The Gap between the Well-Being of Urban and Rural Residents in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
Received date: 2020-11-01
Revised date: 2020-12-29
Online published: 2021-04-20
The integrated development of urban and rural areas has become an important development strategy in China in the new era. Its ultimate goal is to jointly improve the well-being of urban and rural residents and reduce the gap in well-being that exists between them. Drawing from the 2019 Human Development Index evaluation framework from a comprehensive subjective and objective perspective, this study constructed an objective development index, a subjective well-being index, and a well-being difference coefficient between urban and rural residents. Taking the Yangtze River Economic Belt as the research area, this study explored the dynamic development process and spatial differentiation characteristics of urban and rural residents' well-being and revealed the influencing factors and mechanisms behind them. It is expected to help understand the process of urban–rural integrated development from the perspective of well-being as well as provide guidance for promoting the integrated development of urban and rural areas in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The main conclusions reached were as follows: 1) The well-being of urban and rural residents in the Yangtze River Economic Belt gradually increased, from 0.665 3 and 0.570 4 in 2005 to 0.761 5 and 0.683 0, respectively, in 2015. The upper, middle, and lower reaches of this region showed a gradient change from low to high, while the overall spatial difference decreased. 2) The well-being level of urban residents was slightly higher than that of rural residents, and the gap gradually narrowed from 1.166 3 in 2005 to 1.114 8 in 2015. The well-being gap of urban and rural residents in the upper, middle, and lower reaches showed a high to low gradient change; Among them, the gap in the lower reaches has narrowed relatively greatly. 3) The well-being levels of urban and rural residents and the gap between them were greatly affected by economic factors, and the pulling effect of economic growth on the well-being of rural residents was more obvious than that of urban residents, while the spatial distribution of urban and rural residents' well-being was generally positively correlated with the economic pattern. At the same time, it was found that the level of well-being was also related to factors such as urban and rural infrastructure, cultural construction, social management, basic housing security, and ecological environment. Therefore, the well-being level of regions with high economic levels was not necessarily high. 4) The gap in economic, social public services, and security levels between urban and rural areas, as well as the gap in income, health, and social status of urban and rural