Spatiotemporal Pattern and Influencing Factors of Air Cargo Transport in China
Received date: 2024-02-07
Revised date: 2024-04-12
Online published: 2024-05-08
Air cargo is an important component of transportation and plays a vital role in the efficient allocation of high-quality resources on global and regional scales. Air cargo contributes significantly to regional economic development by strengthening inter-regional cooperation and resource integration. However, air cargo geography has received relatively less attention from the research community. Existing studies have analyzed the spatial pattern of air cargo using a limited cross-sectional data from selected years, lacking an analysis of its influencing factors. Based on spatial statistics and panel data of air cargo, this study explores the evolution process and characteristics of China's air cargo pattern on a 20-years time scale and quantitatively reveals its key influencing factors. The research findings are as follows: 1) Air cargo in China has transitioned from the rapid development stage to the stable development stage in the past 20 years; 2) Air cargo volume in China is mainly concentrated in the eastern region, and in the past 20 years, China's air cargo center of gravity has been generally located at the junction of Anhui, Henan, and Hubei provinces, showing a spatial displacement trend from Henan to Anhui to Hubei; 3) The pattern of air cargo network in China remains relatively stable, forming a rhombic structure with Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen as the core; 4) Air cargo development in China is influenced by factors such as urban scale, industrial structure, and ground transportation development. Among them, urban economy, transportation, warehousing, postal and telecommunications industry, and technological investment have a significant positive impact on air cargo volume, whereas the wholesale and retail trade industries have a significant negative impact. For air logistics hubs, the influencing factors are consistent with those of the entire sample airport. However, for non-aviation logistics hubs, population size and research and technology services have a significant positive impact, whereas ground transportation accessibility has a significant negative impact. This study enriches the long-term time-series analysis and quantitative research content in the field of air cargo and has significance for the development of air transportation geography and the construction of a strong civil aviation industry in China.
Key words: air cargo; aviation hub; spatial agglomeration; regression model; influencing factors; China
Jiao'e Wang , Enyu Che , Fan Xiao . Spatiotemporal Pattern and Influencing Factors of Air Cargo Transport in China[J]. Tropical Geography, 2024 , 44(5) : 771 -782 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003870
表1 机场与城市样本数量Table 1 Sample size of airports and cities |
年份 | 机场数量/个 | 城市数量/座 | 回归分析城市数/座 |
---|---|---|---|
2000 | 121 | 119 | 89 |
2005 | 133 | 131 | 100 |
2010 | 166 | 164 | 107 |
2015 | 192 | 190 | 140 |
2019 | 228 | 224 | 157 |
表2 中国航空货运格局影响因素指标体系Table 2 The index system of influencing factors of China's air cargo |
变量类型 | 变量名称 | 符号 | 变量描述 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
因变量 | 航空货运量 | Cargo | 城市机场货运吞吐量/t | 85 625 | 345 258 | 1 | 4 057 845 | |
自 变 量 | 城市规模类因素 | 人口规模 | Pop | 市区年末总人口/万人 | 202 | 257 | 5 | 2 479 |
经济规模 | GDP | 地区生产总值/亿元 | 2651 | 4 098 | 18 | 38 156 | ||
产业结构类因素 | 交通仓储邮电业水平 | Transport | 交通仓储邮电业从业人数占比/% | 0.757 | 0.914 | 0.061 | 7.327 | |
批发零售贸易业水平 | Trade | 批发零售贸易业从业人数占比/% | 0.975 | 1.702 | 0.067 | 2.016 | ||
科研技术服务业水平 | Sci_service | 科研技术服务业从业人数占比/% | 0.337 | 0.492 | 0.008 | 4.935 | ||
科技投入水平 | Tech_invest | 地方一般公共预算科技支出/万元 | 70 291 | 256 698 | 29 | 2 877 079 | ||
