Alienation and Harmonization-Practice Models of Airbnbification: A Case Study of Overseas Chinese Guesthouses in Fiji and Vanuatu
Received date: 2022-05-22
Revised date: 2022-07-16
Online published: 2023-08-14
Short-term rentals are the primary drivers of transnational mobility for gentrifiers in the 21st-century. Airbnbification, pioneered by transnational hosts, has emerged in two Pacific small island developing states: Fiji and Vanuatu. Analyzing Airbnbification models driven by transnational hosts in Fiji and Vanuatu is necessary to explore the heterogeneity and internal logic of the social composition of the short-term rental market in marginal areas. Based on the transnational gentrification perspective, this study explores Airbnbification in Pacific small island developing states through an online survey and in-depth interviews with overseas Chinese hosts in Fiji and Vanuatu. The results show the following: 1) Based on assets (the position of hosts on the asset-based social scale; the function of the property and ability to benefit from holding the property) and rent gap (rising potential ground rent by the redevelopment of property), four actors-the amateur, the self-employed, the investor, and the professional hosts-have been identified. The continuum of deviation, dissociation, adaptation, and integration was mapped, showing heterogeneity in group attributes, behavioral intentions, and practical actions. The amateur and the self-employed hosts maintain an intermediate position within the social stratification system and the related consumption patterns by managing their housing assets in "long-term-let (loans) to short-term-let." Investor hosts are immobile transnational elites under the Belt and Road Initiative. Instead of adopting a buy-to-leave investment strategy, they are directly or indirectly involved in the operation and management of guesthouses, but with unsatisfactory returns. The professional host uses collective land provided by local chiefs for guesthouse development, construction, and operation and management, without changing land property rights or involving land sales and leases; they share the proceeds according to the operating income, drive indigenous people to operate guesthouses, and promote the local short-term rental market. 2) Transnational hosts are dynamic participants of Airbnbification, maintaining middle-class status or even achieving an upward transition by property ownership or usufruct, demonstrating democratization of the asset-based economy supported by digital platforms, which does not induce direct last-resident displacement, questioning the use of direct displacement as an important core concept of Airbnbification or even gentrification. 3) Short-term rentals in the Pacific small island developing states are relatively low, and short-term rental platforms, to some extent, realize the sharing economy and are gradually moving towards non-standard online accommodation agents. This study explores Airbnbification in two highly tourist-dependent economies not yet affected by over-tourism, goes beyond the typical Western context, clarifies the role of transnational hosts in Airbnbification, and improves its study. It elaborates on the similarities and differences in Airbnbification between Pacific small island developing states and developed countries in Europe and the United States, expanding the Airbnbification theory and contributing to its localization.
Bojian Lei , Ying Zhang . Alienation and Harmonization-Practice Models of Airbnbification: A Case Study of Overseas Chinese Guesthouses in Fiji and Vanuatu[J]. Tropical Geography, 2023 , 43(8) : 1575 -1585 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003717
表1 斐济和瓦努阿图受访华侨民宿主及其他知情者信息Table 1 The basic information of the interviewed overseas Chinese hosts and other informants in Fiji and Vanuatu |
| 编号 | 性别 | 年龄/岁 | 籍贯 | 受教育程度 | 移民时间 | 民宿开业时间 | 民宿区位 | 客房数量/间 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H1 | 男 | 54 | 福建 | 高中及以下 | 2012 | 2018 | 斐济楠迪 | 3 |
| H2 | 女 | 37 | 广东 | 大专 | 2018 | 2019 | 斐济萨乌萨乌 | 5 |
| H3 | 男 | 30 | 辽宁 | 本科 | 2016 | 2017 | 斐济楠迪 | 5 |
| H4 | 女 | 56 | 辽宁 | 本科 | 2010 | 2018 | 斐济楠迪 | 5 |
| H5 | 女 | 40+ | 广东 | 中专 | 2016 | 2016 | 斐济楠迪 | 4 |
| H6 | 男 | 36 | 广东 | 大专 | 2010 | 2017 | 斐济楠迪 | 7 |
| H7 | 女 | 58 | 辽宁 | 高中及以下 | 2008 | 2016 | 瓦努阿图桑托岛 | 23 |
| H8 | 男 | 64 | 北京 | 高中及以下 | 2007 | 2011 | 瓦努阿图维拉港 | 21 |
| H9 | 女 | 30+ | 浙江 | 大专 | 2014 | 2019 | 瓦努阿图埃法特 | 4 |
| H10 | 女 | 50+ | 北京 | 高中及以下 | 2017 | 2019 | 瓦努阿图维拉港 | 18 |
| H11 | 女 | 30 | 辽宁 | 本科 | 2019 | 2019 | 斐济楠迪 | 3 |
| H12 | 男 | 31 | 江苏 | 本科 | 2017 | 2019 | 斐济楠迪 | 13 |
| H13 | 女 | 34 | 福建 | 大专 | 2015 | 2018 | 斐济楠迪 | 3 |
| H14 | 男 | 35 | 江苏 | 本科 | 2008 | 2017 | 斐济苏瓦 | 9 |
| H15 | 男 | 38 | 上海 | 大专 | 2012 | 2018 | 斐济新加托卡 | 6 |
| H16 | 男 | 55 | 北京 | 高中及以下 | 2015 | 2019 | 瓦努阿图维拉港 | 30 |
| H17 | 女 | 35 | 浙江 | 本科 | 2013 | 2018 | 瓦努阿图坦纳岛 | 30 |
| H18 | 女 | 37 | 广东 | 大专 | 2011 | 2021 | 斐济楠迪 | 4 |
| H19 | 女 | 32 | 辽宁 | 中专 | 2017 | 2018 | 斐济苏瓦 | 12 |
| H20 | 女 | 35 | 山东 | 本科 | 2017 | 2021 | 斐济楠迪 | 2 |
| H21 | 女 | 31 | 北京 | 本科 | 2016 | 2018 | 瓦努阿图维拉港 | 24 |
| I1 | 男 | 35 | 辽宁 | 研究生 | 2010 | 无 | 斐济苏瓦 | 无 |
| I2 | 女 | 31 | 北京 | 本科 | 2016 | 无 | 瓦努阿图维拉港 | 无 |

雷博健:确定论文选题,设计研究框架,收集处理数据,撰写及修改论文;
张 瑛:提供基金资助,协调调研事宜,论文修改指导。
在本文写作过程中,美国加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校Nelson Graburn教授和南开大学张妍博士贡献了宝贵意见,在此一并致谢。参考文献(References):
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