Eco-Environmental Geological Features of Mangrove in Dongchong, Shenzhen City
Received date: 2022-10-24
Revised date: 2023-08-17
Online published: 2023-11-09
Mangroves are halophytic forest plant communities located on saline marshes in estuaries of tropical and subtropical bays. They are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems in the world and are severely threatened by urban development, environmental pollution, aquaculture, and other problems. The Dongchong mangrove forest is a relatively well-preserved mangrove forest in China, with a large area and a typical Excoecaria agallocha landscape, which has significant ornamental and ecological conservation value. The aim of this study is to provide basic support not only for mangrove ecological conservation and restoration, but also to construct and manage nature's reserves. The eco-environmental geological characteristics of mangroves were investigated using geology, geomorphology, pedology, ecology, and other methods, and a typical eco-environmental geological profile of the mangrove in Dongchong was drawn. The results show that the strata in the study area are mainly Quaternary sediments and rhyolites of the Nanshancun Formation of the Early Cretaceous. Faults are developed in the west of Dongchong Mangrove Wetland Park. The main environmental geological problems are uneven ground settlement, ground subsidence, and ground cracks. The concentration of F- in the surface water are high, and the water quality is slightly lower than that of the Class III water standard; however, the groundwater is freshwater with low salinity and hardness. Cd and Tl are locally significant in the surface soil of the study area. N, P, CaCO3, Org, and B are deficient in the soil, whereas the K content is mainly medium. A part of the soil is polluted by heavy metals, particularly As, followed by Cd. However, the mangrove leaves are rich in nutrients, indicating that the lack of soil nutrient elements and heavy-metal pollution are not the major factors limiting the growth of mangroves in this region. Improving the growth environment of mangroves should include expanding the landscape area and reinforcing reserve management. In the rock-soil-plant ecosystem, As, Pb, Cd, and B are significantly rich in the soil, indicating that their contents have a slight correlation with their parent rocks. Ni, Cu, Zn, and K are limited by the parent rock contents, and some elements including P, Mo, and Cr show enrichment capacity in the soil. The BCF >2 of mangroves of the mangrove forests in Dongchong are P and B, indicating that the mangrove trees have a higher absorption capacity for P and B. In contrast, the BCF values of As, Pb, and Cd are relatively low, which, in addition to the weak absorption capacity of the mangrove trees for these elements and combined with the geochemical characteristics of the soils in the study area, are also affected by the high Cd and As contents of the soil. All the data presented in this paper are from the project, "Ecological and Environmental Geological Survey of Shenzhen Nature Reserves," for which we express our sincere gratitude.
