Classification and Influencing Factors of County Units with Population Shrinkage in Guangdong Province
Received date: 2024-08-30
Revised date: 2024-11-25
Online published: 2025-05-23
Against the background of rapid urbanization, China's districts and counties are characterized by unbalanced, inadequate, and asynchronous development, accompanied by different degrees of population loss. It is of theoretical and practical significance to explore the spatial distribution, evolution, and influencing factors of population shrinkage in county and district units in order to adapt to population shrinkage and formulate locally adapted development plans. Taking Guangdong Province as an example, this study analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of population shrinkage during 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 based on resident population data at the district and county scales from 2000 to 2020. The study also constructed a socioeconomic-natural-demographic indicator system, explored the factors influencing its formation and evolution from the perspective of non-linear influence with the help of a multi-classification logit regression model and a random forest model, and put forward relevant suggestions. This study has the following results: (1) In the spatial dimension, the population shrinkage areas in Guangdong Province are primarily distributed in the periphery of the Pearl River Delta, with a spatial core-periphery imbalance, as well as differences between counties (including counties and county-level cities) and municipal districts. Among these, counties and county-level cities are the main areas of population shrinkage, characterized by a wide range of shrinkage, a more profound degree, and a more extended period; (2) In the temporal dimension, in the two stages of 2000–2010 and 2010–2020, Guangdong Province has seen an increase in the intensity of population shrinkage, with a trend towards slower, more sustained, wider, and more widespread population shrinkage and a deepening of the shrinkage in the areas adjacent to the nine cities in the Pearl River Delta. The degree of population shrinkage deepened in the eastern part of the northern mountainous region of Guangdong, mainly Meizhou. In contrast, the northern mountainous region of Guangdong, mainly Shaoguan, has gradually recovered from shrinkage; and (3) In the context of globalization, regionalization, and aging, the formation of population shrinkage areas in Guangdong Province is affected by the interaction of multiple factors in the four dimensions of demographic structure, production, life, and nature, with complex mechanisms and different impacts on different types of population shrinkage. Persistent population shrinkage is mainly affected by the demographic structure, especially the increasing aging problem, which leads to a long-term stable population decline. At the same time, economic and social factors also impact the continuous population shrinkage. Additionally, the policy regulation of ecological reserves, which has a direct impact on population distribution and mobility, cannot be ignored. However, in addition to the endogenous factors of the population, intermittent shrinkage is also affected by social and economic aspects such as industrial adjustment and fiscal expenditure, which may lead to fluctuations in economic activities in the short term and thus affect the population distribution.
Tingting Chen , Likun Wu . Classification and Influencing Factors of County Units with Population Shrinkage in Guangdong Province[J]. Tropical Geography, 2025 , 45(5) : 820 -833 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240574
表1 人口-经济-社会-自然四级指标体系Table 1 Four level index system of economy, society, nature and population |
维度 | 指标 | 解释 | 数值属性 |
---|---|---|---|
人口 结构 | 出生率 | 平均每千人中出生人数的比率 | 变化值 |
