Coastal Zone Special Planning of an Estuary City: A Case Study of Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province
Received date: 2022-11-23
Revised date: 2023-01-27
Online published: 2023-09-11
Coastal zone special planning is an important part of the territory spatial planning system in coastal cities. In the coastal zone of estuary cities, river and sea intersect, multiple spatial elements overlap, and the contradiction between development and protection is prominent. Therefore, discussing the entirety of coastal special planning for estuary cities has great theoretical and practical value. To address the technical difficulties facing the estuary city coastal zone special plan, including the delineation of the coastal zone, overall planning of the estuary and coastal space, and coordination of the planning management systems, we proposed solutions targeted to these matters in Guangzhou. (1) Method of delineating the scope of the coastal zone: We combined the delineation criteria proposed by the superior plan with the results of the shoreline revision survey to make an initial delineation of the coastal zone. Then, we connected the management units and social management boundaries along the coast of the overall territorial space plan and the specific features on the landward side to delineate the land boundary. We took all sea areas and islands in Guangzhou as the scope of the sea area study. (2) Spatial pattern construction idea of "overall structure + development unit." The overall structure is based on the "two spatial internal" red lines of the sea and ecological protection red line of the land area, the urban development boundary. The dual evaluation results and other spatial baseline schemes were used to determine the spatial scope, and the land and sea development unit was based on the integrity of the ecosystem, with development and utilization of the correlation to the comprehensive delineation. (3) Spatial control program of "multi-dimensional research and judgment + classification and control." For the nearshore sea area and coastline, two types of space were set up as control measures, respectively. At the nearshore sea area, in accordance with the development and protection of zoning to establish control objectives and response rules, the coastline was subdivided into the four types of production protection coast, production operations coast, living waterfront, and ecological protection for the implementation of the zoning classification of differentiated control measures. (4) Comprehensive management system design of "municipal coordination, planning first, and industrial access." First, the municipal government establishes a leading group for marine work. Second, the requirements of higher policies and planning are implemented and preparation for special planning for coastal zones and detailed planning for coastal areas is promoted. Third, industrial access standards implemented by zoning are established based on the retreat line of coastal buildings. Compared with other coastal cities, the preparation of special coastal zone planning of estuarine cities should pay more attention to the overall and partial hierarchical coordination, the categorical control of land and sea multiple spaces, and the oversight, guidance and constraint of cross-departmental management rules, so as to enrich the technical system of coastal zone special planning and promote the effective implementation of the land-sea integrated strategy in estuarine coastal areas.
Jianjun Wang , Xinzhao Dai , Shouxu Chen , Shenxi Cao . Coastal Zone Special Planning of an Estuary City: A Case Study of Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province[J]. Tropical Geography, 2023 , 43(9) : 1678 -1688 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003740
