Spatial Correlation between Forest Logging Quota and Economic Forest Plantation in China
Received date: 2023-05-09
Revised date: 2023-07-31
Online published: 2024-09-29
Economic forests are crucial sources of food and nutrition. To guarantee national grain and oil security, it is extremely important to investigate the spatial association between cutting quotas and the economic forest planting. The logging quota scheme increases uncertainty about the future benefits of forestry management. This limits the scale expansion of the timber forest planting industry and dampens the societal enthusiasm for economic forest planting. The severity of logging control in the northern China has been increasing from the standpoint of spatial distribution, which has caused the economic forest planting center of gravity to shift south. Economic forests can meet citizens' needs for wholesome food and ensure the safety of the nation's food supply under a favorable food outlook. The spatial correlation between the logging quota and economic forest plantations was examined using the centroid model based on data from the fourth to ninth national forest resource inventories. A spatial Dubin model was used to test the spatial spillover effects of logging quotas on economically important forest plantations. Additionally, two tasks were completed to guarantee the reliability of the estimation results. After variable replacement and first-order difference processing, a robustness test was conducted using a spatial Durbin model. The system of the GMM estimation endogeneity test came in second place. The findings indicated that the economic forest planting center primarily moved within the Henan Province, and that its overall migration distance was 235.13 km to the southwest. The ratio of the logging quota to forest stock shifted its center of gravity from Henan to Hubei Province and moved southwest across a migration distance of 300.4 km. The spatial separation of the two barycenters' was stable, but the consistency index fluctuated in an inverted U-shape, and the spatial coupling was typically high. At the regional level, the southwestern and southern forests exhibited considerable spatial- overlap and -coupling, whereas the northern forest experienced considerable fluctuations and an improved trend. The logging quotas and commercial forest planting have a spatial relationship. The two barycenters' local spatial patterns exhibited "high-high" and "low-low" agglomeration traits. The scale of economic forest planting has benefited spatially from logging quotas. In addition to encouraging the growth of the local economic forest planting scale, increasing the relative quantity of the logging quota was helpful in the growth of the economic forest planting scale in nearby areas. At the regional level, the southern forest area had a stronger and less pronounced spatial spillover effect than the northern forest area. The spatial spillover effect of the relaxation of the tending logging quota was obviously greater than the spatial spillover effect of the relaxation of the main logging quota, as seen from the perspective of the logging quota structure. This study enhances the theoretical justification for farmers' planting structure adjustment, in addition to resolving the problem of analyzing the trend of farmers' changing planting structures from a microscopic perspective. The conclusions of this study serve as a guide for improving the spatial layout of economic forest planting and the logging quota system.
Ziqiang Zhang , Xiaojuan Li , Yao Xiao . Spatial Correlation between Forest Logging Quota and Economic Forest Plantation in China[J]. Tropical Geography, 2024 : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20230327
