The Paradox between Tourists' Environmental Responsibility Behavior and Willingness from the Perspective of Rational Integration: Based on the Logistic-ISM Model
Received date: 2020-04-23
Revised date: 2020-10-09
Online published: 2021-02-19
Currently, little research exists on the deviation phenomenon between tourists' environmental responsibility behavior and theoretical willingness. Based on a field survey of 447 tourists visiting Yuelu Mountain, this study used the extended theory of planned behavior combined with a logistic regression model to analyze the factors that affect this deviation phenomenon, and further employed the Interpretative Structural Modeling Method to analyze the logic relationships between these factors. From the logistic regression results, it was found that the basic characteristics of tourists, such as age, gender, and education level; behavioral attitudes in rational cognition and perceived behavior control; positive and negative environmental emotions; and seven other factors caused a deviation away from their environmental responsibility behavior and willingness. The better the tourists' behavioral attitude, perceived behavioral control and other related rational cognition, the lower the possibility of deviations. Both positive and negative environmental emotions of tourists have negative effects on dissonance. The stronger the related environmental emotions are, the lower the possibility of dissonance is. The higher the age and the higher the education level, the more consistent the tourists' environmental responsibility behavior and intention; In terms of gender, male deviation is higher than female. From the results of the Interpretative Structural Modeling Method, tourists' gender, education level and age are the deep root problems, and through the tourists' behavior attitude and perceived behavior control two intermediate factors and two surface direct factors of positive environmental emotion and negative environmental emotion, causing the tourists' actual behavior and environmental responsibility behavior intention conflict. Therefore, it can be inferred that rational cognition plays an important mediating role in the process of the contradiction between behavior and will, and environmental affective factors are important external influencing factors. The formation of this hierarchical structure is mainly due to the tourists in the implementation of environmental responsibility behavior in the non-customary environment, the occurrence of behavior is the result of a variety of factors. Among the deviant surface factors, the most direct influencing factor is the tourists' positive or negative environmental emotion towards the destination, which indicates that tourists' environmental responsibility behavior is influenced by the intuitive environmental emotion. This provides a new research view for studying this deviation phenomenon and a preferable analytical framework, thus enriching and perfecting the theory system of tourists' environmental responsibility behavior to a certain extent. At the same time, this research proposed adding two major factors, positive and negative environmental emotions, to the theory of planned behavior to analyze the deviation phenomenon of tourists' environmental responsibility behavior and willingness, from the perspective of the integration of emotion and reason, which means combining rational cognition with environmental emotion, thereby providing a new entry point for the study of tourists' environmental responsibility behavior. The management implications of this study are as follows: firstly, tourism destination managers should pay attention to tourists' emotional appeal and resonance, and be good at stimulating tourists' environmental emotions. Secondly, tourism destination managers can stimulate tourists' sense of urgency to adopt environmentally responsible behaviors through the publicity and education of environmentally responsible behaviors. Finally, tourism destination managers can reduce the time and physical cost of tourists' environmental responsibility behavior through reasonable allocation of cleaning facilities.
Zhengliang Duan , Zhen Peng , Zuo Yang , Qing Bao , Lien Nguyen Thi . The Paradox between Tourists' Environmental Responsibility Behavior and Willingness from the Perspective of Rational Integration: Based on the Logistic-ISM Model[J]. Tropical Geography, 2021 , 41(1) : 104 -113 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003306
表1 样本基本特征Table 1 Basic feature of sample |
| 项目 | 选项 | 样本数量/个 | 百分比/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 性别 | 男 | 238 | 53.24 |
| 女 | 209 | 46.76 | |
