Spatial Distribution, Crime Patterns, and Factors Influencing Criminal Looting of Cultural Relics in China
Received date: 2024-02-05
Revised date: 2024-02-29
Online published: 2024-09-29
China has a long history and rich cultural heritage; however, the rampant criminal looting of ancient cultural sites and tombs (referred to as "cultural relics" in this study) poses a significant challenge to the construction of China's cultural confidence and security. Despite its importance, relatively little research has been conducted on this issue from the perspective of criminal geography. Therefore, this study focuses on China, utilizing such methods as text and spatial analyses and mathematical statistics based on relevant data from the "China Judgments Online" website to explore the spatial distribution and its evolution process, crime pattern characteristics, and the main influencing factors of the criminal looting of cultural relics. The research findings indicate that (1) the majority of looted cultural relics are ancient tombs from the Qin and Han dynasties or earlier periods. Crimes have been committed predominantly by middle-aged or older adult men with low levels of education who are typically engaged in farming or are unemployed. (2) Regarding spatial distribution, crime is mainly concentrated in the central and eastern regions, with three high-incidence provinces (Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi) and three sub-high-incidence provinces (Zhejiang, Shandong, and Anhui). The hotspots are mainly concentrated at the junction of Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces, with seven hotspot cities, such as Luoyang and Yuncheng, and 16 sub-hotspot cities, such as Anyang, Hebi, and Xinxiang. Although slight changes and shifts have been observed over time in the high-incidence areas, their overall locations have remained relatively stable. At the micro level, these crimes frequently occur in farmlands, forests, and wastelands. Both criminal activities and protected heritage sites tend to cluster around the middle-lower reaches of the Yellow and Yangtze River regions; that is, regions with rich cultural relics are more susceptible to cultural relic theft. (3) The spatial mode of criminal travel is mainly "intra-city theft and excavation," and the destinations of "cross-city theft and excavation" are concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow and the Yangtze Rivers, mainly in medium and short distances. Most crimes are committed by gangs of 4–9 people (accounting for 80.82% of cases). Crimes are divided into two categories: professional and occasional theft and excavation. The criminal process can be divided into four stages: teaming, planning, implementation, and escape. (4) The distribution of cultural relics and prevention policies are important factors that influence the criminal looting of cultural relics, and the interaction between them is obvious. This study explores the spatial distribution, crime patterns, and influencing factors of such crimes in China and expands the research field of criminal geography to a certain extent. It also provides a scientific reference for historic site protection policymakers.