表1 中国河口海岸带主要管理部门Table 1 Main management departments of estuarine coastal zone in China |
上级管理部门 | 二级管理部门 |
---|---|
国防部 | 海军 |
自然资源部 | 国家海洋局 |
交通运输部 | 救助打捞局 |
海事局 | |
海警局 | 渔政局 |
海关缉私 | |
边防海警 | |
海上安全监督局 | |
省级自然资源部门 | 海洋综合执法大队 |
沿海市级及其下属区县政府 | 海警局 |
自然资源局 | |
水务局 | |
港务局 | |
海事局 |
表2 河口型城市岸线管控分类Table 2 Control classification of estuarine city's coastal shoreline |
功能定位 | 概念内涵 |
---|---|
生产防护 海岸 | 指用于海堤、护岸建设,对后方的农渔业及工业生产进行防护的岸线 |
生产作业 海岸 | 指开展临海工业生产、能源开发、提供船舶停靠、进行装卸作业、避风和调动的港口码头岸线(作业区,海域为港口航运功能) |
生活亲水 海岸 | 指开发利用岸线资源,开展滨海休闲旅游、城镇生活的岸线 |
生态保护 海岸 | 指优质沙滩、典型地质地貌景观、重要滨海湿地、红树林等然形态保持完好、生态功能与资源价值显著的岸线 |
表3 广州市陆海统筹总体格局Table 3 Statistics of the overall pattern of land-sea integration in Guangzhou |
规划分区 | 面积/km2 | 比例/% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
保护 空间 | 生态保护区 | 海域 | 138.7 | 17.4 | |
陆域 | 12.4 | 1.6 | |||
生态控制区 | 海域 | 16.7 | 2.1 | ||
陆域 | 13.3 | 1.7 | |||
发展 空间 | 陆域发展 空间 | 城镇发展区 | 298.1 | 37.3 | |
乡村发展区 | 92.3 | 11.6 | |||
海洋发展 空间 | 渔业用海区 | 0.9 | 0.1 | ||
交通运输用海区 | 142.7 | 17.9 | |||
游憩用海区 | 7.1 | 0.9 | |||
预留 空间 | 海洋预留区 | 73.5 | 9.2 | ||
无居民海岛 | 2.5 | 0.3 | |||
合计 | 798.2 | 100.0 |
表4 广州市陆海统筹单元Table 4 Summary of land-sea integration units in Guangzhou |
行政区 | 岸段 | 定位 |
---|---|---|
黄埔区 | 1. 鱼珠—黄埔大桥段 | 中央商务区+人工智能与数字经济区+邮轮国际城 |
2. 长洲岛—洪圣沙—大吉沙段 | 海岛文旅胜地 | |
3. 南海神庙—南岗河段 | 港口物流加工+海洋文旅 | |
番禺区 | 4. 展贸城段 | 国际会展+滨水旅游休闲 |
5. 番禺汽车城 | 汽车生产研发+滨海汽车特色小镇 | |
6. 莲花山—亚运城段 | 滨海旅游度假+渔港+滨海会展 | |
7. 海鸥岛—观音沙大桥段 | 海洋渔业+海洋生态科普 | |
南沙区 | 8. 东涌段 | 科技创新+穗港科技教育合作 |
9. 小虎岛—沙仔岛—黄阁汽车城段 | 汽车生产物流仓储+石化 | |
10. 南沙湾段 | 旅游口岸+滨海人文旅游度假区+海洋科技 | |
11. 蕉门河口段 | 总部服务+公共服务中心 | |
12. 中科院明珠科学园段 | 海洋科技研发+教育培训 | |
13. 万顷沙保税物流加工段 | 保税物流+加工制造 | |
14. 万顷沙西段 | 临港制造业 | |
15. 万顷沙南段 | 现代文旅+现代渔业 | |
16. 南沙港段 | 国际港口物流服务 | |
17. 海洋岸线预留段 | 预留围填海区段+港口物流服务 |
表5 广州市海岸线管控分区Table 5 Coastline control zones of Guangzhou |
功能定位 | 管控措施 |
---|---|
生产 防护 海岸 | 落实环境保护措施,严格实行污水达标排放,加强对陆域农渔业和工业生产排污监测,禁止设置直排排污口;严格保护岸段中的红树林等生态系统,加强沿岸海堤建设,达到海堤建设标准,切实保障后方生产生活安全;控制养殖规模,部分岸段禁止在岸线向海一侧新增围海养殖活动,位于河口附近的农渔业岸段,应在保障河口、水道形态稳定,不影响海域防洪纳潮功能的前提下开展相关的生产活动;现状或规划渔港的岸段应鼓励采取透水式建设码头,建筑高度按照10%高差退台控制,应形成高低错落、层次感强的建筑界面。 |
生产 作业 海岸 | 科学规划港口布局,集约节约利用岸线资源;加强沿海堤围达标加固和建设;根据港口正常运营的需要适当开展航道疏浚工程,以及清退影响航运安全的养殖活动;加强港区排污监测,严格实行污水达标排放,禁止设置直排排污口;对生态受损岸段结合港口功能开展有针对性的整治修复工作。 |
生活 亲水 海岸 | 建筑高度按照10%高差退台控制,避免“水泥围墙”式的建筑群形式,应形成高低错落、层次感强的建筑界面。合理确定休闲岸段的发展规模,适度开发,优化空间布局;严格落实生态环境保护措施,如岸线的现状类型为砂质、基岩、生物等自然岸线的,须加强对自然岸线的保护,禁止在自然岸线上建设永久性构筑物;禁止陆源污染物直接排海,滨海旅游休闲娱乐区的污水和生活垃圾必须科学处置、达标排放,禁止直接排入海域,维护沙滩、旅游区清洁和海水水质;应建设以滨海绿道为基础的连续、完善、安全、舒适的慢行网络系统。 |
生态保护 海岸 | 保护岸段应维持各类自然岸线的基本形态和生态特征,保障河口等区域行洪纳潮功能;根据实际需要,在科学论证的前提下开展航道疏浚工程;部分砂质、生物岸线在保障生态系统健康的前提下,可适当开展生态观光活动;同时加强对受损岸线的整治修复。 |
表6 广州市海洋空间管控分区Table 6 Marine spatial control zone of Guangzhou |
分区 | 管控目标 | 管控规则 | |
---|---|---|---|
保护空间(海域) | 保护提升生态功能 | 1. 提出生态保护对象及自然属性管控要求;2. 提出用海方式管控要求;3. 提出允许开发利用用海活动。 | |
海 洋 发 展 空 间 | 渔业 用海区 | 实现渔业资源 可持续利用 | 1. 提出主导功能、兼容功能及前提条件;2. 提出用海方式管控要求;3. 提出自然属性及生态保护要求;4. 基于渔业基础设施的运营安全提出管控要求;5. 提出基础设施布局及空间节约集约利用要求。 |
交通运输 用海区 | 维护通航安全, 提高航运效率 | 1. 提出主导功能、兼容功能及前提条件;2. 提出用海方式管控要求;3. 提出空间布局、规模等方面的要求;4. 提出水动力条件和泥沙冲淤环境等安全运营及维护的管控要求;5. 提出生态保护及自然属性管控要求;6. 提出海陆域功能衔接的要求。 | |
游憩 用海区 | 实现滨海旅游资源可持续利用,满足人类亲海需求 | 1. 提出主导功能、兼容功能及前提条件;2. 提出用海方式管控要求,提出永久或临时性建筑物建设管控要求;3. 提出生态及自然属性保护要求,提出生态修复需求;4. 提出自然景观保护、设计与修复等要求,提出人文历史遗迹、海洋民俗文化保护要求;5. 提出旅游开发强度管控要求;6. 与岸上陆域功能衔接,对陆域开发活动提出管控要求。 | |
海洋预留空间 | 为未来预留 发展空间 | 1. 提出开发利用前置条件;2. 提出生态及自然属性保护管控要求。 |
1 数据来源为本团队编制的《广州市海岸带综合保护与利用规划(2020—2035年)》
王建军:研究成果核心完成人、主要执笔人,主导研究选题、研究技术路线制定、研究方案组织实施;
代欣召:主要执笔人,主要参与研究技术路线制定、核心研究成果输出;
陈首序:主要执笔人,主要参与完成研究综述、政策梳理、稿件修改;
曹深西:参与政策梳理、广州案例实践研究。
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