Spatiotemporal Evolution of Conflict and Risk in South Asia Based on Multi-Source Data
Received date: 2022-04-18
Revised date: 2022-07-03
Online published: 2023-07-10
South Asia shares a large territorial border with China, and is the latter's land "position" to enter the Indian Ocean and an important part of the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road." Based on the conflict data in South Asia collected from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Database, the Global Terrorism Database, and the Uppsala Conflict Database, the spatial and temporal changes and intensity distribution of conflicts during 2011-2020 were explored using geostatistical methods such as nuclear density, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial hot spot detection and analysis. The results revealed the following: (1) From 2011 to 2020, the number of conflicts in South Asia increased, but the number of casualties decreased. From the perspective of spatial distribution, regional conflict events are concentrated in the "outer ring of South Asia," and the cluster centers form a "trapezoid" pattern. The Kashmir-Sindh line is a trapezoid at the top bottom, and the Dhaka-Chettisgar-Tamilnad-Colombo line is a trapezoid at the bottom. The conflicts in South Asia exhibit a tendency of similar aggregation, and their distribution is affected by the surrounding region. The secondary administrative regions with positive spatial autocorrelation accounted for about 1/5 of the total, and the aggregate effect of war events was the most significant, andthat of armed conflict events was weak. The distribution of H-H clustering regions for each event type was inconsistent, but L-L clustering regions were mainly distributed in the center of the continent. (2) The distribution range of conflict intensity first increased and then decreased, reaching the maximum in 2017. In Pakistan, there were many areas of conflict intensity distribution, which did not change significantly at the end of the period. In India, the range of conflict intensity distribution first increased and then decreased. The intensity hot spots first spread to Baluchistan, and then shifted to the northeast and southeast, forming two hotspots centered on Kashmir and Chhattisgarh in 2020, with no cold spots. At present, the activities of non-state actors are more fluid and involve more areas, so it is difficult to form new hotspots. Kashmir will remain a hotspot of conflict, and the concentration trend of Chhattisgarh will decline. Baluchistan should be watched closely. (3) The regional conflicts in South Asia are affected by political parties, and power, identity, natural, and other factors. The source of the conflicts is the differences in national identity and religious belief, and they are promoted by state actors, ethnic separatist organizations, religious extremist organizations, and other actors. State factors play a leading role, while the religious and ethnic factors are intractable diseases. The current study has the following limitations. First, this study utilized a large amount of data, with more loyal manual participation in data fusion, cleaning and other work, and there is room for further improvement of accuracy. Second, the driving mechanism of South Asia has not been deeply discussed. The causes of conflicts in South Asia are complicated, and quantitative detection is the next research direction.
Zhekun Huang , Zhongxiang Cai , Yong Guo , Maoyu Gong , Junwei Wang , Shengmin Hu . Spatiotemporal Evolution of Conflict and Risk in South Asia Based on Multi-Source Data[J]. Tropical Geography, 2023 , 43(6) : 1186 -1198 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003687
表1 ACLED项目暴力冲突事件分类Table 1 Classification of violent conflicts in ACLED projects |
事件大类 | 事件类型 | 事件子类型 |
---|---|---|
暴力事件 | 战争 | 武装冲突 |
政府收复领土 | ||
非国家行为体占领领土 | ||
爆炸/远程暴力 | 化学武器 | |
空中/无人机袭击 | ||
炮击/导弹攻击 | ||
自杀式炸弹 | ||
远程爆炸/地雷 | ||
手榴弹 | ||
针对平民的暴力 | 性暴力 | |
绑架和强迫失踪 | ||
攻击 | ||
示威 | 暴乱 | 暴力示威 |
暴徒暴乱 | ||
抗议 | 和平抗议 | |
抗议与干预 | ||
对抗议者的过度暴力 |
表2 GTD数据库恐怖主义分类Table 2 Terrorism classification in GTD database |
事件大类 | 目标类型 | 事件大类 | 目标类型 |
---|---|---|---|
恐怖 主义 | 政府 | 恐怖 主义 | 公共设施 |
政府(外交) | 记者媒体 | ||
企业 | 非政府组织 | ||
警察 | 宗教人物机构 | ||
军队 | 普通公民及财产 | ||
机场 | 恐怖分子及非国家武装 | ||
教育机构 | 有暴力倾向的政党 | ||
信息传输设施 | 游客 | ||
食品及水供应点 | 堕胎相关 | ||
海事 | 其他 | ||
运输设施(除航空) | 未知 |
表3 区域冲突各类型数据来源Table 3 Data sources of various types of regional conflicts |
事件类型 | 数据来源 |
---|---|
抗议 | ACLED库中类型为“抗议”的数据(N1) |
暴乱 | ACLED库中类型为“暴乱”的数据(N2) |
单方面 暴力 | ACLED库中类型为“针对平民的暴力”(N3)、“爆炸/远程暴力”(N4)的数据; UCDP库中事件类型为“单方面暴力”(N5)的数据; GTD库中袭击目标为“公民及财产”“教育机构”“媒体”“通信设施”“企业”“民用海事设施”“诊所”“宗教人物及机构” “公共交通系统”“民用机场”“供给点”“非政府组织”“基础设施”(N6)的数据 |
武装冲突 | ACLED库中子类型为“武装冲突”(N7)的数据; UCDP库中事件类型为“非国家武装冲突”(N8)的数据; GTD库中袭击目标为“恐怖分子或非国家民兵”“政府”“警察”“军队”“大使馆或领事馆”“有暴力倾向的政党”(N9)的数据 |
战争 | ACLED库中子类型为“非国家行为体占领领土”(N10)、“政府收复领土”(N11)、“武装冲突”(N7)的数据; UCDP库中事件类型为“国家武装冲突”(N12)的数据 |
|
表4 2011—2020年南亚区域冲突全局Moran's I指数Table 4 Global Moran's I Index of Regional Conflicts in South Asia, 2011-2020 |
事件类型 | 全局Moran's I | Z-score | 空间自相关 | 是否显著 |
---|---|---|---|---|
区域冲突事件 | 0.306 | 16.436 | 聚集分布 | 是 |
抗议 | 0.315 | 16.934 | 聚集分布 | 是 |
暴乱 | 0.321 | 18.726 | 聚集分布 | 是 |
单方面暴力 | 0.362 | 20.001 | 聚集分布 | 是 |
武装冲突 | 0.179 | 10.881 | 聚集分布 | 是 |
战争 | 0.432 | 24.488 | 聚集分布 | 是 |
图4 2011—2020年南亚区域冲突局部Moran's I分布Fig.4 Regional Moran's I distribution in South Asia during 2011-2020 |
表5 2011-2020年南亚各类区域冲突的各类区域数占比Table 5 Proportion of H-H and L-L regions in various regional conflicts in South Asia during 2011-2020 |
事件类型 | 各区域数占比/% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
H-H | L-L | H-L | L-H | |
区域冲突事件 | 6.1 | 19.8 | 0.9 | 1.9 |
抗议 | 4.9 | 16.9 | 1.1 | 2.2 |
暴乱 | 7.4 | 14.5 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
单方面暴力 | 6.1 | 24.3 | 0 | 1.1 |
武装冲突 | 5.1 | 10.6 | 0.1 | 1.4 |
战争 | 4.9 | 22.8 | 0 | 1.0 |
黄哲琨:构思全文、数据处理与分析、论文撰写与修改;
蔡中祥:理论和方法指导;
郭勇、公茂玉:研究框架构建、论文提升指导;
胡盛铭、王俊威:数据整理。
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