Wei Lu , Xiaoling Yin , Peng Gong , Hongyan Zhang , Shunmin Yi , Qiongyi Qiu . Eco-Environmental Geological Features of Mangrove in Dongchong, Shenzhen City[J]. Tropical Geography, 2023 , 43(11) : 2167 -2177 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003772
表1 土壤污染风险筛选值 (mg/kg)Table 1 Soil pollution risk screening value |
| 序号 | 污染物 项目 | 风险筛选值 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH≤5.5 | 5.5<pH≤6.5 | 6.5<pH≤7.5 | pH>7.5 | ||
| 1 | Cd | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| 2 | Hg | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 3.4 |
| 3 | As | 40 | 40 | 30 | 25 |
| 4 | Pb | 70 | 90 | 120 | 170 |
| 5 | Cr | 150 | 150 | 200 | 250 |
| 6 | Cu | 50 | 50 | 100 | 100 |
| 7 | Ni | 60 | 70 | 100 | 190 |
| 8 | Zn | 200 | 200 | 250 | 300 |
|
表2 内梅罗综合污染指数法分级标准Table 2 Grading standard of Nemero composite index method |
| 等级划分 | P 综 | 污染等级 | 污染水平 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | P 综≤ 0.7 | 安全 | 清洁 |
| 2 | 0.7 < P 综≤ 1 | 警戒级 | 尚清洁 |
| 3 | 1 < P 综≤ 2 | 轻污染 | 土壤开始受到污染 |
| 4 | 2 < P 综≤ 3 | 中污染 | 土壤受中污染 |
| 5 | P 综≥3 | 重污染 | 土壤受污染已经十分严重 |
表3 研究区地表水元素含量统计Table 3 Statistics of surface water element content in study area |
| 项目 | 编号 | 项目 | 编号 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DP-S24 | DP-DC6.8 | DP-S25 | DP-S26 | DP-S27 | ||
| pH值 | 8.43 | 8.23 | pH值 | 8.45 | 8.03 | 8.05 |
| Cu/(μg·L-1) | 0.42 | 0.28 | K+/(mg·L-1) | 30.26 | 338.33 | 418.92 |
| Zn/(μg·L-1) | 6.68 | 3.87 | Na+/(mg·L-1) | 130.85 | 5 420.15 | 6 841.56 |
| As/(μg·L-1) | 1.58 | 1.68 | Ca2+/(mg·L-1) | 51.74 | 437.79 | 437.79 |
| Cd/(μg·L-1) | <0.05 | <0.05 | Mg2+/(mg·L-1) | 217.35 | 1 014.29 | 1 304.09 |
| Pb/(μg·L-1) | 0.41 | 0.35 | Cl-/(mg·L-1) | 1 242.24 | 1 4729.4 | 1 8367.39 |
| Hg/(μg·L-1) | <0.04 | <0.04 | SO /(mg·L-1) | 505.55 | 1 860.06 | 2 193.91 |
| Cr/(μg·L-1) | 1.94 | 2.03 | HCO /(mg·L-1) | 30.07 | 149.75 | 72.17 |
| F-/(mg·L-1) | 1.04 | 1.23 | CO /(mg·L-1) | 11.83 | 12.42 | 8.87 |
表4 研究区地下水元素含量及水化学类型统计Table 4 Statistics of groundwater element content and hydrochemical types in study area |
| 项目 | 编号 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZK17 | ZK30 | ZK31 | ||
| pH值 | 6.05 | 6.43 | 6.15 | |
| 含量/ (mg·L-1) | K++ Na+ | 20.5 | 17 | 19.8 |
| NH | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
| Ca2+ | 5.2 | 3.8 | 5 | |
| Mg2+ | 1.5 | 2.3 | 1.8 | |
| Cl- | 21.1 | 18.6 | 20.3 | |
| SO | 11 | 12.9 | 14.4 | |
| HCO | 27.7 | 21.6 | 24.7 | |
| CO | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 总碱度 | 22.5 | 17.5 | 20 | |
| 总硬度 | 19 | 19 | 20 | |
| 矿化度 | 73.4 | 65.7 | 73.8 | |
| 地下水化学类型 | HCO3·Cl-Na | HCO3·Cl-Na | HCO3·Cl-Na | |
表5 不同地区岩石重金属元素含量 (mg/kg)Table 5 Contents of heavy metal elements in rocks from different regions |
| 点号 | 岩性 | Cd | Hg | As | Pb | Cr | Cu | Zn | Ni | Mn | Co | Se | V | Tl | Mo | Be | Ba |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DC | 流纹岩 | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.07 | 8.2 | 2.7 | 10.5 | 55.2 | 7.1 | 752 | 72.1 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 5.3 | 321 |
| YS | 砂岩 | 0.03 | 0.002 | 0.04 | 124.8 | 66.9 | 25.4 | 28.3 | 16.7 | 139 | 49.2 | 0.7 | 85.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 6.7 | 14 |