residents, are the main reasons why this gap between the two types of residents has always existed. The implementation of China's new socialist countryside and beautiful countryside construction, targeted poverty alleviation strategies, urban-rural integration development strategies, and a series of "supporting farmers" and "benefits" policies have effectively promoted the improvement of the well-being of rural residents and narrowed the gap between that of their urban counterparts.
Yanhua He , Cong Liu , Guohua Zhou , Yan Chen . The Gap between the Well-Being of Urban and Rural Residents in the Yangtze River Economic Belt[J]. Tropical Geography, 2021 , 41(2) : 327 -339 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003322
图2 城乡居民客观发展指数建构框架 Fig.2 Framework for calculating the objective development index of urban and rural residents |
表1 平均预期寿命、平均受教育年限及人均可支配收入指标的最大值和最小值Table 1 Maximum and minimum values of average life expectancy, average years of education and per capita disposable income |
| 维度层 | 指标层 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 健康长寿 | 平均预期寿命/岁 | 20 | 85 |
| 知识获取 | 平均受教育年限/a | 0 | 15 |
| 体面的生活 | 人均可支配收入/元 | 352.4 | 264 300 |
表2 2005—2015年各省城镇居民福祉指数Table 2 The well-being index of urban residents in each province during 2005-2015 |
| 地区 | 2005年 | 2005—2010年增减变化 | 2010年 | 2010—2015年增减变化 | 2015年 | 2005—2015年增减变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 江苏 | 0.689 3 | 0.059 4 | 0.748 7 | 0.022 4 | 0.771 1 | 0.081 8 |
| 浙江 | 0.689 9 | 0.064 1 | 0.754 0 | 0.030 6 | 0.784 7 | 0.094 8 |
| 安徽 | 0.669 1 | 0.065 9 | 0.735 1 | 0.040 9 | 0.776 0 | 0.106 8 |
| 江西 | 0.648 0 | 0.049 6 | 0.697 6 | 0.050 5 | 0.748 1 | 0.100 1 |
| 湖北 | 0.645 4 | 0.071 8 | 0.717 2 | 0.040 0 | 0.757 1 | 0.111 7 |
| 湖南 | 0.667 1 | 0.053 3 | 0.720 4 | 0.043 9 | 0.764 3 | 0.097 2 |
| 重庆 | 0.691 2 | 0.039 1 | 0.730 4 | 0.036 1 | 0.766 5 | 0.075 2 |
| 四川 | 0.659 0 | 0.067 3 | 0.726 3 | 0.022 8 | 0.749 1 | 0.090 1 |
| 贵州 | 0.636 3 | 0.074 7 | 0.711 0 | 0.031 3 | 0.742 3 | 0.106 0 |
| 云南 | 0.625 4 | 0.084 6 | 0.710 1 | 0.024 3 | 0.734 4 | 0.108 9 |
| 下游 | 0.686 0 | 0.062 2 | 0.748 2 | 0.028 0 | 0.776 2 | 0.090 2 |
| 中游 | 0.654 4 | 0.058 2 | 0.712 6 | 0.044 5 | 0.757 1 | 0.102 7 |
| 上游 | 0.649 9 | 0.070 9 | 0.720 8 | 0.027 1 | 0.748 0 | 0.098 0 |
| 各省标准差 | 0.023 4 | -0.005 8 | 0.017 6 | -0.001 7 | 0.015 9 | -0.007 5 |
| 各省极差 | 0.065 8 | -0.009 4 | 0.056 4 | -0.006 1 | 0.050 3 | -0.015 5 |
| 长江经济带整体水平 | 0.665 3 | 0.063 8 | 0.729 1 | 0.032 4 | 0.761 5 | 0.096 2 |
表3 2005—2015年各省乡村居民福祉指数Table 3 The well-being index of rural residents in each province during 2005-2015 |
| 地区 | 2005年 | 2005-2010年增减变化 | 2010年 | 2010-2015年增减变化 | 2015年 | 2005-2015年增减变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 江苏 | 0.614 9 | 0.068 7 | 0.683 6 | 0.039 0 | 0.722 6 | 0.107 7 |
| 浙江 | 0.589 2 | 0.094 4 | 0.683 6 | 0.051 2 | 0.734 7 | 0.145 6 |
