Spatial and Temporal Patterns, Influencing Factors, and Prevention and Control Measures of Human Trafficking in Southwest China
Received date: 2022-07-12
Revised date: 2022-09-19
Online published: 2022-10-07
The crime of trafficking has a long history of causing serious harm to the victims, their families, and social stability, which has aroused widespread concern from the public and academic circles. Studies have shown that the southwest region of China has the highest incidence of trafficking crimes; thus, this study examines the trial data of Chinese judgment documents of the southwestern regions (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Chongqing) from 2008 to 2020. The study comprehensively uses text analysis, mathematical statistics, spatial analysis, and negative binomial regression test to explore spatial and temporal variation patterns and the factors influencing them. The study then proposes countermeasures for prevention, control, and management. The research shows that: (1) The overall high incidence of trafficking crimes occurred in the period 2009-2014, showing a wavy pattern of "three peaks and two valleys." The "three peaks" occurred in 2009, 2012, and 2014, whereas the "two valleys" occurred in 2010 and 2013. The highest incidence was in December, with the next highest incidences concentrated in May, June, July, and September for women, and May, July, August and September for children. On the whole, trafficking crimes occurred mostly in the summer months. The four provinces have had different degrees of inter-year and inter-month variations in the trafficking of women and children. (2) The overall spatial distribution is in the shape of a significant "southeast-northwest" axis, which is highly consistent with the boundary line between Sichuan and Chongqing, Yunnan, and Guizhou, and the inter-provincial border area is a hotspot for trafficking crimes. The provincial spatial distribution is the highest in Yunnan Province and the lowest in Chongqing. Trafficking mostly occurs at medical care institutions, stations, and rural residences with a large flow of people. (3) Negative binomial regression analysis of the random effects panel shows the incidence of trafficking crimes as influenced by the gender ratio of the population and the number of urban and rural residents' minimum living standards, while the per capita disposable income of rural residents, the registered urban unemployment rate, the child dependency ratio,and the volume of passenger transport have negative effects; whereas the population sex ratio, passenger traffic, and the number of urban and rural residents on the minimum subsistence allowance have a greater impact on the crime of trafficking of women. Finally, based on the analysis of the influencing factors, the three aspects of strengthening social construction, innovating prevention mechanisms, and strengthening combating mechanisms are proposed as the prevention and control countermeasures, with a view to dismantle the breeding ground for the crime of trafficking of women and children.
Hai Xia , Gang Li , Junjun Zhou , Yue Yu , Mengjia Du , Chenxi Feng . Spatial and Temporal Patterns, Influencing Factors, and Prevention and Control Measures of Human Trafficking in Southwest China[J]. Tropical Geography, 2022 , 42(9) : 1534 -1546 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003556
图3 西南地区拐卖妇女(a)、儿童(b)和妇女-儿童(c)犯罪地空间分布 Fig.3 Spatial distribution of women(a), children(b) and women-children(c) trafficking crime locations in Southwest China |
表1 西南地区拐卖犯罪影响因素与指标说明Table 1 Influencing factors and indicators of trafficking in Southwest China |
指标类型 | 指标选取 | 单位 | 编码 | VIF | 变量解释 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
人口因素 | 自然增长率 | ‰ | X 1 | 4.502 | 区域内人口增长速度 |
人口性别比 | — | X 2 | 2.087 | 区域内社会人口性别差异 | |
经济因素 | 农村居民人均可支配收入 | 元 | X 3 | 9.389 | 区域内农村居民收入水平 |
居民消费价格指数 | % | X 4 | 1.491 | 区域内居民消费水平 | |
社会文化因素 | 城镇登记失业率 | % | X 5 | 4.563 | 区域内社会就业状况 |
普通高中毕业生数 | 万人 | X 6 | 3.924 | 区域内人口受教育程度 | |
家庭因素 | 少年儿童抚养比 | % | X 7 | 6.423 | 区域内家庭抚养能力 |
婚姻变故人数 | 人 | X 8 | 6.458 | 区域内家庭婚姻状况 | |
五人以上家庭户数 | 户 | X 9 | 6.736 | 区域内家庭规模情况 | |
交通因素 | 客运量 | 万人 | X 10 | 3.914 | 区域内交通便捷程度 |
社会保障因素 | 农村居民最低生活保障人数 | 万人 | X 11 | 4.069 | 区域内农村居民社会保障程度 |
表2 西南地区拐卖犯罪随机效应面板负二项回归模型估计结果Table 2 Estimation results of a negative binomial regression model for a panel of random effects on trafficking crime in the Southwest China |
变量 | Y 1=拐卖妇女案发量 | Y 2=拐卖儿童案发量 | Y 3=拐卖妇女儿童案发量 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | P>|z| | Coef. | P>|z| | Coef. | P>|z| | |||
X 1 | 0.142 186 | 0.512 | 0.016 241 | 0.914 | -0.034 944 | 0.780 | ||
X 2 | 0.118 988 | 0.077* | -0.013 405 | 0.799 | -0.007 540 | 0.860 | ||
X 3 | -0.000 329 | 0.053* | -0.000 310 | 0.030** | -0.000 312 | 0.002*** | ||
X 4 | -0.033 959 | 0.783 | -0.010 899 | 0.881 | 0.052 718 | 0.400 | ||
X 5 | -1.072 979 | 0.194 | -0.900 218 | 0.169 | -1.172 947 | 0.018** | ||
X 6 | 0.022 820 | 0.538 | 0.038 039 | 0.267 | 0.032 655 | 0.200 | ||
X 7 | -0.317 389 | 0.002*** | -0.167 618 | 0.040** | -0.175 088 | 0.024** | ||
X 8 | 4.95e-06 | 0.420 | -4.38e-07 | 0.936 | 1.90e-06 | 0.626 | ||
X 9 | -0.000 018 | 0.587 | 0.000 025 | 0.322 | 0.000 010 | 0.598 | ||
X 10 | -0.000 011 | 0.016** | 1.51e-06 | 0.731 | -8.70e-07 | 0.778 | ||
X 11 | 0.003 902 | 0.042** | 0.001 574 | 0.408 | -0.000 448 | 0.791 | ||
_cons | 7.441 535 | 0.676 | 12.416 53 | 0.205 | 7.917 465 | 0.386 | ||
LR test | Prob >= chibar2 = 1.000 | Prob >= chibar2 = 0.000 | Prob >= chibar2 = 0.000 | |||||
hausman | Prob>chi2 = 0.999 9 | chi2=-3.92 | chi2=-0.88 |
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