Would You Still Travel to Wuhan? Empathy, Destination Image, and Travel Willingness in the Post-Pandemic Period: The Intermediary Role of Destination Image
Received date: 2021-11-22
Revised date: 2022-01-08
Online published: 2023-01-05
With the normalization of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, people are encouraged to stay at home as much as possible. This has deeply affected the tourism industry. The tourism market size is decreasing sharply, and the restoration of tourism destinations faces great difficulties. Wuhan, the first city to have fought the COVID-19 pandemic head-on, attracted all Chinese people's attention, as everybody said, "come on, Wuhan!" on social media and lent it great support in fighting the pandemic. People discussed the pandemic, became more aware about Wuhan, made plans to travel to Wuhan after the pandemic, and celebrated the stage victory when Wuhan was reopened, which constitutes a meaningful phenomenon in the tourism industry. To reveal the theoretical relationship between people's empathy and travel willingness, this article crawls the microblog data of Wuhan for one month before and after the reopening, from March 24 to April 23, and introduces the destination image as a mediator variable to reflect people's cognition about Wuhan. Then, the data are analyzed and the theoretical model is tested through qualitative and quantitative methods. The main conclusions are as follows: in the post-pandemic period, people's empathy toward Wuhan is dominated by positive emotions, accounting for 85.09% of responses. Respectively, neutral and negative emotions account for 3.42% and 11.49%, respectively. In addition to Wuhan's traditional image, "oriental cherry," "Wuhan hot-dry noodles," a specialty breakfast meal in the Hubei province, many new images of Wuhan have emerged, such as "hero" and "heroic," owing to its tenacious spirit and deep sacrifices during the pandemic. Generally, people have a strong willingness to travel to Wuhan, and the pandemic has transformed it into a special tourism attraction. Many inspiring emotions have emerged, such as "Wuhan," "come on," "hope," "pandemic," "definitely," "go again," and eat "Wuhan hot-dry noodles." According to the hypothesis model test results, empathy affects travel willingness significantly, however, the direct effect between empathy and travel willingness is completely mediated after the destination image is added, and its effect size is 0.191. In conclusion, the influence of empathy upon tourism willingness is fully implemented with the help of the destination image. Empathy between potential tourists and the destination produces emotional resonance, admiration, and other emotions. Such empathy spurs people's insight about the destination, produces a new destination image, and creates a strong travel willingness. This article clarifies why people travel to a specific destination after a public emergency. Additionally, the results suggest that it is necessary to guide the propagation of positive emotions, and consider the possible impact of emergency upon the destination image, by which the tourism industry may reach its revitalization after the pandemic crisis effectively. For Wuhan, it is a plausible approach to rely on people's empathy in the COVID-19 pandemic, and the new destination image can also stimulate people's travel willingness. Furthermore, many new tourism marketing activities based on the destination image may change, such as "come and enjoy the hot-dry noodles," "come and enjoy the oriental cherry again," and may play unique roles in the restoration of the tourism industry.
