Spatial Differentiation Characteristics of Tomb Robbery and Vulnerability Zone Identification: A Multi-Source Data Analysis Based on City B
Received date: 2024-11-26
Revised date: 2025-03-15
Online published: 2025-10-31
Tomb robbery poses a severe threat to cultural heritage preservation, necessitating precise prevention strategies adaptable to grassroots grid-based governance. This study examines the spatial differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of tomb robbery in City B. Using 150 crime records (2011–2019) from the China Heritage Crime Information Center, it aims to identify vulnerable localities for targeted control. The "township" served as the basic analytical unit, aligning with grassroots local administrative and policing units in China. At this scale, we integrated multi-source data including demographic/economic statistics, points of interest, and transportation networks. Methodologically, spatial patterns were first identified using kernel density estimation (KDE) and Standard Deviational Ellipse (SDE) analysis. Subsequently, to build a vulnerability assessment model, we tested several machine learning classifiers (Random Forest, XGBoost, CatBoost) predicting crime occurrence (binary: 0=no crime, 1=crime occurred) based on theoretically derived environmental, guardianship, and population indicators. XGBoost demonstrated superior performance (Accuracy ≈ 75.83%, AUC ≈ 80.02%) and informed the selection of eight key factors. Critically, we improved the traditional Vulnerable Localities Index (VLI) method by employing Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis on the trained XGBoost model to objectively derive data-driven weights (contributions) for these factors, replacing subjective expert scoring. The results highlight distinct spatial patterns and dynamics: (1) Tomb robbery crimes display a "broad coverage, local concentration" pattern. While 41.8% of the 122 townships recorded incidents, high-frequency townships (≥2 incidents) constituted nearly 20%, concentrated in relic-rich central/eastern regions. SDE analysis confirmed a strong spatial association between the overall crime distribution and the concentration of both national and provincial Key Protected Heritage Sites (KPSs), particularly aligning with provincial KPSs. (2) A multi-scale target selection strategy emerged: Macro-level KDE hotspots are spatially adjacent to dense clusters of KPSs. However, micro-level SHAP interpretation reveals criminals tend to bypass the well-protected core areas of these KPSs, shifting instead towards selecting more vulnerable, less-monitored targets situated in surrounding fields, reflecting rational risk-reward assessment. (3) SHAP quantified key factor impacts, identifying significant inhibitors and facilitators of crime: low population density, geographical remoteness (evidenced by negative contributions from total road length and railway presence), and low economic activity (negative from per capita industrial output) are associated with higher vulnerability, aligning with reduced guardianship. Water bodies significantly inhibit crime, likely by restricting accessibility. Conversely, farmland/forest influence was indistinct. Notably, the geographical distribution of public security authorities and cultural heritage administrations showed negligible impact on location selection at the township scale. Building upon these SHAP-derived weights, the study generated a township-level graded Prevention and Control Vulnerability Map, classified into five distinct levels using the Jenks natural breaks method. This map provides actionable intelligence directly serving grid-based governance. It offers scientific support for implementing tiered responses and dynamic adjustments based on vulnerability levels, facilitating differentiated resource allocation: prioritizing enhanced monitoring in high-vulnerability zones while maintaining standard protocols elsewhere. This data-driven framework aims to enhance the overall efficiency of regional cultural heritage protection, extending crime geography applications to rural heritage crime and offering empirical insights for optimizing policing and heritage management strategies.
Yiming Zhai , Ning Ding , Yang Liu . Spatial Differentiation Characteristics of Tomb Robbery and Vulnerability Zone Identification: A Multi-Source Data Analysis Based on City B[J]. Tropical Geography, 2025 : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240769
表 1 盗掘古墓葬犯罪的影响指标体系Table 1 Influencing factors of tomb robbery crimes |
| 维度 | 层面 | 指标 |
|---|---|---|
| 环境 | 土地覆盖类型 | 农田面积、森林面积、水域面积 |
| 文保单位 | 文保单位数量 | |
| 交通 | 区域内公路总长、是否有铁路经过 | |
| 经济 | 人均工业产值 | |
| 防范措施 | 公安机关 | 公安机关数量 |
| 文物局 | 文物局数量 | |
| 人员 | 人口 | 人口密度 |
表 2 三组机器学习模型的分类预测结果 (%)Table 2 Classification prediction results of four machine learning models |
| 模型列表 | 准确率 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1得分 | AUC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Random Forest | 72.50 | 70.15 | 67.50 | 67.78 | 76.74 |
| XGBoost | 75.83 | 73.38 | 74.33 | 72.71 | 80.02 |
| CatBoost | 74.17 | 68.52 | 76.33 | 71.53 | 78.58 |
1 https://lbs.amap.com/
2 http://www.ncha.gov.cn/col/col2262/index.html
|
Brantingham P L and Brantingham P J. 1995. Criminality of Place: Crime Generators and Crime Attractors. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 13(3): 5-26.