交通发展类因素 | 地面交通通达性 | Ground | 道路密度/(km·100 km-2) | 79.6 | 48.7 | 4.1 | 222.2 |
表3 近20年中国各区域机场数与货运量占比 (%)Table 3 The number of airports and the proportion of cargo volume in each region of China from 2000 to 2019 |
区域 | 机场数占比 | 货运量占比 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | 2019年 | 2000年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | 2019年 | ||
东部地区 | 32.0 | 28.9 | 26.3 | 23.8 | 22.7 | 75.0 | 79.2 | 79.6 | 75.4 | 72.9 | |
中部地区 | 18.0 | 17.6 | 14.3 | 14.8 | 15.1 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 6.1 | 7.3 | |
西部地区 | 40.2 | 45.1 | 48.6 | 50.5 | 50.8 | 16.2 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 16.3 | |
东北地区 | 9.8 | 8.5 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.3 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
表4 2000—2019年航空货运量前10名城市及货运量占比Table 4 Top 10 cities with the largest air cargo volume and proportion of air cargo volume from 2000 to 2019 |
排序 | 2000年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | 2019年 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
城市 | 货运量/t | 城市 | 货运量/t | 城市 | 货运量/t | 城市 | 货运量/t | 城市 | 货运量/t | |||||
1 | 上海 | 878 901 | 上海 | 2 216 714 | 上海 | 3 708 519 | 上海 | 3 708 831 | 上海 | 4 057 845 | ||||
2 | 北京 | 774 204 | 北京 | 78 2172 | 北京 | 1 568 948 | 北京 | 1 926 195 | 北京 | 1 962 648 | ||||
3 | 广州 | 491 868 | 广州 | 600 604 | 广州 | 1 144 456 | 广州 | 1 537 759 | 广州 | 1 919 927 | ||||
4 | 深圳 | 202 743 | 深圳 | 466 476 | 深圳 | 809 125 | 深圳 | 1 013 691 | 深圳 | 1 283 386 | ||||
5 | 成都 | 158 635 | 成都 | 251 018 | 成都 | 432 153 | 成都 | 556 552 | 杭州 | 690 276 | ||||
6 | 昆明 | 125 034 | 昆明 | 196 530 | 杭州 | 283 427 | 杭州 | 424 933 | 成都 | 671 904 | ||||
7 | 厦门 | 99 484 | 杭州 | 165 918 | 昆明 | 273 651 | 郑州 | 403 339 | 郑州 | 522 021 | ||||
8 | 西安 | 76 445 | 厦门 | 158 740 | 厦门 | 245 644 | 昆明 | 355 423 | 昆明 | 415 776 | ||||
9 | 大连 | 76 283 | 南京 | 139 369 | 南京 | 234 359 | 南京 | 326 027 | 重庆 | 410 929 | ||||
10 | 重庆 | 75 721 | 重庆 | 100 910 | 天津 | 202 484 | 重庆 | 318 782 | 西安 | 381 870 | ||||
前4名占比/% | 59.49 | 64.22 | 64.05 | 58.08 | 53.99 | |||||||||
前10名占比/% | 74.99 | 80.22 | 78.86 | 75.01 | 72.09 |
表5 中国航空货运航线网络结构特征Table 5 Structural characteristics of air cargo route networks in China |
年份 | 节点数/个 | 航段数/条 | 成环率 | 结合率 | 平均度 | 平均路径长度 | 平均聚类系数 | 随机网络理论值 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L′ | C′ | ||||||||
2000 | 57 | 226 | 0.110 | 0.142 | 7.930 | 2.133 | 0.665 | 2.419 | 0.139 |
2005 | 57 | 274 | 0.142 | 0.172 | 9.614 | 2.000 | 0.741 | 2.122 | 0.169 |
2010 | 73 | 428 | 0.139 | 0.163 | 11.726 | 2.040 | 0.732 | 2.026 | 0.161 |
2015 | 61 | 287 | 0.128 | 0.157 | 9.410 | 2.101 | 0.692 | 2.196 | 0.154 |
2019 | 61 | 396 | 0.190 | 0.216 | 12.984 | 1.995 | 0.659 | 1.818 | 0.213 |
表6 航空货运量回归估计结果Table 6 Regression estimation results of air cargo volume |
变量类型 | 变量名称 | 模型1: 混合回归模型 | 模型2:个体随机 效应模型 | 模型3:个体固定效应模型 | 模型4: 枢纽城市组 | 模型5: 非枢纽城市 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
城市规模类 | 人口规模 | 0.270*** | 0.162*** | -0.069 | -0.128 | 0.035** |
经济规模 | 0.006 | 0.044 | 0.156*** | 0.136 | 0.049*** | |
产业结构类 | 交通仓储邮电业水平 | 0.158*** | 0.193*** | 0.174*** | 0.241* | 0.007 |
批发零售贸易业水平 | 0.014 | -0.072*** | -0.086*** | -0.119* | -0.007** | |
科研技术服务业水平 | -0.009 | 0.117** | 0.094 | 0.112 | 0.030*** | |
科技投入水平 | 0.557*** | 0.361*** | 0.299*** | 0.341*** | -0.013 | |
交通发展类 | 地面交通通达性 | -0.031 | -0.025 | -0.029 | 0.211 | -0.019*** |
常数项 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.474 | -0.196*** | |
F | 176.49*** | — | 110.97*** | 25.96*** | 68.84*** | |
Wald Chi2 | — | 1 020.73*** | — | — | — | |
Hausman检验 | — | chi2=37.94,Prob>chi2=0.00 | — | — | ||
样本数量/个 | 593 | 593 | 593 | 108 | 485 | |
拟合优度 | 0.679 | 0.663 | 0.647 | 0.700 | 0.587 |
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王姣娥:全文构思,提出核心科学问题,逻辑梳理,论文写作与修改;
车恩瑜:数据分析,图表绘制,论文写作。
肖 凡:数据整理,论文修改。
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