表1 空间计量模型的变量说明与描述性统计Table 1 Variable description and descriptive statistics of spatial econometric model |
变量名 | 简称 | 变量说明 | 均值 | 标准误 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
经济林占比 | fore | 经济林面积占森林面积的比重 | 0.172 | 0.144 | 0.000 | 0.674 |
采伐限额占比 | quo | 采伐限额占森林蓄积量的比重 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.001 | 0.272 |
经济发展 | lngdp | 人均GDP取对数/(元·人-1) | 8.377 | 0.870 | 6.522 | 10.260 |
农民纯收入 | lnincome | 农村居民家庭平均每人纯收入取对数/元 | 7.266 | 0.902 | 5.842 | 9.348 |
城镇化 | urban | 年末城镇人口比例/% | 39.956 | 17.093 | 12.325 | 86.400 |
林权改革 | reform | 新一轮林权改革当年及以后年份赋值为1,否则为0 | 0.454 | 0.499 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
劳动力转移 | labor | 农村劳动力转移率 | 0.365 | 0.178 | 0.025 | 0.894 |
种粮规模 | lngrain | 粮食播种面积取对数/千hm2 | 5.497 | 1.134 | 2.375 | 7.237 |
农机水平 | lnmach | 农业机械总动力取对数/万kW | 7.220 | 1.053 | 3.871 | 9.357 |
造林规模 | lnaffor | 人工造林面积取对数/千hm2 | 2.353 | 1.154 | -1.386 | 4.244 |
表2 区域采伐限额与经济林规模变化 (%)Table 2 Regional logging quota and economic forest scale change |
林区 | 第四次清查 | 第五次清查 | 第六次清查 | 第七次清查 | 第八次清查 | 第九次清查 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fore | quo | fore | quo | fore | quo | fore | quo | fore | quo | fore | quo | ||||||
东北林区 | 5.31 | 1.93 | 5.27 | 1.77 | 3.19 | 1.20 | 2.98 | 0.62 | 2.94 | 0.58 | 2.31 | 0.51 | |||||
北方林区 | 22.32 | 3.45 | 25.54 | 3.01 | 19.04 | 2.27 | 13.64 | 1.57 | 13.10 | 1.66 | 14.28 | 1.60 | |||||
西南林区 | 5.74 | 1.69 | 6.09 | 1.62 | 5.40 | 0.98 | 5.47 | 0.77 | 6.23 | 0.85 | 6.52 | 0.79 | |||||
南方林区 | 18.77 | 7.68 | 18.29 | 5.77 | 18.44 | 4.72 | 15.33 | 4.34 | 13.31 | 4.48 | 11.92 | 3.57 |
表3 双重心迁移的距离、速度与方向Table 3 Distance, speed and direction of the two barycenters migration |
全国森林 资源清查 | 经济林种植重心 | 采伐限额重心 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
距离/km | 速度/(km·a-1) | 方向 | 城市 | 距离/km | 速度/(km·a-1) | 方向 | 城市 | |
第五次清查 | 30.72 | 6.14 | 西北 | 周口 | 41.22 | 8.24 | 东北 | 驻马店 |
第六次清查 | 60.76 | 12.15 | 西南 | 驻马店 | 65.88 | 13.18 | 西南 | 信阳 |
第七次清查 | 67.00 | 13.40 | 西南 | 驻马店 | 86.10 | 17.22 | 西南 | 孝感 |
第八次清查 | 39.95 | 7.99 | 西南 | 信阳 | 49.34 | 9.87 | 西南 | 荆门 |
第九次清查 | 36.71 | 7.34 | 西北 | 南阳 | 57.86 | 11.57 | 东北 | 孝感 |
表4 全局Moran's I指数的空间自相关检验Tab.4 Spatial autocorrelation test of global Moran's I index |
全国森林资源清查 | 经济林种植规模 | 采伐限额占比 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moran’s I | Z统计量 | P值 | Moran’s I | Z统计量 | P值 | ||
第四次清查 | 0.499 | 4.329 | 0.000 | 0.403 | 4.241 | 0.000 | |
第五次清查 | 0.477 | 4.174 | 0.000 | 0.378 | 4.313 | 0.000 | |
第六次清查 | 0.489 | 4.273 | 0.000 | 0.619 | 5.359 | 0.000 | |
第七次清查 | 0.405 | 3.636 | 0.000 | 0.544 | 4.583 | 0.000 | |
第八次清查 | 0.343 | 3.163 | 0.002 | 0.539 | 4.583 | 0.000 | |
第九次清查 | 0.303 | 2.884 | 0.004 | 0.372 | 3.739 | 0.000 |
表5 经济林种植集聚的局域空间自相关分布Table 5 Local Moran's I index scatter plot of planting scale of economic forest |
全国森林资源清查 | 林区 | 高高集聚 | 低高集聚 | 低低集聚 | 高低集聚 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
第四次 | 东北 | 辽宁 | 黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古 | ||
北方 | 北京、天津、河北、山东、河南 | 宁夏 | 新疆、青海、甘肃、陕西 | 山西 | |
南方 | 江苏、安徽、浙江 | 湖南、海南 | 福建、江西、贵州、广西 | 湖北、广东 | |
西南 | 四川、云南、西藏 | ||||
第九次 | 东北 | 辽宁 | 黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古 | ||
北方 | 北京、天津、河北、山东、河南 | 山西、陕西 | 新疆、青海、甘肃、宁夏 | ||
南方 | 江苏、安徽、浙江 | 海南、湖南 | 贵州、广西、江西、福建 | 湖北、广东 | |
西南 | 四川、云南、西藏 |
表6 空间计量模型检验Table 6 Testing of spatial econometric models |
检验 | 邻接矩阵(W 1) | 距离矩阵(W 2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
统计量 | P值 | 统计量 | P值 | |||
LM检验 | LM-error | 5.029 | 0.025 | 2.446 | 0.118 | |
Robust- LM-error | 3.714 | 0.054 | 1.422 | 0.233 | ||
LM-lag | 1.541 | 0.214 | 19.735 | 0.000 | ||
Robust- LM-lag | 0.226 | 0.634 | 18.711 | 0.000 | ||
Wald检验 | SDM对SAR | 24.62 | 0.003 | 20.68 | 0.014 | |
SDM对SEM | 31.96 | 0.000 | 21.59 | 0.010 | ||
LR检验 | SDM对SAR | 23.81 | 0.005 | 19.85 | 0.019 | |
SDM对SEM | 41.40 | 0.000 | 24.95 | 0.003 | ||
