Evaluation of Multiple Precipitation Products in the Hainan Island
Received date: 2023-10-12
Revised date: 2024-01-09
Online published: 2024-09-05
Global precipitation observations have been realized through the development of satellite remote-sensing technology. However, there is a lack of evaluation of remote-sensing precipitation products in complex tropical island terrains. This study used hourly rain gauge data to conduct a multi-scale systematic evaluation of common precipitation products, such as CMORPH, CHIRPS, GsMAP, GPM, MSWEP, ERA5-Land, and PERSIANN, over Hainan Island, providing an in-depth analysis of the precipitation detection capabilities of various products in this region. The main conclusions are: (1) In a multi-temporal scale evaluation, GPM and GsMAP outperformed the other products across all time scales. On a 3-hour scale, GPM and GsMAP showed the highest correlation coefficients (0.53 and 0.52, respectively). On a daily scale, except for PERSIANN, all products showed correlation coefficients above 0.56, with GPM and GsMAP showing the best performance (R = 0.73 and 0.74, respectively). (2) In comparing annual precipitation, Hainan Island's average-annual precipitation over the past 20 years showed a fluctuating trend, with a mean of 1,776.4 mm/a. The CMORPH annual average of 1,765.1 mm/a was the closest to the CHM-PRE dataset, with minimal error. ERA5-Land and MSWEP significantly overestimated (2,504.3 mm/a) and underestimated (1,662.2 mm/a) the average-annual precipitation, respectively. (3) Spatial distribution pattern analysis revealed that the observed multi-year annual precipitation in Hainan Island ranges from 996.9 to 2,368.9 mm, exhibiting an annular-distribution pattern with higher precipitation in the east than in the west and the southwestern mountainous areas than in the northeastern plains. The precipitation range of 1,337.9‒2,287.0 mm observed in GsMAP was the closest to the rain gauge data and particularly matched that of the high-value center in the southeast of the island. (4) In a precipitation trend analysis, CMORPH, ERA5-Land, GPM, MSWEP, CHIRPS, and PERSIANN showed an increasing trend in local areas of Hainan Island, while GsMAP showed a stronger increasing trend. (5) In an analysis of extreme precipitation events, GsMAP, CMORPH, and GPM reproduced the spatiotemporal evolution of extreme precipitation events on a daily scale in Hainan relatively well. GPM better reproduced the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of typhoon precipitation events in Hainan Island. However, the accuracy of the precipitation estimation still requires improvement. The results of this study not only contribute to our understanding of precipitation products applicable to Hainan but also provide insights for improving satellite-based precipitation products in tropical island environments. These findings underscore the importance of regional validation and the potential of multi-product fusion approaches for enhancing precipitation estimates in complex terrains.
Shixi Li , Weijie Liao , Ming Shang , Jianchao Guo , Chenxiao Shi , Yue Yang , Lei Bai . Evaluation of Multiple Precipitation Products in the Hainan Island[J]. Tropical Geography, 2024 , 44(9) : 1588 -1601 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20230786
表1 研究中所使用降水产品的基本信息Table 1 Brief information of precipitation products used in this study |
| 数据集 | 网址 | 简称 | 时间 分辨率 | 空间 分辨率 | 时间 覆盖 | 制作 单位 | 反演原理 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMORPH1.0 | https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds502.0/ | CMORPH(Joyce et al., 2004) | 30 min | 8 km | 1998—2023年 | CPC | 基于卫星观测的融合,将地面雨量计数据、 红外和微波卫星数据进行融合 |
| CHIRPS | https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chirps | CHRIPS(Funk et al., 2015) | 1 d | 0.05° | 1981—2023年 | USGS、 CHC | 基于地面雨量计数据和AVHRR红外传感器数据的融合,主要用于长时间序列降水分析 |
