The Formation and Effect of Disembedding Innovation in Traditional Industrial Clusters: A Case Study of Chenghai's Toy Industrial Cluster
Received date: 2019-12-19
Revised date: 2020-04-14
Online published: 2020-10-10
Since the reform and opening of the economy, China's coastal areas have taken the lead in establishing labor-intensive industrial clusters. These traditional industrial clusters have furthered the rapid development of the regional economy. However, due to massive global changes in the industrial structure, insufficient innovation and "low-end locking" of the value chain in these industrial clusters have become increasingly evident. Most earlier studies explored the local versus global factors in innovation and the upgrading of traditional industrial clusters from a regional perspective, suggesting that innovation in the traditional industrial clusters has a derivative and incremental character, and is embedded in local networks which produce a substantial knowledge spillover. The value added to products improves, yielding a significant competitive advantage and increasing the economic resilience of traditional industrial clusters. With new-generation information and communication technology, geographical and industrial boundaries have become blurred. Traditional industrial clusters have repeatedly presented innovation and transformation modes. More recent studies indicate that experience and knowledge from outside the industrial cluster and cross-industry innovation lead to the elevation of traditional industrial clusters to the high end of the value chain. However, in-depth analyses on the mechanisms and effects of these disembeddeding forces are relatively few. Using Chenghai's toy industrial cluster in Eastern Guangdong as an example, this paper reflects on the formation and effects of the mode of disembedding innovation in traditional industrial clusters. It is found that under the joint actions of market demand, localized innovation networks, external innovation resources, enterprise strategy, and entrepreneurship, the transformation of Chenghai's toy industrial cluster presents two modes. The first is the "non-localized innovation" mode, manifested in the separation between R&D and manufacturing functions. The second is the "cross-industry expansion and innovation" mode manifested in the development of emerging industries or their integration with traditional industries. These innovative practices have had a constructive effect on cluster enterprises and regional economies. They integrate external innovation resources, merging them with their own innovative advantages. They have also established a productive local innovation ecology and promoted independent innovation capacities, raised awareness of the need to protect the intellectual property of enterprises. These practices also strengthen the traditional toy industry and promote the transformation and upgrade of the cluster. Finally, they drive the overall improvement of the regional economies. Therefore, the innovation of traditional industrial clusters can transcend their regional and original industrial boundaries, expanding into a larger spatial scale and industrial scope.
Xiaoying Chen , Fan Yang , Yuhua Wang . The Formation and Effect of Disembedding Innovation in Traditional Industrial Clusters: A Case Study of Chenghai's Toy Industrial Cluster[J]. Tropical Geography, 2020 , 40(5) : 942 -953 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003276
图1 1998—2018年澄海玩具产业集群工业总产值变化情况数据来源:1)汕头市澄海区人民政府:http://www.chenghai.gov.cn/;2)许琳 等(2017);3)澄海宝奥国际玩具商城公司官网:https://www.ebaoao.com/index.php。 Fig.1 The gross industrial output value of Chenghai’s toy industrial cluster during 1998-2018 |
表1 澄海玩具产业集群受访对象基本情况Table 1 Basic information of surveyed respondents in Chenghai’s toy industrial cluster |
受访者类型 | 数量/个 | 主要业务活动 |
---|---|---|
上市龙头 企业 | 3 | 影视动漫、电视媒体、游戏、信息服务、婴童用品、体育投资、玩具销售等 |
大型企业 | 2 | 智能机器人、电子设备、玩具销售、网络游戏、影视动漫等 |
中小企业 | 4 | 玩具生产销售(普通玩具、电子玩具)、无人机等 |
检测机构 | 2 | 玩具质量检测、咨询与培训等 |
“我们会和各大院校进行合作,同时我们在深圳拥有自己的开发团队……深圳在科技方面比澄海发达很多,那边的研发团队将一个产品开发成功后,我们才会在澄海批量生产。”——公司负责人A
“目前企业在创新方面遇到的最大难题,就是本地缺少高科技人才。我们的对策是把研发团队迁离至广州,我们也在考虑将总部搬离至广州。”——企业总经理助理B
“针对企业创新研发和产业拓展等重要战略版块,我们都选择在大城市进行,例如深圳、上海、北京、甚至是国外城市。在澄海,我们主要针对玩具制造这一版块。我们把制造业部门留在澄海,负责玩具生产。”——企业行政总监兼总裁办副主任C
“2013、2014年,我们收购几家游戏公司,开始新的转型……玩游戏的人群不少于看动漫的人群,所以游戏的客户群很大,需要将游戏与玩具结合,这是市场的一个发展趋势。我们专门成立一个对接机构,负责把游戏转变成玩具并推向市场。”——企业总经理助理B
“收购足球俱乐部,进军体育界,是我们公司‘国际化’战略的重要组成部分……公司能够在创新上超越别人,离不开董事长独到的战略眼光,能够及时抓住市场的转折点,调整自己的产品和企业发展战略……我们从做传统玩具开始,到投资文化产业、投资体育产业,董事长还在不断寻找新的投资机会。”——企业总经理助理B
“在社会关系上,澄海几家上市玩具公司的老板曾是同学,他们经常在一起讨论未来玩具产业发展方向。这种信息的互通为企业带来便利,达到资源共享、形成信息库,使澄海玩具企业发展得更快。”——企业负责人D
“考虑到投入国外市场,我们专门在美国成立分公司,完成动漫形象的设计创作。例如‘喜羊羊与灰太狼’,我们聘请迪士尼的制作人把它打造成世界级的IP,现在全中国、还有好多外国的年轻人都知道这部动画片,我们周边产品卖得很好,利润很高。”——企业行政总监兼总裁办副主任C
诚挚感谢汕头市和澄海区科技局各位领导、汕头市进出口商会王枫女士、汕头市匠庐文化有限公司洪锐杰先生以及新凯纳、星辉、骅威、启梦、英宝、奥飞、东信、飞翔达、恒龙、万宝、蒙巴迪、万田、精正等玩具企业及检测机构对调研工作的大力支持。
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