Spatial-Temporal Patterns and Driving Factors of Population Aging in China at the County Level during 2000-2020
Received date: 2023-08-16
Revised date: 2023-10-31
Online published: 2024-08-09
A comprehensive understanding of the distribution pattern and driving factors of population aging at the country level in China is fundamental for enhancing the governance capacity of the governing authorities and implementing a national strategy to actively cope with the aging society. On the basis of the 2000, 2010, and 2020 census data on the Chinese population, we determined the distribution pattern of population aging in China over the past 20 years at the county level and adopted a fractional response model to identify the main influencing factors of such spatial distribution from three perspectives: the natural environment, socioeconomic factors, and population migration. The following observations were made: 1) During the past 20 years, most counties in China have entered into an "aging society," some counties have entered into an "aged society," and counties in the Chengdu-Chongqing region, central Inner Mongolia, and peripheral Yangtze River Delta have entered into a "hyper-aged society." 2) The spatial structure of the distribution of population aging exhibited various patterns. Overall, the Hu Line is a clear demarcation for the distribution, with the degree of aging of the counties in the southeastern half of the line being generally higher than that of the counties in the northwestern half and maintaining a certain degree of stability. During the past 20 years, the aging population has shown a gradient diffusion of the characteristics of the Eastern monsoon region―Northwest arid region―Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. From a local perspective, population aging presents various structural characteristics, such as "homogenization," "reverse core-edge," and "core-edge" spatial structures. 3) Significant regional differences exist in population aging. Vast differences in population aging between different ecological regions, between urban and rural areas, and between ethnic and non-ethnic autonomous regions are obvious, and these differences tend to expand further. 4) Natural factors have laid the macro pattern of the distribution of population aging. Socioeconomic factors are the main driving force of the aging process, and population migration has played an important role in restructuring the aging space pattern. This study provides a scientific basis for optimization of the spatial allocation of pension resources, and different regions can actively respond to the formulation and improvement of differentiated policies for population aging.
Rongwei Wu , Houyin Wang , Yuanxin Wang , Li Chen . Spatial-Temporal Patterns and Driving Factors of Population Aging in China at the County Level during 2000-2020[J]. Tropical Geography, 2024 , 44(8) : 1500 -1512 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20230643
图2 2000、2010和2020年中国人口老龄化类型分布 Fig.2 Distribution of population aging types of China in 2000, 2010, and 2020 |
表1 2000—2020年全国县域老龄化类型变化 (个)Table 1 The changes of the population aging types in China at the county level during 2000-2020 |
| 老龄化类型(占比/%) | 2000年 | 2010年 | 2020年 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 年轻型社会(0,4] | 113 | 27 | 14 |
| 成年型社会(4,7] | 1 325 | 477 | 149 |
| 老龄化社会(7,14] | 1 110 | 2 019 | 1 110 |
| 老龄社会(14,20] | 4 | 29 | 1 108 |
| 超老龄社会(20,100] | 0 | 0 | 171 |
表2 11类生态地区间人口老龄化程度比较分析Table 2 Comparison of population aging in 11 ecoregions |
| 生态地区 | 老龄化/% | 变异系数 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000年 | 2010年 | 2020年 | 2000年 | 2010年 | 2020年 | ||
| 东北生态地区 | 6.37 | 8.91 | 16.03 | 0.255 8 | 0.231 0 | 0.159 4 | |
| 华北生态地区 | 7.63 | 9.06 | 14.25 | 0.159 3 | 0.171 1 | 0.179 5 | |
