 6 001~7 500 | 78 | 14.4 | |
| 7 501~10 000 | 94 | 17.4 | |
| 10 001~15 000 | 72 | 13.3 | |
| ≥15 001 | 38 | 7.0 | |
| 旅行方式 | 独自出行 | 54 | 10.0 |
| 与家人或亲戚出行 | 214 | 39.6 | |
| 与朋友出行 | 254 | 47.0 | |
| 单位组团 | 6 | 1.1 | |
| 旅行社组团 | 12 | 2.2 |
表2 问卷信度和效度检验Table 2 Reliability and validity test of questionnaire |
| 变量 | 题项 | 克朗巴哈系数 | 均值 | 标准差 | 偏度 | 峰度 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 问卷整体 | 30 | 0.932 | — | — | — | — | |
| 旅游 目的地 环境 | 恢复性效应 | 15 | 0.912 | 3.95 | 0.72 | -0.025 | -0.203 |
| 努力—恢复 | 7 | 0.891 | 3.96 | 0.75 | 0.052 | -0.095 | |
| 资源保存 | 8 | 0.901 | 3.92 | 0.84 | -0.208 | -0.093 | |
| 日常 生活 环境 | 恢复性效应 | 15 | 0.896 | 3.70 | 0.73 | 0.229 | -0.521 |
| 努力—恢复 | 7 | 0.863 | 3.58 | 0.76 | 0.126 | -0.306 | |
| 资源保存 | 8 | 0.887 | 3.68 | 0.86 | 0.165 | -0.025 | |
表3 潜变量相关系数和平均提取方差值的平方根(判别效度表)Table 3 Correlation coefficients of latent variables and square root of average variance extracted |
| 环境类型 | 维度 | 旅游目的地环境 | 日常生活环境 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 努力—恢复 | 资源 保存 | 努力—恢复 | 资源 保存 | |||
| 旅游目的地环境 | 努力—恢复 | 0.739 | — | — | — | |
| 资源保存 | 0.696 | 0.773 | — | — | ||
| 日常生活环境 | 努力—恢复 | 0.527 | 0.426 | 0.726 | — | |
| 资源保存 | 0.712 | 0.612 | 0.602 | 0.758 | ||
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表4 验证性因子分析Table 4 Results of CFA |
| 努力—恢复 | 资源保存 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变量 | 因子载荷 | 变量 | 因子载荷 | |
| 我感觉得到了休息 | 0.712 | 我能按照我喜欢的方式处理事情 | 0.751 | |
| 我努力让自己远离工作 | 0.753 | 我可以自己决定如何度过我的时间 | 0.756 | |
| 我根本没想过工作 | 0.760 | 我可以自己决定日程 | 0.863 | |
| 我甚至忘了工作 | 0.728 | 我可以自己决定做什么 | 0.757 | |
| 我主动花费时间休闲 | 0.632 | 我做了一些开阔视野的事情 | 0.640 | |
| 我充分利用这段时间放松 | 0.895 | 我做了一些挑战自我的事情 | 0.760 | |
| 我做了一些放松的事情 | 0.661 | 我寻求智力上的挑战 | 0.873 | |
| 我学到了新的知识 | 0.757 | |||
| 整体拟合优度(GoF) | AVE | 0.546 | AVE | 0.597 |
| CR | 0.922 | CR | 0.963 | |
| X2/df | 2.67 | X 2 /df | 2.82 | |
| GFI | 0.966 | GFI | 0.955 | |
| CFI | 0.912 | CFI | 0.901 | |
| RMSEA | 0.078 | RMSEA | 0.079 | |
表5 配对样本t检验结果Table 5 Results of paired-sample t-teats |
| 变量 | 旅游目的地均值 | 日常生活环境均值 | t值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 努力—恢复 | 3.96 | 3.58 | 9.074*** |
| 资源保存 | 3.92 | 3.68 | 6.299*** |
| 恢复性效应 | 3.95 | 3.70 | 10.384*** |
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表6 环境、目的地类型与停留时间的交互效应Table 6 Interaction effects among environment, destination type, and length of stay |
| 变量 | 均值(S.D.) | Levene’s Test F值 | Box’s Test F值 | Wilk’s Lambda | F值 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 城市旅游目的地 | 乡村旅游目的地 | |||||||||
| S(n=132) | L(n=124) | S(n=146) | L(n=138) | |||||||
| 努力-恢复 | 旅游目的地 | 3.95(1.52) | 3.92(1.55) | 3.95(1.45) | 4.00(1.51) | 1.49 | 2.35 | 0.989 | 4.62* | |
| 日常环境 | 3.41(1.60) | 3.67(1.73) | 3.65(1.59) | 3.58(1.52) | 1.99 | — | — | — | ||
| 资源保存 | 旅游目的地 | 4.06(1.53) | 3.83(1.48) | 3.98(1.49) | 3.91(1.42) | 1.52 | 2.42 | 0.997 | 6.78* | |
| 日常环境 | 3.62(1.50) | 3.60(1.59) | 3.78(1.48) | 3.74(1.44) | 1.69 | — | — | — | ||
| 恢复性效应 | 旅游目的地 | 4.01(1.38) | 3.88(1.43) | 3.97(1.35) | 3.96(1.41) | 1.62 | 2.52 | 0.998 | 6.12* | |
| 日常环境 | 3.52(1.51) | 3.64(1.52) | 3.72(1.43) | 3.65(1.42) | 1.47 | — | — | — | ||
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图2 努力—恢复的环境、目的地类型交互效应(a. 停留时间≤4 d;b. 停留时间>4 d)Fig.2 The interaction effect between environment and destination type on effort-recovery |
图3 资源保存的环境、目的地类型交互效应(a. 停留时间≤4 d;b. 停留时间>4 d)Fig.3 The interaction effect between environment and destination type on conservation of resources |

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