Li Lan , Gang Li , Bingcheng Li , Jia Li , Xiaoting Wen , Yatong Wang , Yingying Wang , Qiangle Yan . Spatial Distribution, Crime Patterns, and Factors Influencing Criminal Looting of Cultural Relics in China[J]. Tropical Geography, 2024 : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240074
表1 2001—2021年中国盗掘文物犯罪全局Moran's I统计量Table 1 Global Moran's I statistics of criminal looting of cultural relics in China, 2001-2021 |
时段 | Moran's I | Z统计量 | P值 |
---|---|---|---|
2001—2008年 | 0.202 | 6.957*** | 0.000 |
2009—2014年 | 0.290 | 10.375*** | 0.000 |
2015—2021年 | 0.243 | 8.750*** | 0.000 |
|
表2 盗掘文物犯罪微观地点分布Table 2 Micro-location distribution of criminal looting of cultural relics |
分类 | 微观地点 | 比例/% | |
---|---|---|---|
文物 保护区 | 古遗址/墓葬本体所在地 | 墓冢、神道、岩洞、佛塔、佛像、古塔、石雕、碑刻、窑址、石窟等 | 11.18 |
保护区及建设控制地带 | 耕地(玉米地、麦地、核桃园、竹林、桃林、杏树林、樱桃园、苹果园、葡萄园、药材地、蔬菜大棚等) | 9.28 | |
民宅、商铺、公司(院内/外、卧室、厨房、客厅等处地基) | 1.89 | ||
其他(林地、荒地、施工地、草原、考古现场、池塘、河滩、煤矿、水库附近等) | 9.57 | ||
不可移动 文物点 | 古遗址、古宅、古墓、寺庙、佛塔、古门楼、碑刻等暂未定级文物所在区域 | 4.17 | |
非文物 保护区 | 文物遗存可能性大的场所 | 墓地(家族祖坟、祠堂墓地、坟山、出露的古墓等) | 8.32 |
文保单位/遗址/寺庙附近、景区内 | 1.84 | ||
涉及地层出露的场所 | 厂矿(采沙场/预制场/机械厂/煤矿/碎石场/砖厂/电厂等)、施工地(国道/地铁/公园/住宅/ 厂房/人工湖/苗圃/室内水公园/池塘/伐木场等工程地基) | 2.54 | |
沟壁/窑洞/河坝/水库/鱼塘/水塘/灌溉井附近 | 1.34 | ||
耕地(麦地、枣园、玉米地、苹果园等) | 22.58 | ||
山野林地、荒地 | 24.02 | ||
其他 | 民宅、商铺、养殖场、草场、村停车场、学校院内等 | 3.27 |
表3 盗掘文物犯罪空间分异的潜在影响因素Table 3 Potential influencing factors of spatial differentiation of criminal looting of cultural relics |
潜在因子(自变量) | 处理手段 |
---|---|
农村居民收入/元(X 1) | 以行政区内农村居民人均可支配收入衡量 |
城镇居民失业率/%(X 2) | 以行政区内城镇登记失业率衡量 |
居民受教育情况/%(X 3) | 以行政区内初中及以下受教育人数占比衡量 |
人口密度/(人·km-2)(X 4) | 以行政区内人口数与区域总面积比值衡量 |
文物分布/处(X 5) | 以行政区内全国重点文物保护单位数量衡量 |
打防政策/条(X 6) | 以行政区人民政府及文化和旅游厅网站公布的文物犯罪、文物安全、文物保护类规章制度、工作部署等内容的通知数量衡量 |
表4 盗掘文物犯罪影响因子探测结果Table 4 Impact factor detection results of criminal looting of cultural relics |
年份 | X 1 | X 2 | X 3 | X 4 | X 5 | X 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 0.132 | 0.182 | 0.070 | 0.164 | 0.864*** | 0.569*** |
2011 | 0.167 | 0.150 | 0.128 | 0.232 | 0.853*** | 0.570** |
2012 | 0.230 | 0.203 | 0.172 | 0.277 | 0.859*** | 0.557** |
2013 | 0.071 | 0.324 | 0.112 | 0.293 | 0.759*** | 0.475** |
2014 | 0.067 | 0.186 | 0.111 | 0.244 | 0.733*** | 0.734*** |
2015 | 0.069 | 0.099 | 0.157 | 0.231 | 0.875*** | 0.613*** |
2016 | 0.042 | 0.238 | 0.088 | 0.262 | 0.806*** | 0.488*** |
2017 | 0.057 | 0.179 | 0.153 | 0.292 | 0.803*** | 0.429*** |
2018 | 0.073 | 0.212 | 0.186 | 0.293 | 0.710*** | 0.456*** |
2019 | 0.086 | 0.143 | 0.159 | 0.193 | 0.628*** | 0.470*** |
平均q值 | 0.096 | 0.183 | 0.132 | 0.248 | 0.780 | 0.536 |
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表5 盗掘文物犯罪影响因子交互探测结果Table 5 Interactive detection results of the influence factors of criminal looting of cultural relics |
探测因子 | X 1 | X 2 | X 3 | X 4 | X 5 | X 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X 1 | 0.067 | |||||
X 2 | 0.298 | 0.186 | ||||
X 3 | 0.435 | 0.249 | 0.111 | |||
X 4 | 0.667 | 0.399 | 0.619 | 0.244 | ||
X 5 | 0.965 | 0.791 | 0.814 | 0.781 | 0.733 | |
X 6 | 0.939 | 0.772 | 0.811 | 0.846 | 0.948 | 0.734 |
1 https://wenshu.court.gov.cn/website/wenshu/181029CR4M5A62CH/index.html
2 https://www.gov.cn/
3 https://data.cnki.net/
兰 利:数据准备与处理,插图制作,论文撰写、修改及完善;
李 钢:论文总体设计与指导;
李秉承、温小婷、王亚彤、闫强乐:数据准备与处理;
李佳、王莺莺:文章修改及完善。
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