The Rise and Fall of Plantations in Southeast Asia during the 19th-20th Century and Their Operation Patterns
Received date: 2024-03-21
Revised date: 2024-07-28
Online published: 2025-03-06
In the early 16th century, Portugal was the first country to colonize Southeast Asia. In the 19th century, colonizers introduced a system of forced cultivation in the archipelagic countries of Southeast Asia, establishing plantations to grow specific crops for the needs of the host countries and the international market, with the intention of turning Southeast Asia into a raw material source and market for product dumping. The huge profits from the plantations were channeled back to the host countries, reinforcing the colonial system. With the deepening of colonization, plantations expanded from archipelagic to peninsular countries, and the sovereign state not only controlled the lifeblood of the colonial agricultural economy but also had a sustained and far-reaching impact on the formation and development of the local agricultural pattern. Post-World War II, Southeast Asia formed a pattern of agricultural types in which gatherers, fishers, hunters, nomadic farmers, small farmers, plantations and farms, settlement farmers, and agricultural cooperatives (groups) coexisted. Compared with the other types, plantations created by external forces developed extremely quickly, with high production levels and economic value, but had a relatively short history. In the 1930s, the global colonial system collapsed, plantations lost the support of the colonial regime and declined, and Southeast Asian agriculture was transformed into a smallholder economy. Plantations were an indelible part of Southeast Asia's colonial history. In the post-colonial period, scholarly attention continued to focus on the long-term effects of colonialism on formerly colonized countries. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and reflect on the historical legacy as well as the potential risks in contemporary international cooperation. To promote the construction of China's overseas agricultural cooperation zones in the post-colonial period, this study begins with a human geography perspective, takes the critical theory of capital as a guide, establishes the theoretical framework of the spatial contestation of colonialism, first-combs through the phases of the rise and fall of Southeast Asia's plantations against the background of colonialism, and finally analyzes in detail the mode of construction of plantations. It was found that 1) with the deepening and expansion of colonial activities, the focus of the colonizers' spatial competition in Southeast Asia shifted from a single material resource to a broader and more complex material and non-material resource, and the establishment of plantations was an effective means for colonizers to maintain their dominant position; 2) the construction of plantations was filled with the colonial regime's competition for colonial land, labor, and resources of the international market, and each kind of resource competition formed the corresponding power spatial relations. 3) The plantation promoted the colonizer's penetration into the local society, and its shaping effect on Southeast Asian countries made the operation of the colonial society fully serve the capital accumulation of the colonial regime and consolidate the colonizer's dominant position.
Xi Chen , Cansong Li , Yu Huang . The Rise and Fall of Plantations in Southeast Asia during the 19th-20th Century and Their Operation Patterns[J]. Tropical Geography, 2025 , 45(3) : 477 -488 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240164
表1 西方殖民政权的蔓延及各权力主体的空间选择Table 1 Western colonial subjects of power and their spatial choices |
时间 | 权力主体 | 主要目的 | 空间选择 | 具体案例 |
---|---|---|---|---|
16世纪初 | 西方商业资产阶级 | 国土空间扩张;掠夺物质 资源与财富 | 群岛国家 | 葡萄牙选取政治主体之间存在斗争的马六甲王国进行殖民;西班牙攻占国土分布零散的菲律宾 |
18世纪末 | 西方工业资产阶级 | 拓殖;开辟原材料生产地 | 半岛国家 | 英法争相抢占中南半岛国家 |
19世纪起 | 西方工业资产阶级 | 深化殖民程度 | 群岛国家、半岛国家 | 荷兰、西班牙分别在印度尼西亚、菲律宾建立种植园 |
表2 种植园兴盛阶段的空间与作物结构特征Table 2 Spatial and crop structure characteristics in thriving stage of plantations in Southeast Asia |
时间 | 阶段划分 | 空间特征 | 宗主国市场需求 | 园内主要农产品 | 典型案例 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
19世纪初 | 建立初期 | 集中于群岛国家 | 经济作物 | 咖啡、蓝靛、蔗糖 | 荷属东印度公司爪哇种植园 |
19世纪中叶 | 一次扩张 | 向中南半岛国家扩张 | 经济作物 | 咖啡、糖、茶、橡胶 | 菲律宾糖、茶、橡胶种植园 |
20世纪初 | 二次扩张 | 遍布群岛及半岛国家 | 工业原料 | 橡胶 | 马来半岛、爪哇、苏门答腊、 越南南部、柬埔寨橡胶种植园 |
20世纪中叶 | 三次扩张 | 遍布东南亚 | 工业原料 | 橡胶、油棕 | 马来西亚、印度尼西亚油棕种植园 |
表3 殖民时期东南亚典型种植园的分布格局Table 3 Distribution pattern of plantations in Southeast Asia during colonial period |
宗主国 | 种植园所在地 | 园内主要作物 |
---|---|---|
英国 | 马来亚 | 胡椒、甘蔗、肉豆蔻、丁香、咖啡、烟草 |
荷兰 | 印尼 | 橡胶、椰子、油棕、可可、咖啡 |
西班牙 | 菲律宾 | 蔗糖、烟草、咖啡、烟叶 |
法国 | 老挝 | 咖啡、橡胶、罂粟 |
越南 | 橡胶、胡椒、咖啡 | |
柬埔寨 | 橡胶、胡椒 |
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