| 内蒙古高原生态地区 | 5.88 | 7.77 | 12.50 | 0.263 8 | 0.296 1 | 0.383 1 | |
| 西北干旱生态地区 | 4.62 | 6.64 | 8.45 | 0.188 0 | 0.287 9 | 0.350 1 | |
| 黄土高原生态地区 | 5.90 | 7.95 | 13.03 | 0.203 2 | 0.173 6 | 0.205 6 | |
| 川渝生态地区 | 7.55 | 10.65 | 16.21 | 0.166 3 | 0.186 8 | 0.216 6 | |
| 长江中下游生态地区 | 8.06 | 9.98 | 15.23 | 0.247 6 | 0.231 3 | 0.234 5 | |
| 华南生态地区 | 6.89 | 8.09 | 10.96 | 0.200 6 | 0.212 4 | 0.214 2 | |
| 云贵高原生态地区 | 5.94 | 7.94 | 10.88 | 0.192 0 | 0.181 1 | 0.221 6 | |
| 青藏高原高寒生态地区 | 4.24 | 5.15 | 6.43 | 0.221 1 | 0.244 8 | 0.310 6 | |
| 横断山区生态地区 | 5.70 | 6.83 | 9.02 | 0.144 7 | 0.202 9 | 0.318 8 | |
表3 中国城镇与乡村地区人口老龄化程度比较Table 3 Comparison of population aging in urban and rural areas of China |
| 年份 | 分类 | 老年人/万人 | 总人口/万人 | 老龄化/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 城镇 | 2 946.52 | 45 877.10 | 6.42 |
| 乡村 | 5 880.88 | 78 384.12 | 7.50 | |
| 城区 | 2 310.55 | 33 426.36 | 6.91 | |
| 县域 | 6 516.85 | 90 834.87 | 7.17 | |
| 2010 | 城镇 | 5 225.42 | 67 000.55 | 7.80 |
| 乡村 | 6 667.29 | 66 280.53 | 10.06 | |
| 城区 | 3 472.98 | 41 887.05 | 8.29 | |
| 县域 | 8 419.72 | 91 389.32 | 9.21 | |
| 2020 | 城镇 | 10 028.24 | 89 999.12 | 11.14 |
| 乡村 | 9 035.29 | 50 978.76 | 17.72 | |
| 城区 | 6 193.62 | 57 517.08 | 10.77 | |
| 县域 | 12 869.90 | 83 460.78 | 15.42 |
表4 中国民族自治地区与非民族自治地区人口老龄化程度比较Table 4 Comparison of population aging in ethnic minority autonomous regions and other regions of China |
| 年份 | 地区分类 | 总人口 | 老龄人口 | 老龄化 程度/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 数量/万人 | 占全国比例/% | 数量/万人 | 占全国比例/% | ||||
| 2000 | 民族自治区 | 9 359.55 | 7.67 | 571.25 | 6.59 | 6.10 | |
| 其他地区 | 112 736.41 | 92.33 | 8 100.75 | 93.41 | 7.19 | ||
| 2010 | 民族自治区 | 10 149.22 | 7.76 | 806.75 | 6.91 | 7.95 | |
| 其他地区 | 120 617.82 | 92.24 | 10 881.59 | 93.09 | 9.02 | ||
| 2020 | 民族自治区 | 11 981.97 | 7.83 | 1 207.81 | 6.36 | 10.99 | |
| 其他地区 | 129 313.90 | 92.17 | 17 770.46 | 93.64 | 13.74 | ||
表5 模型估计结果Table 5 Results of regression model |
| 变量 | OLS | FRM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000年 | 2010年 | 2020年 | 2000年 | 2010年 | 2020年 | ||
| 人均GDP | 0.004***(-7.26) | 0.002***(-3.19) | 0.011***(-6.79) | 0.036***(-8.62) | 0.018***(-4.47) | 0.056***(8.20) | |
| 城镇化水平 | -0.029***(-16.03) | -0.029***(-9.80) | -0.068***(-10.80) | -0.185***(-13.05) | -0.136***(-7.32) | -0.164***(-5.76) | |
| 千人卫生院床位数 | -0.001(-0.78) | 0.003***(-3.47) | 0.010***(-4.84) | -0.009*(-1.91) | 0.015***(-2.98) | 0.013(1.52) | |
| 受教育年限 | 0.008***(-6.52) | 0.019***(-8.21) | 0.047***(-6.58) | 0.072***(-7.58) | 0.151***(-9.75) | 0.353***(10.96) | |
| 平均海拔 | -0.003***(-15.39) | -0.003***(-13.17) | -0.006***(-13.95) | -0.021***(-14.99) | -0.017***(-12.68) | -0.025***(-13.36) | |
| 1月与7月温差 | -0.011***(-15.14) | -0.012***(-12.14) | 0.018***(-9.52) | -0.096***(-18.23) | -0.084***(-14.18) | 0.052***(6.09) | |
| NDVI | 0.013***(-6.66) | 0.027***(-11.51) | 0.085***(-18.90) | 0.093***(-6.17) | 0.187***(-12.38) | 0.375***(17.66) | |
| 流入率 | -0.031***(-17.88) | -0.043***(-20.88) | -0.040***(-15.48) | -0.542***(-17.37) | -0.418***(-20.53) | -0.502***(-22.57) | |
| 流出率 | 0.056***(-15.91) | 0.097***(-36.33) | 0.022***(-11.02) | 0.399***(-15.75) | 0.593***(-37.61) | 0.091***(12.45) | |
| 生育状况 | -0.038***(-19.61) | -0.066***(-23.62) | -0.074***(-17.06) | -0.320***(-21.44) | -0.417***(-24.27) | -0.365***(-18.95) | |
| 常数项 | 0.117***(-31.01) | 0.102***(-17.24) | -0.02(-1.23) | -1.088***(-37.10) | -1.321***(-34.76) | -2.006***(-27.51) | |
| AIC | -142 40.69 | -12 951.48 | -9 359.444 | -14 399.98 | -13 128.88 | -9 647.582 | |
| BIC | -14 177.35 | -12 888.39 | -9 296.937 | -14 330.88 | -13 060.05 | -9 579.393 | |
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1 https://www.resdc.cn/
武荣伟:论文选题、方案设计、逻辑梳理、论文写作与修改;
王堠崟:数据整理,数据分析,初稿写作;
王远鑫:图表制作;
陈 利:论文写作、概念构思、基金支持。
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