| MMS | 流纹岩 | 0.03 | 0.002 | 0.07 | 11.5 | 2.7 | 37.8 | 102.2 | 41.0 | 183 | 32.3 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 7.4 | 0.5 | 10.1 | 1021 |
| TWG | 砂岩 | 0.08 | 0.002 | 0.16 | 120.1 | 22.8 | 7.0 | 48.3 | 14.0 | 45 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 25.8 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 138 |
| TSG | 砂岩 | 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.07 | 172.3 | 110.9 | 11.8 | 101.1 | 5.9 | 536 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 136.8 | 3.3 | 1.8 | 9.7 | 267 |
| XC | 砂岩 | 0.05 | 0.003 | 0.07 | 41.6 | 12.1 | 5.5 | 87.9 | 4.2 | 59 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 13.0 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 292 |
|
表6 东涌红树林表层土壤重金属元素含量统计特征 (mg/kg)Table 6 Characteristics of feavy metal elements in surface soil of mangrove forest in Dongchong |
| 统计项 | Cd | Hg | As | Pb | Cr | Cu | Zn | Ni | Mn | Co | Se | V | Tl | Mo | Be | Ba |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 背景值(赤红壤) | 0.12 | 0.15 | 55.1 | 130 | 92.2 | 43.9 | 112 | 32.9 | 547 | 17.6 | 1.54 | 125 | 2.7 | 7.4 | 6.54 | 697 |
| 最大值 | 0.31 | 0.064 | 99.68 | 88.6 | 37.89 | 23.53 | 60.8 | 21.99 | 574.0 | 4.47 | 1.22 | 19.97 | 6.21 | 5.43 | 4.98 | 291.4 |
| 最小值 | 0.04 | 0.003 | 4.59 | 15.1 | 7.83 | 5.65 | 18.6 | 2.26 | 39.0 | 3.41 | 0.47 | 16.34 | 2.21 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 23.1 |
| 平均值 | 0.13 | 0.036 | 40.00 | 52.7 | 18.17 | 12.83 | 40.9 | 8.64 | 253.3 | 3.94 | 0.85 | 18.16 | 4.21 | 2.35 | 2.99 | 157.2 |
| 中位数 | 0.09 | 0.039 | 27.86 | 53.5 | 13.48 | 11.07 | 42.0 | 5.16 | 200.1 | 3.82 | 0.78 | 17.95 | 3.47 | 1.66 | 2.08 | 164.8 |
| 标准差 | 0.12 | 0.028 | 44.40 | 30.2 | 13.95 | 7.77 | 17.3 | 9.01 | 227.1 | 0.75 | 0.53 | 2.57 | 2.83 | 2.18 | 2.81 | 189.7 |
表7 东涌红树林表层土壤主要养分含量统计特征 (g/kg)Table 7 Characteristics of main nutrient contents in surface soil of the mangrove forest in Dongchong |
| 统计项 | N | P | K | CaCO3 | Org | B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 等 级 分 类 | 丰富 | >2 | >1 | >25 | >50 | >40 | >0.065 |
| 较丰富 | 1.5~2 | 0.8~1 | 20~25 | 30~50 | 30~40 | 0.055~0.065 | |
| 中等 | 1~1.5 | 0.6~0.8 | 15~20 | 10~30 | 20~30 | 0.045~0.055 | |
| 较缺乏 | 0.75~1 | 0.4~0.6 | 10~15 | 2.5~10 | 10~20 | 0.030~0.045 | |
| 缺乏 | ≤0.75 | ≤0.75 | ≤15 | ≤2.5 | ≤10 | ≤0.030 | |
| 最大值 | 0.88 | 0.60 | 21.41 | 7.39 | 15.10 | 0.014 6 | |
| 最小值 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 10.53 | 0.19 | 3.79 | 0.000 1 | |
| 平均值 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 16.53 | 2.95 | 8.34 | 0.009 3 | |
| 中位数 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 17.09 | 2.12 | 7.23 | 0.011 2 | |
| 标准差 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 4.49 | 3.12 | 4.84 | 6.650 0 | |
表8 东涌红树林各元素土壤与生物富集系数Table 8 Soil and biological enrichment coefficients of various elements in the Dongchong mangrove forests |
| 元素 | 土壤富集系数 | 生物富集系数 |
|---|---|---|
| P | 2.548 | 8.377 |
| K | 0.410 | 0.709 |
| B | 20.735 | 6.815 |
| Cd | 21.088 | 0.210 |
| As | 684.536 | 0.004 |
| Pb | 10.800 | 0.018 |
| Cr | 3.226 | 0.421 |
| Cu | 0.855 | 0.771 |
| Zn | 0.790 | 0.533 |
| Ni | 0.797 | 0.421 |
| Mo | 1.241 | 0.544 |

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