Nexus between Railway Construction and National Territorial Development Strategies in China: A Multi-Level Governance Perspective
Received date: 2022-06-29
Revised date: 2022-10-08
Online published: 2023-06-13
Based on a literature review and policy analysis, this study investigates the evolution of China's railway investment and financing, planning, and development in the context of its market-oriented reform. The relationship between railway and multi-level spatial development is divided into specific periods. The features of different stages are summarized from the perspective of railway financing structure, route arrangement, station location, and their spatial effects. This study contributes to our understanding of the changing multi-level governance of railway development in China in the long run and the rationale of the pattern of high-speed rail network development in the country. With the establishment of China's market-oriented economy and its integration into economic globalization, the central and local governments have different interests and objectives in railway development, which have affected railway investment and financing structure, route arrangement, and station location, and finally resulted in different spatial effects of railway development. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the relationship could be divided into four periods: i) railway services adapted to national economic and spatial development (1949-1978), ii) railway services lagged behind national economic and spatial development (1978-2004), iii) railway construction followed national economic and spatial development (2004-2013), and iv) railway construction led national economic and spatial development (2013-present). The main body of railway development, construction mode, and spatial effects were significantly varied across different periods. In the planned economy period, railway planning construction adapted to national strategic policies and social and economic needs. As China's institution of the market economy was established and urbanization and industrialization developed rapidly, railway construction was hindered by funding constraints, resulting in a significant gap between railway services supply and the increasing national transportation demand. Consequently, railway construction has gradually fallen behind national economic and spatial development. However, there are differences in the national and local interests between the central and local governments in planning and developing railway networks, which have driven the evolution of railway construction toward a multi-level construction mode. This mode centers around the national backbone network, dominated by the central government, and aims to promote the construction of national development corridors and urban agglomerations. The planning for metropolitan areas has been facilitated via inter-city rail networks, led by provincial and municipal governments. In this process, conventional railways are gradually being replaced by high-speed railways (HSR), which have become the priority of railway development. Subsequently, development has shifted from the construction of conventional railways to meet regional transportation and population flow needs toward the planning and construction of HSR that lead multiscale spatial restructuring. In the context of rapid expansion of high-speed rail development, some spatial problems emerged, such as negative impacts of HSR development on small and middle-sized cities, low land use efficiency in station areas, and weak functional connections between station areas and central cities. Therefore, to promote the coordinated development of urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas, it is necessary to develop station areas based on local and regional conditions and enhance the interaction of high-speed rail effects at different scales.
Bingqing Kong , Lei Wang , Xuejun Duan . Nexus between Railway Construction and National Territorial Development Strategies in China: A Multi-Level Governance Perspective[J]. Tropical Geography, 2023 , 43(5) : 859 -871 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003675
表1 中国铁路建设与国土空间发展关系演变Table 1 The nexus between railway construction and national territorial development in China |
| 阶段 | 铁路建设追随国土空间发展(1949—1978年) | 铁路建设适应国土空间发展 (1978—2004年) | 铁路建设追随国土空间发展(2004—2013年) | 铁路建设引领国土空间发展(2013年至今) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 背景 | 短缺经济、重工业发展、 满足国防建设 | 经济体制转型、快速工业化、 打工潮兴起 | 深度融入经济全球化;快速 城镇化;区域发展不平衡 | 内需扩大,区域经济重要性提高;铁道部实现政企分离 | |
| 主体与 融资 | 中央政府; “拨改贷”到“大包干” | 铁道部全权负责; 银行贷款和铁路建设基金 | 中央政府为主,地方政府起辅助作用;省部协议商议投资比重 | 中央和地方分工协作; 社会资本、站点土地融资 | |
| 发 展 模 式 | 空间 布局 | 货运铁路建设主导;重点在中西部规划大批新线铁路 | 货运铁路主导;铁路建设布局东南沿海地区、开放城市等重点区域 | 客运铁路建设加快; 规划线路促进东西部均衡发展 | 铁路引领国家立体交通网,高铁建设促进城市群、都市圈建设 |
| 线路 设置 | 中西部新线建设为主, 东部老线改造为辅 | 有重点的新线建设,加强老线改造,连通国家大中城市 | 修建干线、支线铁路,地方政府对支线铁路有支持作用。 | 干线:国铁集团负责,完善国家立体交通网;支线:主要地方政府负责,围绕城市群和都市圈建设。 | |
| 站点 设置 | 工业集中区 | 城市中心 | 城市边缘 | 城市边缘、郊区 | |
| 空间 效应 | 正效应:维护国家国土完整,促进经济发展。 负效应:资金压力大;中小 城市铁路发展受限。 | 正效应:连通国家大中城市的骨干铁路网基本形成。 负效应:融资压力过大;在长三角,珠三角等经济发达地区,铁路建设无法满足快速增长的交通运输需求。 | 正效应:缓解区域间发展不平衡,减轻部分融资压力。 负效应:融资渠道狭窄、地方财政风险加大,高铁建设加强东中部沿线城市空间联系,但西部仍较薄弱。 | 正效应:高铁引领城市群、都市圈的建设,完善国家交通网络,有效缓解融资压力。负效应:高铁站周边开发滞后,城市与站点融合发展程度低。 | |

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