| 安徽 | 0.571 8 | 0.073 5 | 0.645 3 | 0.051 1 | 0.696 4 | 0.124 6 |
| 江西 | 0.569 2 | 0.063 1 | 0.632 4 | 0.059 1 | 0.691 4 | 0.122 2 |
| 湖北 | 0.567 6 | 0.073 2 | 0.640 9 | 0.034 0 | 0.674 8 | 0.107 2 |
| 湖南 | 0.566 6 | 0.071 1 | 0.637 7 | 0.053 2 | 0.690 9 | 0.124 3 |
| 重庆 | 0.580 5 | 0.038 8 | 0.619 3 | 0.046 4 | 0.665 7 | 0.085 2 |
| 四川 | 0.559 7 | 0.070 1 | 0.629 8 | 0.032 9 | 0.662 7 | 0.103 0 |
| 贵州 | 0.519 8 | 0.049 7 | 0.569 4 | 0.063 0 | 0.632 4 | 0.112 6 |
| 云南 | 0.531 0 | 0.078 0 | 0.609 0 | 0.040 7 | 0.649 6 | 0.118 7 |
| 下游 | 0.595 5 | 0.074 5 | 0.670 0 | 0.045 7 | 0.715 7 | 0.120 2 |
| 中游 | 0.567 7 | 0.069 9 | 0.637 6 | 0.048 0 | 0.685 6 | 0.117 9 |
| 上游 | 0.546 7 | 0.066 6 | 0.613 3 | 0.042 2 | 0.655 5 | 0.108 8 |
| 各省标准差 | 0.027 0 | 0.006 5 | 0.033 5 | -0.001 9 | 0.031 6 | 0.004 6 |
| 各省极差 | 0.095 1 | 0.019 1 | 0.114 2 | -0.011 9 | 0.102 3 | 0.007 2 |
| 长江经济带整体水平 | 0.570 4 | 0.067 6 | 0.638 0 | 0.045 0 | 0.683 0 | 0.112 6 |
表4 2005—2015年各省城乡居民福祉差异系数(D)Table 4 The coefficient of difference in well-being of urban and rural residentscoefficient in each province during 2005-2015 |
| 地区 | 2005年 | 2005—2010年增减变化 | 2010年 | 2010—2015年增减变化 | 2015年 | 2005—2015年增减变化 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 江苏 | 1.120 9 | -0.025 8 | 1.095 1 | -0.028 1 | 1.067 0 | -0.053 9 |
| 浙江 | 1.171 0 | -0.067 9 | 1.103 1 | -0.035 1 | 1.068 0 | -0.103 0 |
| 安徽 | 1.170 2 | -0.031 1 | 1.139 1 | -0.024 9 | 1.114 2 | -0.056 0 |
| 江西 | 1.138 4 | -0.035 2 | 1.103 2 | -0.021 2 | 1.082 0 | -0.056 4 |
| 湖北 | 1.137 0 | -0.017 9 | 1.119 0 | 0.002 9 | 1.121 9 | -0.015 0 |
| 湖南 | 1.177 4 | -0.047 7 | 1.129 7 | -0.023 5 | 1.106 2 | -0.071 2 |
| 重庆 | 1.190 8 | -0.011 3 | 1.179 4 | -0.028 0 | 1.151 4 | -0.039 4 |
| 四川 | 1.177 5 | -0.024 2 | 1.153 3 | -0.022 9 | 1.130 4 | -0.047 1 |
| 贵州 | 1.224 2 | 0.024 4 | 1.248 6 | -0.074 9 | 1.173 8 | -0.050 4 |
| 云南 | 1.177 9 | -0.011 9 | 1.166 0 | -0.035 6 | 1.130 4 | -0.047 5 |
| 下游 | 1.152 0 | -0.035 4 | 1.116 6 | -0.032 2 | 1.084 5 | -0.067 5 |
| 中游 | 1.152 9 | -0.035 1 | 1.117 8 | -0.013 4 | 1.104 3 | -0.048 5 |
| 上游 | 1.188 8 | -0.013 5 | 1.175 3 | -0.034 3 | 1.141 0 | -0.047 8 |
| 各省标准差 | 0.029 9 | 0.016 5 | 0.046 4 | -0.011 4 | 0.034 9 | 0.005 1 |
| 各省极差 | 0.103 3 | 0.050 3 | 0.153 5 | -0.046 8 | 0.106 8 | 0.003 5 |
| 长江经济带整体水平 | 1.166 3 | -0.023 6 | 1.142 7 | -0.027 9 | 1.114 8 | -0.051 5 |
表5 2015年各省城乡居民福祉与各项满意度相关系数Table 5 The correlation between urban and rural residents' well-being and various satisfaction levels of each province in 2015 |
| 分项满意度 | 与城镇居民福祉的pearson相关系数 | 与乡村居民福祉的pearson相关系数 |
|---|---|---|
| 公共教育服务 | 0.45 | 0.19 |
| 医疗公共卫生 | 0.25 | 0.34 |
| 基本住房保障 | 0.47 | 0.4 |
| 社会管理 | 0.55 | 0.51 |
| 社会保障 | 0.42 | 0.41 |
| 公共文化与体育设施 | 0.69 | 0.52 |
| 基础设施 | 0.74 | 0.58 |
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1 数据来源及相关说明见http://cgss.ruc.edu.cn/。
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