Basic Characteristics and Genesis of Cavernous Weathering Features on the Steep Slopes of Danxia Landscape in Danxiashan UNESCO Global Geopark
Received date: 2022-09-10
Revised date: 2022-10-21
Online published: 2023-02-03
Cavernous weathering is widely distributed in different climate zones worldwide. The dominant controlling factors and their formation processes have long been discussed in the geomorphological community; however, many controversies remain. In the danxia landscape, various forms of cavernous weathering develop on steep slopes. They are important elements of the landscape and provide shelter for the preservation of many precious historical cultures, yet there have been few studies investigating their origin. Danxiashan is representative of the Natural World Heritage site 'China Danxia', with widespread cavernous weathering features of various sizes and shapes, providing a good opportunity for investigating the origin of cavernous weathering in subtropical humid climates. Typical caverns on sandstone and conglomerate slopes at five sites in Danxiashan were selected and studied by field investigation, morphological measurement, meteorological monitoring, sample microscopic observation, and salt experiments. The results show the following. First, the diameters of the cavern openings vary from centimeters to meters, and the shape of the cavern openings is elliptical to elliptical. The tafoni on conglomerate slopes are generally large and tend to grow upward and inward, while the caverns on sandstone slopes are generally small and arranged in a honeycomb-like structure. Second, lithology is fundamental for the development of caverns. At the macroscopic scale, it determines their location and arrangement because the caverns generally align within the lamination of beddings or cross-beddings. Indeed, the morphological characteristics of caverns developed differently under varying lithologies. At the microscopic scale, the red beds consist of abundant soluble mineral components, such as feldspars and carbonate cements, which are chemically dissolved in the seepage of acid rainwater, the salt crystallization of which leads to the destruction of the rock texture. Collectively, they would have initiated the formation of caverns. Third, the favorable microclimate within the caverns is a key factor that is water and salt accumulation, and consequently, salt weathering and enlargement of the caverns over time. Notably, the microclimate within the Jinshiyan Cave has provided favorable conditions for algae colonization, which controlled the formation of the cell-and-wall structure of the regular honeycombs at the Longlingpian Rock. Finally, the dominant controlling factors were dissimilar between caverns and interplayed in different development stages of cavernous weathering, the entire progression of which was potentially regulated by a self-organized mechanism. However, the influencing factors and critical values of the positive and negative feedback mechanisms require further study.
Yuexin Shi , Liuqin Chen , Dingding Du , Le Chai , Zihan Wang . Basic Characteristics and Genesis of Cavernous Weathering Features on the Steep Slopes of Danxia Landscape in Danxiashan UNESCO Global Geopark[J]. Tropical Geography, 2023 , 43(1) : 103 -114 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003614
图2 丹霞山陡坡的砾岩和砂岩层上的风化洞穴 Fig.2 Cavernous weathering features on conglomerate and sandstone slopes of Danxiashan |
表1 丹霞山风化洞穴的基本特征总结Table1 Basic characteristics of cavernous weathering features in Danxiashan |
| 研究点 | 位置 | 岩性 | 形态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 恐龙岩 | 玉屏峰,开口朝向232°,面向西南 | 厚层块状砾岩 | 大型 |
| 扬州寨 | 扬州寨北坡,洞穴的开口345°,其余开口朝向为15°至60°,大致为东北方向 | 厚层砾岩 | 大型 |
| 梦觉关 | 长老峰,开口方向290° | 中-细粒厚层砂岩 | 大型 |
| 锦石岩洞 | 长老峰北坡半山腰,位于大型层控洞穴内部,开口朝向300°,河流凹岸 | 中-细粒厚层砂岩 | 小型 |
| 禄意堂 | 睡美人(玉女拦江)南坡弧形崖壁上,朝向190° | 厚层砂岩 | 小型 |
表2 丹霞山恐龙岩和扬州寨洞穴尺寸和洞口朝向统计Table 2 Size and opening orientation of cavernous weathering features at Dinosaur Rock and Yangzhouzhai of Danxiashan |
| 洞穴统计 | 长度/m | 深度/m | 高度/m | 扁率 | 洞口朝向 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KLY1 | 13.35 | 9.00 | 1.75 | 0.87 | 205°SW |
| KLY2 | 2.03 | 1.43 | 1.26 | 0.38 | 205°SW |
| KLY3 | 3.35 | 7.90 | 2.91 | 0.13 | 205°SW |
| KLY4 | 9.21 | 8.35 | 3.16 | 0.66 | 205°SW |
| KLY5 | 2.92 | 3.65 | 1.32 | 0.55 | 193°SW |
| YZZ1 | 5.39 | 2.83 | 1.22 | 0.77 | 15°NE |
| YZZ2 | 7.50 | 2.27 | 2.20 | 0.71 | 60°NE |
| YZZ3 | 6.60 | 3.33 | 2.64 | 0.60 | 20°NE |
表3 丹霞山不同泉水和池水中水样的pHTable 3 PH values of water samples in different springs and pools of Danxiashan |
| 样品编号 | pH | 采样位置 |
|---|---|---|
| LWQ-1 | 5.78 | 龙王泉 |
| SRQ-1 | 5.86 | 雪岩石乳泉 |
| CTS-1 | 6.92 | 船头石向前约200 m的岩槽(小瀑布) |
| JBFJ-1 | 6.91 | 锦石岩寺浸碧浮金中间池水 |
| JBFJ-2 | 6.81 | 锦石岩寺浸碧浮金左边池水 |

史月欣:数据处理、论文撰写和修改;
陈留勤:实验分析、基金支持、论文设计和修改;
杜丁丁、柴乐、王子涵:实验分析和论文修改。
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