Evolution of Coral Shingle Cays in the Nansha Islands during 2009-2017
Received date: 2019-10-11
Revised date: 2019-12-30
Online published: 2020-08-11
Coral shingle cays are distributed widely around coral reefs and islands in the South China Sea; however, their formation and evolution are little understood. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of three coral shingle cays at the Yongshu, Ximen, and Anda reefs, respectively, in the Nasha Islands had been built after they were investigated in 2017. Based on the modern DEMs of the shingle cays, different DEMs of the shingle cays were reconstructed at the past four intervals of 2011 (2009), 2013, 2015 and 2017 by remote sensing analysis; thus, the geomorphic features and evolution that the cays underwent from 2009-2017 was revealed. During this periods, the shingle cay at the Anda Reef experienced near constant erosion, shrinking continuously and showing losses of 50%, 70%, and 72% in average height, area, and volume, respectively, as part of a general declining trend. The shingle cay at the Yongshu Reef was dominated by horizontal and vertical accretions; its average height, area, and volume increased by approximately 21%, 62% and 103%, respectively, from 2011-2017. The area of the shingle cay at the Ximen Reef showed horizontal accretion, with an increase of approximately 160%, but its average height declined by approximately 31% and changes in its volume were insignificant. At both the Yongshu and Ximen reefs, the shingle cays moved eastward or southeastward into the lagoon or inner reef flat, with the centroid being displaced 41.18 m and 55.71 m, respectively; the average rates of movement were 0.6 m/month and 0.8 m/month, respectively. In contrast, the shingle cay at the Anda Reef moved northwestward towards the outer reef flat for a larger distance (193.1 m) and at a greater velocity (2.1 m/month) than the other reefs moved. The evolution of three shingle cays was controlled mainly by monsoon- and typhoon-driven waves, and was influenced by differences in hydrodynamics based on their locations and the shapes of the reef flat. As a result, the three shingle cays showed two different modes of evolution: migration and shrinking towards the outer reef flat and migration and extension into the lagoon or inner reef flat. The geomorphic evolution of these coral shingle cays in the Nansha Islands provides an important scientific basis for extensive study of the geomorphic development, and the dynamic mechanism thereof, of coral islands in the South China Sea. Further research will combine long-term remote sensing analysis and regular field observations of the ecology, sedimentology, and hydrodynamics of the coral shingle cays and neighboring reef areas, and focus on the long-term processes of coral shingle cay formation and evolution to reveal the key environmental factors thereof and the mechanisms affecting them.
Shengnan Zhou , Qi Shi , Huayu Guo , Hongqiang Yang , Hongqiang Yan . Evolution of Coral Shingle Cays in the Nansha Islands during 2009-2017[J]. Tropical Geography, 2020 , 40(4) : 694 -708 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003255
表1 3个珊瑚礁的卫星影像数据概况Table 1 Satellite images data for three coral reefs |
区域 | 卫星型号 | 影像分辨率/m | 波段 | 时间 |
---|---|---|---|---|
安达礁 | GE-01 | 0.5 | 4 | 2009-09-29 |
