Granite Landforms and Their Origins in the Queshi Area of Shantou, Guangdong, China
Received date: 2023-05-23
Revised date: 2023-09-14
Online published: 2024-03-13
Granite, a principal component of continental crust, emerges at the Earth's surface through crustal movements, creating diverse landforms. The Queshi region, comparable to Huangshan in its granite hilly landscape, stands as a representative granite landform in China, yet its origin remains incompletely studied. This investigation utilizes surface landscape and cave analyses to elucidate the characteristics and determining factors of granite landforms in the Queshi region, to comprehend the formation mechanisms of these unique landforms. In the surface investigation, field surveys and aerial photography, employing a DJI Phantom 4 RTK drone, were utilized to measure the morphology and dimensions of exposed rock egg sizes on cliff faces and joint spacing. The survey results facilitated an overall classification of surficial landscapes, encompassing the proportion of rock egg sizes on the mountain and the spacing between the vertical and horizontal joints. To assess mountain development concerning stone eggs, cave orientation and elevation were determined using a rangefinder and GPS measurements, while different contact relationships between stone eggs were investigated. By amalgamating domestic and international granite development theories with field investigation results, this study delves into the geological structure of the surrounding areas, the characteristics of granite landforms, and the factors governing the landform formation of granite geomorphology in the Queshi area. The findings indicate that 1) rocks in the Queshi scenic area have evolved into various rock eggs through subsequent weathering processes, manifesting as grotesque formations resembling humans, genies, or animals, and 2) granite mountain bodies in the Queshi region can be categorized into three types: rock egg mountains, peak forest mountains, and steamed bun mountains. Stone egg mountains exhibit a unique form with round, large stone eggs stacked atop each other, peak forest mountains comprise elongated rock eggs or blocks due to narrowly spaced vertical joints, while steamed bun mountains lack obvious joints and fractures, presenting gently rounded mountain shapes. Furthermore, 3) granite caves in the Queshi scenic area are classified into four categories based on different formation processes: core stone caves, collapsed caves/rock egg caves, fissure caves, and niches. Core stone caves form when weathered material in the gaps between stone cores is carried away by flowing water without causing any movement of the core stones. Fissure caves, relatively rare and small in scale in the Queshi scenic area, are formed along large fractures created by bedrock breaks. Niches are concave grooves formed at the base of rock bodies or rock eggs, buried by rock debris or soil, storing more rainwater than bare rock surfaces and enhancing chemical weathering. After external runoff removed the debris, the rock base became exposed and formed concave grooves. Finally, 4) the weathering crusts of the Queshi region formed before the subsidence of the Rongjiang fault, during which the Queshi Mountains experienced relative uplift. Consequently, the weathering crusts continued to weather, forming the present granite landforms. Weathering occurs through the rock joints of the parent rock of the weathered crusts, with the degree of damage to the rock determined by joint density. The greater the joint density, the more extensive the damage; conversely, the smaller the joint density, the less the damage. Therefore, mountain morphological differences in the Queshi region are primarily caused by variations in joint spacing rather than climate or rock-type influences.
Mingkun Qiu , Wei Wang , Xiaohao Wen , Min Chen , Chen Wang , Jing Feng . Granite Landforms and Their Origins in the Queshi Area of Shantou, Guangdong, China[J]. Tropical Geography, 2024 , 44(3) : 403 -414 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003801
图1 研究区域及礐石花岗岩地貌景观分布(a. 礐石风景名胜区;b. 塔山景区-焰峰景区)Fig.1 Distribution of the study area and granite landscape (a. Yanshi Scenic Area; b. Tashan Scenic Area-Yanfeng Scenic Area) |
表1 千仞崖与石山垂直与水平节理间隔统计结果Table 1 Statistics of vertical and horizontal joint intervals of the Shishan hill and Qianren Cliff |
地名 | 节理间隔 | 平均值 | 极小值 | 极大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|
千仞崖 | 水平节理 | 14.21 | 6.22 | 22.16 |
垂直节理 | 10.69 | 4.67 | 17.26 | |
石山 | 水平节理 | 10.29 | 1.82 | 18.38 |
垂直节理 | 4.58 | 1.55 | 7.26 |
表2 石山和千仞崖垂直与水平节理分布及间隔占比Table 2 Vertical and horizontal joint distribution and interval proportion of the Shishan and Qianren Cliffs |
地名 | 节理分布 | 水平节理间隔 | 垂直节理间隔 |
---|---|---|---|
石 山 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
千 仞 崖 | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
图6 礐石风景区的花岗岩山体类型 [ a. 石蛋山(百里繁华);b. 峰林山(石山);c. 馒头山;d. 石山山顶石林和山脚的海角石林 ]Fig.6 Granite mountain types in the Queshi Scenic Area [a. Stone egg mountain (Hundred Miles of Prosperity); b. Stone forest mountain (Shishan hill); c. Steamed bun mountain; d. Stone Pillars at the top of Shishan hill and Cape Rock Forest at the foot of the mountain] |
图8 节理与风化在花岗岩地貌发育的控制作用[ a. 花岗岩节理类型(Cloos, 1925);b. 球状风化;c. 花岗岩风化剖面(Ruxton and Berry, 1957);d. 花岗岩岩岗的形成(Linton, 1955)] Fig.8 The controlling role of joints and weathering in the development of granite landforms [a. types of granite joints (Cloos, 1925); b. spherical weathering; c. granite weathering profiles (Ruxton and Berry, 1957); d. formation of granite hills (Linton, 1955) ] |
图9 石核间发生的球状风化作用类型 Fig.9 The type of spherical weathering that occurs between rock cores |
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