| 年龄/岁 | ≤25 | 81 | 18.12 |
| 26~35 | 146 | 32.66 | |
| 36~45 | 101 | 22.60 | |
| 46~55 | 79 | 17.67 | |
| ≥56 | 40 | 8.95 | |
| 受教育程度 | 初中及以下 | 62 | 13.87 |
| 高中或中专 | 130 | 29.08 | |
| 大专 | 189 | 42.28 | |
| 研究生 | 66 | 14.77 | |
| 行为与意愿 | 一致 | 252 | 56.38 |
| 悖离 | 195 | 43.62 |
表2 变量定义与描述性统计Table 2 Variable definition and statistics |
| 变量名称 | 变量赋值 | 均值 | 标准差 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 被解释变量 | |||
| 行为与意愿是否存在悖离? | 悖离=1,不悖离=0 | 0.436 | 0.496 |
| 解释变量 | |||
| 1. 行为态度 | |||
| ATT1:对环境保护有益 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.497 | 1.154 |
| ATT 2:采取环境责任行为是正确的 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.362 | 1.122 |
| ATT 3:可以改善生态环境质量 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.481 | 1.090 |
| ATT 4:有利于可持续发展 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.289 | 1.214 |
| 2. 主观规范 | |||
| SN1:家人对我采取环境责任行为的态度 | 完全不赞同=1,不赞同=2,不确定=3,赞同=4,完全赞同=5 | 3.747 | 0.881 |
| SN2:朋友对我采取环境责任行为的态度 | 完全不赞同=1,不赞同=2,不确定=3,赞同=4,完全赞同=5 | 3.720 | 0.860 |
| SN3:同事对我采取环境责任行为的态度 | 完全不赞同=1,不赞同=2,不确定=3,赞同=4,完全赞同=5 | 3.866 | 0.998 |
| SN4:其他游客对我采取环境责任行为的态度 | 完全不赞同=1,不赞同=2,不确定=3,赞同=4,完全赞同=5 | 3.743 | 1.004 |
| 3. 感知行为控制 | |||
| PBC1:对采取环境责任行为难易程度的认知 | 非常困难=1,困难=2,一般=3,容易=4,非常容易=5 | 3.609 | 0.894 |
| PBC 2:对自身参与环境责任行为时间和精力的评价 | 非常困难=1,困难=2,一般=3,容易=4,非常容易=5 | 3.832 | 0.891 |
| PBC 3:对环境保护知识和要求的掌握程度 | 完全不了解=1,不了解=2,一般=3,较为了解=4,非常了解=5 | 3.600 | 0.986 |
| PBC 4:对基础设施便利程度的认知 | 完全不了解=1,不了解=2,一般=3,较为了解=4,非常了解=5 | 3.671 | 0.971 |
| PBC 5:对采取环境责任行为成功结果的预判 | 完全不了解=1,不了解=2,一般=3,较为了解=4,非常了解=5 | 3.579 | 0.958 |
| 4. 积极环境情感 | |||
| 自己或他人做了有利于环境保护的事: | |||
| PEA1:我会感到自豪 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.660 | 1.044 |
| PEA2:我会感到开心 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.727 | 1.121 |
| PEA3:我会感到兴奋 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.732 | 1.130 |
| PEA4:我会感到愉快 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.761 | 1.136 |
| PEA5:我会感到高兴 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.664 | 1.122 |
| 5. 消极环境情感 | |||
| 自己或他人没有做有利于环境保护的事: | |||
| NEA1:我会感到丢脸 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.595 | 1.138 |
| NEA2:我会感到懊悔 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.575 | 1.167 |
| NEA3:我会感到内疚 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.517 | 1.122 |
| NEA4:我会感到难过 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.530 | 1.142 |
| NEA5:我会感到愤怒 | 完全不同意=1,不同意=2,一般=3,同意=4,完全同意=5 | 3.611 | 1.213 |
| 6. 性别(Sex) | 男=1,女=0 | 0.532 | 0.500 |
| 7. 年龄(Age) | ≤25岁=1,26~35岁=2,36-45岁=3,46~55岁=4,≥56岁=5 | 2.667 | 1.216 |
| 8. 受教育程度(Edu) | 初中及以下=1,高中或中专=2,大专=3,研究生=4 | 2.579 | 0.905 |
表3 指标权重与信效度检验Table 3 Index weight and reliability and validity test |
| 潜变量 | 观测指标 | 权重 |
|---|---|---|
| 行为态度(ATT) Cronbach`s =0.935 KMO=0.840 Sig.=0.000 | ATT1 | 0.245 |
| ATT2 | 0.253 | |
| ATT3 | 0.247 | |
| ATT4 | 0.255 | |
| 主观规范(SN) Cronbach`s α=0.901 KMO=0.817 Sig.=0.000 | SN1 | 0.248 |
| SN2 | 0.251 | |
| SN3 SN4 | 0.252 0.249 | |
| 感知行为控制(PBC) Cronbach`s α=0.817 KMO=0.764 Sig.=0.000 | PBC1 | 0.196 |
| PBC2 | 0.205 | |
| PBC3 | 0.201 | |
| PBC4 | 0.199 | |
| PBC5 | 0.199 | |
| 积极环境情感(PEA) Cronbach`s α=0.910 KMO=0.974 Sig.=0.000 | PEA1 | 0.197 |
| PEA2 | 0.207 | |
| PEA3 | 0.197 | |
| PEA4 | 0.197 | |
| PEA5 | 0.203 | |
| 消极环境情感(NEA) Cronbach`s α=0.923 KMO=0.896 Sig.=0.000 | NEA1 | 0.196 |
| NEA2 NEA3 | 0.199 0.202 | |
| NEA4 | 0.201 | |
| NEA5 | 0.201 |
表4 二元Logistic模型回归结果Table 4 Binary logistic model regression results |
| 变量类别 | 变量名称 | 回归系数B | 检验误差S.E | 统计量Wald | 显著性Sig. | 幂值Exp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 理性认知 | 行为态度 | -0.609*** | 0.120 | 25.635 | 0.000 | 0.544 |
| 主观规范 | 0.187 | 0.148 | 1.586 | 0.208 | 1.205 | |
| 感知行为控制 | -0.745*** | 0.175 | 18.071 | 0.000 | 0.475 | |
| 环境情感 | 积极环境情感 | -0.336** | 0.149 | 5.069 | 0.024 | 0.715 |
| 消极环境情感 | -0.719*** | 0.141 | 26.170 | 0.000 | 0.487 | |
| 个体特征 | 性别 | 1.017*** | 0.249 | 16.708 | 0.000 | 2.766 |
| 年龄 | -0.344*** | 0.101 | 11.744 | 0.001 | 0.709 | |
| 受教育程度 | -0.794*** | 0.144 | 30.334 | 0.000 | 0.452 | |
| -2倍对数似然值 | 425.486 | |||||
| Cox & Snell R 2 | 0.342 | |||||
| Nagelkerke R 2 | 0.458 | |||||
| H-L Tests | Sig.=0.777 | |||||
| Sig. | 0.000 | |||||
| 模型预测准确率/% | 77.6 | |||||
|
图2 影响因素间的逻辑关系Fig.2 Logical relationship between influencing factors |
| V | V | V | V | V | V | V | S 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | U | 0 | 0 | S 1 | |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | U | U | S 2 | ||
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | S 3 | |||
| 0 | 0 | 0 | S 4 | ||||
| U | U | S 5 | |||||
| 0 | S 6 | ||||||
| S 7 |
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