Ying Zheng , Gaojun Zhang , Ruoyu Zhang . Would You Still Travel to Wuhan? Empathy, Destination Image, and Travel Willingness in the Post-Pandemic Period: The Intermediary Role of Destination Image[J]. Tropical Geography, 2022 , 42(12) : 2110 -2120 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003600
表1 武汉疫情网络文本情感分析Table 1 Emotion analysis of Wuhan's pandemic text |
| 情绪类别 | 区间 | 数量/条 | 百分比/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 积极 | 合计 | 274 | 85.09 |
| 一般(0,10] | 104 | 32.3 | |
| 中度(10,20] | 76 | 23.6 | |
| 高度(20,∞) | 94 | 29.19 | |
| 中性 | 合计 | 11 | 3.42 |
| 消极 | 合计 | 37 | 11.49 |
| 一般[-10,0) | 30 | 9.32 | |
| 中度[-20,-10) | 5 | 1.55 | |
| 高度(-∞,-20) | 1 | 0.31 |
表2 武汉疫情高频特征词汇Table 2 Wuhan pandemic high-frequency characteristic vocabulary |
| 类型 | 排序 | 词汇 | 频数 | 类型 | 排序 | 词汇 | 频数 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 共情 | 1/8 | 希望 | 62 | 目的地 形象 | 15/30 | 中国 | 14 | |
| 2/14 | 加油 | 33 | 16/31 | 味道 | 13 | |||
| 3/25 | 期待 | 19 | 17/32 | 安全 | 13 | |||
| 4/38 | 开心 | 11 | 18/35 | 小龙虾 | 12 | |||
| 5/39 | 想起 | 11 | 旅游 意愿 | 1/4 | 去武汉 | 174 | ||
| 6/40 | 感受 | 11 | 2/6 | 去看看 | 90 | |||
| 7/42 | 感谢 | 10 | 3/9 | 一起 | 60 | |||
| 8/43 | 想念 | 10 | 4/11 | 春天 | 47 | |||
| 9/44 | 喜欢 | 9 | 5/16 | 再去 | 29 | |||
| 目的地 形象 | 1/1 | 武汉 | 523 | 6/34 | 等到 | 12 | ||
| 2/2 | 疫情 | 403 | 7/36 | 五一 | 11 | |||
| 3/3 | 热干面 | 190 | 8/37 | 计划 | 11 | |||
| 4/5 | 樱花 | 108 | 9/41 | 打算 | 10 | |||
| 5/13 | 英雄 | 37 | 其他 | 1/7 | 一定 | 76 | ||
| 6/15 | 朋友 | 33 | 2/10 | 解封 | 58 | |||
| 7/18 | 人民 | 23 | 3/12 | 过后 | 41 | |||
| 8/19 | 湖北 | 23 | 4/17 | 彻底 | 26 | |||
| 9/21 | 黄鹤楼 | 22 | 5/20 | 早日 | 23 | |||
| 10/22 | 美食 | 22 | 6/27 | 隔离 | 17 | |||
| 11/23 | 武汉大学 | 22 | 7/29 | 第一次 | 15 | |||
| 12/24 | 好吃 | 19 | 8/33 | 重启 | 13 | |||
| 13/26 | 正宗 | 17 | 9/45 | 医院 | 9 | |||
| 14/28 | 豆皮 | 16 |
|
表3 武汉疫情高频共现词Table 3 Wuhan pandemic high-frequency co-occurrence words |
| 排序 | 共现词语 | 频数 | 排序 | 共现词语 | 频数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 武汉 疫情 | 282 | 16 | 希望 武汉 | 64 |
| 2 | 疫情 去武汉 | 178 | 17 | 一起 疫情 | 64 |
| 3 | 疫情 热干面 | 148 | 18 | 解封 武汉 | 62 |
| 4 | 武汉 去武汉 | 142 | 19 | 解封 疫情 | 61 |
| 5 | 热干面 武汉 | 132 | 20 | 一起 武汉 | 58 |
| 6 | 疫情 樱花 | 117 | 21 | 去看看 去武汉 | 56 |
| 7 | 樱花 武汉 | 112 | 22 | 英雄 武汉 | 53 |
| 8 | 去看看 疫情 | 103 | 23 | 英雄 疫情 | 53 |
| 9 | 去看看 武汉 | 98 | 24 | 一定 去武汉 | 52 |
| 10 | 一定 武汉 | 91 | 25 | 樱花 去看看 | 48 |
| 11 | 热干面 去武汉 | 85 | 26 | 热干面 一定 | 45 |
| 12 | 一定 武汉 | 84 | 27 | 一定 去看看 | 44 |
| 13 | 樱花 去武汉 | 76 | 28 | 去看看 热干面 | 43 |
| 14 | 希望 疫情 | 72 | 29 | 希望 去武汉 | 41 |
| 15 | 樱花 热干面 | 66 | 30 | 加油 疫情 | 41 |
表4 文本编码赋值示例Table 4 Text encoding assignment examples |
| 微博内容 | 共情 | 目的地形象 | 旅游意愿 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 关键词 | 赋分 | 关键词 | 赋分 | 关键词 | 赋分 | |||
| #张文宏说解封后武汉或成最安全城市#寒冬过后,春天一定会到来。待疫情彻底过去的时候,去看长江,看黄鹤楼,吃热干面,还有鸭脖,我确信,我定会去看看,武汉的樱花。(春要来等不到夏夏) | “春天” “一定会到来” “彻底过去” | 5 | “长江”“黄鹤楼” “热干面”“鸭脖” “最安全”“樱花” | 5 | “确信” “定会去看看” | 5 | ||
| 又是一个下雨天,突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情,导致今年的开头就像这天气一样阴沉沉的,原本过年期间还想去武汉大学看樱花,现在连拜年到亲戚家恰饭,说一声恭喜发财都变成了一种奢望,只能在微信上拜年了。武汉不是很安全,还是不去武汉了,等再安全点再说吧。(少年心思你来猜) | “阴沉沉” “奢望” | 2 | “武汉大学” “樱花” “不是很安全” | 3 | “不去” “再说吧” | 2 | ||
| 日常想走人的,一天疫情搞得想走无处可去,倒霉的武汉 (fox记得smile) | “想走人” | 1 | “倒霉的武汉” | 1 | “无处可去” | 1 | ||
表5 假设模型的层次回归分析结果Table 5 Hierarchical regression analysis of hypothesis model |
| 因变量 | 常数项 | 共情(自变量) | 目的地形象(中介变量) | R 2 | 调整R 2 | F值 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 目的地形象 | M1 | 2.317***(-14.26) | 0.451***(-10.23) | — | 0.246 | 0.244 | 104.69*** |
| 旅游意愿 | M2 | 3.491***(-19.32) | 0.191***(-3.90) | — | 0.045 | 0.042 | 15.18*** |
| M3 | 2.614***(-12.01) | 0.02(-0.38) | 0.379***(-6.48) | 0.156 | 0.151 | 29.56*** | |
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郑 颖:参与选题讨论和设计实验,进行相关数据采集、数据分析以及数据解释,并完成文章撰写;
张高军:提出选题,制定论文撰写方案,参与数据分析,负责文本校订与修改;
张若愚:参与数据分析,文本校订与修改。
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