老年人口占比 | 65岁及以上人口占比/% | ||
性别比 | 每100位女性所对应的男性数目/人 | ||
经济 产业 | 产业结构 | 第三产业产值增量占比/% | 变化值 |
经济发展 | 人均GDP/万元 | ||
社会 生活 | 收入水平 | 城乡居民人均储蓄存款余额/元 | 变化值 |
公共投入 | 地方财政一般预算支出/万元 | ||
公共服务 | 教育-中小学在校学生数/人(W:16.00%) | ||
医疗-医院、卫生院床位数/床(W:61.06%) | |||
社会福利院床位数/床(W:22.94%) | |||
自然 生态 | 地理区位 | 各县距离所在市政府车行路程/km | 初始值 |
地形条件 | 地形起伏度 | ||
生态条件 | 生态保护区(虚拟变量:1) | ||
生态用地占比/% |
|
图1 广东省人口收缩与增长地区分布 Fig.1 Distribution of population evolution in Guangdong Province |
图2 广东省收缩区县人口逐年演变热力Fig.2 Population evolution of shrinking counties in Guangdong Province |
表 2 各类行政单元数量统计Table 2 Statistics on the number of various administrative units |
类型 | 数量/个 | 收缩数量/个 | 占比/% |
---|---|---|---|
总计 | 122 | 65 | 53.27 |
县级市 | 20 | 15 | 75.00 |
市辖区 | 65 | 19 | 29.23 |
县(自治县) | 37 | 31 | 83.78 |
表3 2000—2020年广东省分阶段收缩类型Table 3 Statistics of the shrinkage types of Guangdong Province in 2000-2010 and 2010-2020 |
类型 | 时间段 | 市辖区 | 县级市 | 县域 |
---|---|---|---|---|
持续 强收缩 | 2000—2010 | 坡头区 | 乐昌市、连州市、 南雄市、台山市 | 始兴县、仁化县、南澳县、广宁县、阳山县、连山县、乳源县、翁源县 |
2010—2020 | 越秀区、清新区 | 兴宁市 | 大埔县、五华县、平远县、蕉岭县、揭西县、陆河县 | |
持续 弱收缩 | 2000—2010 | 武江区、金平区、梅县区 | — | 蕉岭县、平远县 |
2010—2020 | 浈江区、曲江区、盐田区、金平区、潮南区、高要区、城区、潮安区、 榕城区、云安区 | 乐昌市、台山市、恩平市、廉江市、雷州市、吴川市、英德市、普宁市、陆丰市 | 始兴县、仁化县、翁源县、新丰县、遂溪县、徐闻县、广宁县、怀集县、封开县、德庆县、阳西县、饶平县、郁南县、紫金县 | |
间断 强收缩 | 2000—2010 | 电白区、濠江区、江海区、云安区 | 高州市、信宜市、雷州市 | 连南县、怀集县、龙门县、饶平县、郁南县 |
2010—2020 | — | — | 龙川县、和平县 | |
间断 弱收缩 | 2000—2010 | 盐田区 | 恩平市、吴川市、陆丰市 | 新丰县、遂溪县、封开县、大埔县、新兴县 |
2010—2020 | 湘桥区 | 罗定市 | 丰顺县、惠来县 | |
无收缩 | 2000—2010 | 越秀区、浈江区、曲江区、潮南区、高要区、城区、清新区、湘桥区、 潮安区、榕城区 | 廉江市、兴宁市、英德市、普宁市、罗定市 | 徐闻县、德庆县、丰顺县、五华县、陆河县、紫金县、龙川县、和平县、阳西县、揭西县、惠来县 |
2010—2020 | 武江区、濠江区、江海区、坡头区、电白区、梅县区 | 南雄市、高州市、信宜市、连州市 | 乳源县、南澳县、龙门县、阳山县、连山县、连南县、新兴县 |
表4 多分类Logistic 回归分析结果Table 4 Results of multinomial Logistic Regression analysis |
维度 | 变量 | 持续 强收缩 | 持续 弱收缩 | 间断 强收缩 | 间断 弱收缩 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
人口 结构 | 出生率 | -0.443 | 3.164 | 0.02 | -1.254* |
老年人口占比 | 11.438*** | 6.931** | 4.654* | 4.274* | |
性别比 | 0.008 | -1.682 | 1.11 | 1.121 | |
经济 产业 | 第三产业产值 增量占比 | 0.156 | -1.769** | 3.784** | 0.921 |
人均GDP | 1.823 | 2.913 | 0.888 | 1.509 | |
社会 生活 | 地方财政一般 预算支出 | -0.681 | 0.284 | 1.179* | 0.668 |
城乡居民人均 储蓄存款余额 | -1.235* | -0.578* | -0.082 | 0.121 | |
公共服务水平 | -4.655** | -3.275* | -0.881 | -2.194* | |
自然 生态 | 地理区位 | -1.269* | -0.855 | -2.785** | -0.03 |
地形起伏度 | -0.48 | 0.383 | -0.658 | 1.625* | |
生态用地占比 | 0.556 | -1.774 | 1.447 | -3.418 | |
是否生态保护区 (虚拟变量) | 4.241** | 3.758** | 27.176 | 0.853 | |
时间 | 1.448 | 3.638 | -0.137 | -1.641 | |
截距 | -3.489 | -2.923 | -21.583 | 4.07 | |
似然比检验 | χ 2(52)=134.325,P=0.000 | ||||
McFadden R 2 | 0.495 | ||||
Cox & Snell R 2 | 0.779 | ||||
Nagelkerke R 2 | 0.818 |
|
表5 分类型影响因子重要性排序Table 5 Order of importance of impact factors by type |
维度 | 变量 | 持续强收缩 | 持续弱收缩 | 间断强收缩 | 间断弱收缩 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDA | 排序 | MDA | 排序 | MDA | 排序 | MDA | 排序 | |||||
人口结构 | 出生率 | 1.87 | 4 | 2.57 | 3 | -1.77 | 3 | 0.06 | 12 | |||
老年人口占比 | 10.60 | 1 | 7.90 | 1 | 0.87 | 10 | 0.43 | 9 | ||||
性别比 | 0.32 | 12 | 0.54 | 10 | -0.59 | 11 | -0.48 | 7 | ||||
经济产业 | 第三产业产值增量占比 | -1.80 | 5 | -1.24 | 6 | -1.05 | 7 | -2.16 | 2 | |||
人均GDP | 1.93 | 3 | 2.07 | 5 | 0.08 | 12 | -2.07 | 3 | ||||
社会生活 | 地方财政一般预算支出 | 0.74 | 8 | -2.31 | 4 | -1.13 | 6 | 1.52 | 4 | |||
城乡居民人均储蓄存款余额 | 1.36 | 7 | 5.12 | 2 | 1.04 | 8 | -0.46 | 8 | ||||
公共服务水平 | 2.67 | 2 | 0.86 | 8 | -1.54 | 4 | -0.32 | 10 | ||||
自然生态 | 地理区位 | 0.53 | 10 | 0.37 | 11 | -2.58 | 1 | -1.47 | 5 | |||
地形起伏度 | -1.45 | 6 | -0.77 | 9 | -1.89 | 2 | 2.49 | 1 | ||||
生态用地占比 | -0.40 | 11 | -1.02 | 7 | -0.92 | 9 | 0.93 | 6 | ||||
是否生态保护区 | 0.63 | 9 | -0.22 | 12 | -1.36 | 5 | -0.30 | 11 |
1 https://gdzd.stats.gov.cn/dcsj/gdsnjsj/201902/t20190201_154503.html
2 https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/pcsj/
3 https://lbs.amap.com/
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