WV-02 | 0.5 | 8 | 2013-08-17 | |
WV-03 | 0.3 | 8 | 2015-04-11 | |
Pleiades | 0.5 | 4 | 2017-05-16 | |
西门礁 | QB-02 | 0.6 | 4 | 2011-08-10 |
WV-02 | 0.5 | 8 | 2013-04-28 | |
WV-03 | 0.3 | 8 | 2015-04-11 | |
GE-01 | 0.5 | 4 | 2017-06-05 | |
永暑礁 | QB-02 | 0.6 | 4 | 2011-06-24 |
Pleiades | 0.5 | 4 | 2013-10-26 | |
WV-02 | 0.5 | 8 | 2015-10-24 | |
Pleiades | 0.5 | 4 | 2017-04-22 |
表2 砾洲卫星影像多波段反射率与地形高度回归分析统计结果及遥感重建DEM与现场实测DEM误差参数Table 2 Statistical results of regression analysis between Multi-band reflectance of satellite images and height and the error parameters between the reconstructed DEM by remote sensing and measured DEM of the shingle cays at three coral reefs |
礁区 | 地貌带 | 数据量(N/pixel) | 拟合优度(R 2) | 平均绝对误差(MAE)/m | 平均相对误差(MRE)/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
安达礁 | 砾洲 | 195 | 0.45*** | 0.26 | 15.6 |
礁坪 | 113 297 | 0.63*** | |||
西门礁 | 砾洲 | 9 726 | 0.56*** | 0.34 | 17.8 |
礁坪 | 445 134 | 0.73*** | |||
永暑礁 | 砾洲 | 9 853 | 0.54*** | 0.51 | 16.8 |
礁坪 | 312 301 | 0.85*** |
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图3 4个时段遥感重建砾洲分布(基于MHWS)Fig.3 Distribution of three shingle cays reconstructed by remote sensing in four periods (based on the MHWS) |
表3 砾洲4个时段遥感重建DEM基本地形参数(基于MHWS)Table 3 Basic topographic parameters of three shingle cays reconstructed by remote sensing in four periods (based on the MHWS) |
礁区 | 时间 | 长度/m | 宽度/m | 长轴方向 | 短轴方向 | 平均 高度/m | 最大 高度/m | 外侧坡 度/(°) | 内侧坡 度/(°) | 面积/m2 | 体积/m3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
安 达 礁 | 2009-09-29 | 106 | 46 | NE—SW | NW—SE | 0.43 | 1.53 | 26.4 | 13.6 | 2 005 | 869 |
2013-08-17 | 203 | 7 | NE—SW | NW—SE | 0.39 | 1.08 | 20.8 | 10.5 | 2 059 | 794 | |
2015-04-11 | 131 | 14 | NE—SW | NW—SE | 0.46 | 1.13 | 23.0 | 7.5 | 1 558 | 715 | |
2017-05-16 | 26 | 8 | NE—SW | NW—SE | 0.11 | 0.37 | 20.9 | 7.2 | 142 | 15 | |
西 门 礁 | 2011-08-10 | 44 | 19 | E—W | S—N | 0.42 | 0.86 | 13.3 | 10.5 | 871 | 374 |
2013-04-28 | 50 | 11 | E—W | S—N | 0.28 | 0.87 | 18.1 | 16.6 | 2 569 | 212 | |
2015-04-11 | 67 | 20 | E—W | S—N | 0.26 | 0.72 | 16.4 | 3.9 | 1 138 | 295 | |
2017-06-05 | 130 | 14 | S—N | E—W | 0.30 | 0.83 | 15.6 | 5.6 | 1 749 | 519 | |
永 暑 礁 | 2011-04-11 | 51 | 34 | E—W | S—N | 0.46 | 0.92 | 15.5 | 3.5 | 1 580 | 702 |
2013-10-26 | 88 | 28 | NNE—SSW | NWW—SEE | 0.41 | 1.21 | 29.4 | 6.7 | 2 448 | 938 | |
2015-10-24 | 110 | 34 | NNE—SSW | NWW—SEE | 0.44 | 1.01 | 22.1 | 5.3 | 3 443 | 1 479 | |
2017-04-22 | 102 | 28 | NE—SW | NW—SE | 0.55 | 1.37 | 15.0 | 6.7 | 2 566 | 1 369 |
表4 4个时段砾洲质心位移距离和方向Table 4 The moving distance and direction of centroid of three shingle cays in four periods |
时间 | 安达礁 | 时间 | 西门礁 | 时间 | 永暑礁 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
距离/m | 月速率/m | 方向 | 方位角/(°) | 距离/m | 月速率/m | 方向 | 方位角/(°) | 距离/m | 月速率/m | 方向 | 方位角/(°) | |||||
2009—2013年 | 109.55 | 2.4 | NW | 302.5 | 2011—2013年 | 16.26 | 0.8 | SE | 147.6 | 2011—2013年 | 28.48 | 0.9 | E | 85.9 | ||
2013—2015年 | 41 | 2.1 | NW | 316.8 | 2013—2015年 | 17.94 | 0.8 | SE | 116.3 | 2013—2015年 | 4.08 | 0.2 | N | 351.9 | ||
2015—2017年 | 68.16 | 2.7 | SW | 246.5 | 2015—2017年 | 29.27 | 1.1 | S | 184.1 | 2015—2017年 | 13.71 | 0.8 | SE | 104.6 | ||
2009—2017年 | 193.1 | 2.1 | NW | 288.6 | 2011—2017年 | 55.71 | 0.8 | SE | 156 | 2011—2017年 | 41.18 | 0.6 | E | 86.4 |
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