| GsMAP V7 | https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GsMAP/ | GsMAP(Okamoto et al., 2005) | 1 h | 0.10° | 2000—2023年 | JAXA | 融合多种卫星传感器数据(包括微波和红外数据),同时也融合了地面雨量计数据 |
| MSWEP2.0 | http://www.gloh2o.org/mswep/ | MSWEP(Beck et al., 2017) | 3 h | 0.10° | 1979—2023年 | GloH2O | 基于全球多套遥感降水数据和再分析数据的融合,通过统计方法将多个数据源合并为一个高分辨率数据集 |
| ERA5-Land | https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu | ERA5-Land(Muñoz-Sabater et al., 2021) | 1 h | 0.10° | 1951—2023年 | ECMWF | 基于数值模式的输出,融合大量观测数据进行模拟,以产生高分辨率的降水和其他气象参数 |
| GPM IMERG V7 Final product | https://gpm.nasa.gov/data/news | GPM(Hou et al., 2014) | 30 min | 0.10° | 2000—2023年 | NASA | 融合GPM卫星的双频微波成像仪(DPR)和其他卫星传感器数据,提供近实时和再分析的降水估计 |
| PERSIANN CDR | https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/ | PERSIANN(Sorooshian et al., 2000) | 3 h | 0.25° | 1983—2023年 | UCI | 基于神经网络算法,使用地面雨量计和红外传感器数据进行降水估算的降水产品 |
表2 研究中定义的雨量等级Table 2 Rainfall intensity threshold in the study |
| 雨量等级 | 3 h尺度/(mm·3 h-1) | 日尺度/(mm·d-1) |
|---|---|---|
| 小雨 | 2.9 | 9.9 |
| 中雨 | 9.9 | 24.9 |
| 大雨 | 19.9 | 49.9 |
| 暴雨 | 49.9 | 99.9 |
表3 2016—2020年不同时间尺度上多种降水产品的检测能力和评估指标比较Table 3 Comparison of detection capabilities and evaluation metrics for multiple precipitation products at different temporal scales, 2016-2020 |
| 统计指标 | 时间尺度 | GsMAP | CHIRPS | CMORPH | PERSIANN | ERA5-Land | GPM | MSWEP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | 3 h | 0.52 | — | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.53 | 0.51 |
| 1 d | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.72 | |
| 雨季 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.56 | 0.54 | |
| 旱季 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.64 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.43 | 0.45 | |
| ME | 3 h | 0.09 | — | -0.30 | -0.44 | -0.65 | -0.31 | -0.08 |
| 1 d | 0.69 | -0.62 | -2.43 | -3.55 | -5.16 | -2.48 | -0.65 | |
| 雨季 | -0.09 | -0.43 | -0.26 | -2.55 | -0.41 | -0.27 | -0.07 | |
| 旱季 | -0.01 | -0.23 | -0.06 | -0.56 | -0.07 | -0.06 | -0.01 | |
| RMSE | 3 h | 3.54 | — | 3.61 | 5.83 | 3.88 | 3.41 | 3.41 |
| 1 d | 11.59 | 11.59 | 13.17 | 13.94 | 15.47 | 12.19 | 11.4 | |
| 雨季 | 3.48 | 13.80 | 3.54 | 5.65 | 4.00 | 3.48 | 3.33 | |
| 旱季 | 1.24 | 5.50 | 1.29 | 2.28 | 1.38 | 1.24 | 1.24 | |
| POD | 3 h | 0.76/0.54/0.42/0.19 | — | 0.44/0.32/0.22/0.07 | 0.43/0.07/0.01/0.00 | 0.02/0.00/0.00/0.00 | 0.57/0.36/0.21/0.05 | 0.83/0.43/0.25/0.07 |
| 1 d | 0.87/0.79/0.72/0.60 | 0.49/0.54/0.49/0.37 | 0.64/0.51/0.44/0.30 | 0.59/0.36/0.19/0.05 | 0.04/0.00/0.00/0.00 | 0.73/0.57/0.45/0.29 | 0.97/0.75/0.61/0.40 | |
| FAR | 3 h | 0.60/0.57/0.58/0.64 | — | 0.48/0.51/0.54/0.62 | 0.52/0.48/0.55/0.11 | 0.19/0.7/0.82/1.00 | 0.52/0.40/0.40/0.47 | 0.67/0.52/0.52/0.45 |
| 1 d | 0.33/0.39/0.41/0.43 | 0.25/0.41/0.43/0.45 | 0.28/0.31/0.32/0.36 | 0.34/0.34/0.27/0.21 | 0.55/0.58/0.58/0.51 | 0.36/0.27/0.25/0.23 | 0.48/0.41/0.30/0.37 | |
| CSI | 3 h | 0.32/0.27/0.21/0.08 | — | 0.32/0.24/0.15/0.06 | 0.08/0.06/0.05/0.03 | 0.04/0.00/0.00/0.00 | 0.40/0.28/0.18/0.04 | 0.26/0.26/0.13/0.02 |
| 1 d | 0.54/0.52/0.43/0.32 | 0.43/0.45/0.41/0.33 | 0.48/0.43/0.39/0.28 | 0.48/0.44/0.39/0.33 | 0.34/0.00/0.00/0.00 | 0.55/0.53/0.46/0.30 | 0.44/0.55/0.50/0.37 |
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图3 2016—2020年多套降水产品在海南岛的多时间尺度降水空间分布 Fig.3 Spatial distribution of precipitation at multiple temporal scales over Hainan Island using various precipitation products during 2016-2020 |
图4 2001—2020年多套降水产品在海南岛多尺度降水变化趋势的空间分布对比 Fig.4 Comparison of spatial distribution of multi-scale precipitation trends in Hainan Island for multiple sets of precipitation products, 2001-2020 |

1 http://data.cma.cn//
2 https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_new_daily_gridded_precipitation_dataset_based_on_gauge_observations_across_mainland_China/2143 2123/4
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郭建超、施晨晓、杨 岳:论文修改指导。
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