Hausman检验 | SDM | 8.37 | 0.498 | 10.7 | 0.297 |
表7 采伐限额对经济林种植规模影响的空间效应Table 7 Spatial effect of logging quota on planting scale of economic forest |
变量 | SEM(W 1) | SDM(W 1) | SAR(W 2) | SDM(W 2) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | 系数 | 标准误 | ||||
R 2 | 0.475 | 0.577 | 0.504 | 0.555 | |||||||
quo | 0.756*** | 0.178 | 0.613*** | 0.174 | 0.787*** | 0.165 | 0.726*** | 0.161 | |||
lngdp | -0.020 | 0.029 | -0.032 | 0.031 | -0.036 | 0.025 | -0.019 | 0.033 | |||
lnincome | -0.028 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.040 | -0.013 | 0.015 | 0.029 | 0.048 | |||
urban | 0.000 | 0.001 | -0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | -0.002* | 0.001 | |||
reform | -0.010 | 0.018 | 0.014* | 0.020 | -0.015 | 0.016 | 0.015* | 0.021 | |||
labor | -0.042 | 0.060 | -0.076 | 0.064 | -0.040 | 0.057 | 0.009 | 0.069 | |||
lngrain | -0.024 | 0.023 | -0.009** | 0.022 | -0.045** | 0.020 | -0.008 | 0.024 | |||
lnmach | 0.054** | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.020 | 0.080*** | 0.019 | 0.035 | 0.023 | |||
lnaffor | -0.028*** | 0.007 | -0.028*** | 0.007 | -0.028*** | 0.007 | -0.026*** | 0.008 | |||
W×quo | — | — | 0.251* | 0.361 | — | — | 0.360 | 0.710 | |||
W×lngdp | — | — | -0.086** | 0.043 | — | — | -0.087 | 0.060 | |||
W×lnincome | — | — | -0.010 | 0.042 | — | — | -0.043 | 0.051 | |||
W×urban | — | — | 0.002 | 0.001 | — | — | 0.005** | 0.002 | |||
W×reform | — | — | -0.062** | 0.027 | — | — | -0.077** | 0.038 | |||
W×labor | — | — | 0.127 | 0.098 | — | — | -0.086 | 0.132 | |||
W×lngrain | — | — | -0.068* | 0.035 | — | — | -0.086 | 0.054 | |||
W×lnmach | — | — | 0.135*** | 0.034 | — | — | 0.123*** | 0.046 | |||
W×lnaffor | — | — | -0.003 | 0.011 | — | — | -0.029 | 0.021 | |||
ρ | 0.426*** | 0.126 | 0.391*** | 0.098 | 0.270*** | 0.115 | 0.083 | 0.139 |
|
表8 采伐限额对经济林种植规模影响的空间异质性Table 8 Spatial heterogeneity of effects of logging quota on planting scale of economic forest |
变量 | W 1 | W 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
主伐 | 抚育 | 北方林区 | 南方林区 | 主伐 | 抚育 | 北方林区 | 南方林区 | ||
quo | 0.926***(0.283) | 2.236*(1.297) | 0.831***(0.259) | 0.654*(0.364) | 0.993***(0.309) | 4.750***(1.352) | 0.589***(0.195) | 0.873**(0.368) | |
W×quo | 1.294**(0.616) | 6.536**(2.597) | -0.332(0.700) | 1.845**(0.822) | 2.137*(1.296) | -0.204(3.694) | -0.144(1.041) | 3.197***(1.027) | |
控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
ρ | 0.410***(0.094) | 0.385***(0.100) | 0.281*(0.144) | -0.254(0.195) | 0.107(0.137) | 0.127(0.139) | 0.084(0.176) | -0.405**(0.198) | |
R 2 | 0.554 | 0.568 | 0.696 | 0.748 | 0.528 | 0.540 | 0.752 | 0.768 | |
直接效应 | 1.136***(0.305) | 3.084**(1.357) | 0.821***(0.247) | 0.553(0.386) | 1.045***(0.331) | 4.804***(1.402) | 0.547***(0.247) | 0.651*(0.378) | |
间接效应 | 2.663***(1.015) | 11.244***(3.861) | -0.198(0.853) | 1.433**(0.718) | 2.471*(1.526) | 0.243(4.149) | -1.635(1.226) | 2.290***(0.799) | |
总效应 | 3.799***(1.151) | 14.328***(4.324) | 0.622(0.838) | 1.986***(0.715) | 3.516**(1.662) | 5.047(4.519) | -1.088(1.336) | 2.941***(0.861) |
表9 采伐限额对经济林种植规模影响的稳健性检验Table 9 Robustness test of the influence of logging quota on planting scale of economic forest |
变量 | 替换变量 | 一阶差分 | 系统GMM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W 1 | W 2 | W 1 | W 2 | |||
quo | 0.381***(0.089) | 0.284***(0.092) | 0.437**(0.193) | 0.608***(0.177) | 0.831***(0.268) | |
W×quo | 0.353**(0.158) | -0.275(0.199) | 0.652*(0.431) | 0.485(0.722) | — | |
fore滞后一期 | — | — | — | — | 0.671***(0.116) | |
控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | |
ρ | 0.314***(0.091) | 0.160(0.138) | 0.348***(0.110) | 0.112(0.152) | — | |
R 2/Wald检验 | 0.362 | 0.324 | 0.321 | 0.304 | 210.21*** |
1 https://www.forestdata.cn
2 https://www.gov.cn
3 https://data.worldbank.org.cn
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