|
|
Chainey S. 2008. Identifying Priority Neighbourhoods Using the Vulnerable Localities Index. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 2(2): 196-209.
|
|
Chainey S. 2013. Using the Vulnerable Localities Index to Identify Priority Areas for Targeting Fire Safety Services. Fire Safety Journal, 62: 30-36.
|
|
Chainey S and Ratcliffe J. 2005. GIS and Crime Mapping. Chichester: Wiley.
|
|
Charney N. 2016. Art Crime: Terrorists, Tomb Raiders, Forgers and Thieves. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
|
|
陈鹏,李欣,胡啸峰,曾昭龙,赵鹏凯. 2015a. 北京市长安街沿线的扒窃案件高发区分析及防控对策. 地理科学进展,34(10):1250-1258.
Chen Peng, Li Xin, Hu Xiaofeng, Zeng Zhaolong, and Zhao Pengkai. 2015a. Clustering Pattern Analysis and Prevention Strategies to Pickpocketing Offence Along the Chang'an Street in Beijing. Progress in Geography, 34(10): 1250-1258.
|
|
陈鹏,胡啸峰,张超. 2015b. 社区入室盗窃案件的风险评价模型研究. 中国人民公安大学学报(自然科学版),21(2):76-80.
Chen Peng, Hu Xiaofeng, and Zhang Chao. 2015b. Research on the Risk Assessment Model for Community Burglary Cases. Journal of People's Public Security University of China(Natural Science Edition), 21(2): 76-80.
|
|
陈鹏,Kurland Justin. 2022. 职业足球比赛期间球场周边扒窃犯罪的空间分布特征研究——以英国维拉球场为例. 世界地理研究,31(1):189-200.
Chen Peng and Kurland Justin. 2022. Analysis on Spatial Distribution of Pick-Pocketing Theft around Stadia During Football Match Days—A British Stadium Case Study. World Regional Studies, 31(1): 189-200.
|
|
Clare J, Fernandez J, and Morgan F. 2009. Formal Evaluation of the Impact of Barriers and Connectors on Residential Burglars' Macro-Level Offending Location Choices. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 42(2): 139-158.
|
|
Cohen L E and Felson M. 1979. Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4): 588-608.
|
|
Cornish D B and Clarke R V. 1987. Understanding Crime Displacement: An Application of Rational Choice Theory. Criminology, 25(4): 933-948.
|
|
Ding N and Zhai Y. 2021. Crime Prevention of Bus Pickpocketing in Beijing, China: Does Air Quality Affect Crime? Security Journal, 34(2): 262-277.
|
|
Ding N, Zhai Y, and Lv H. 2023. Crime Risk Analysis of Tangible Cultural Heritage in China from a Spatial Perspective. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 12(5): 201.
|
|
Drawve G, Thomas S A, and Walker J T. 2014. The Likelihood of Arrest: A Routine Activity Theory Approach. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(3): 450-470.
|
|
Du Y and Law J. 2016. How Do Vegetation Density and Transportation Network Density Affect Crime across an Urban Central-Peripheral Gradient? A Case Study in Kitchener—Waterloo, Ontario. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 5(7): 118.
|
|
Felson M. 2006. Crime and Nature. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.
|
|
Felson M and Boba R. 2010. Crime and Everyday Life. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.
|
|
付逸飞. 2021. 入户盗窃犯罪的时空分布热点及其机理研究——以A市CP区警情分析为例. 世界地理研究,30(5):1005-1014.
Fu Yifei. 2021. Study on the Temporal-Spatial Distribution Hot-Spots and Mechanisms in Burglary: Based on the Analysis of Policing Alert in City A District CP. World Regional Studies, 30(5): 1005-1014.
|
|
公安部. 2024. 全国公安机关打击文物犯罪战果丰硕成效显著. (2024-01-30)[2024-09-12]. https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202401/content_6929069.htm.
The Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China. 2024. National Public Security Organs Achieve Significant Results in Combating Cultural Relics Crimes. (2024-01-30) [2024-09-12]. https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202401/content_6929069.htm.
|
|
Gorr W, Olligschlaeger A, and Thompson Y. 2003. Short-Term Forecasting of Crime. International Journal of Forecasting, 19(4): 579-594.
|
|
Grove L, Thomas S, and Daubney A. 2018. Fool's Gold? A Critical Assessment of Sources of Data on Heritage Crime. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 29(1): 10-21.
|
|
国家统计局农村社会经济调查司. 2017. 中国县域统计年鉴2016(乡镇卷). 北京:中国统计出版社.
Department of Rural Social and Economic Investigation, National Bureau of Statistics. 2017. China County Statistical Yearbook 2016(Township Volume). Beijing: China Statistics Press.
|
|
国家文物局文物保护与考古司. 2021. 国家文物局关于印发《全国重点文物保护单位申报遴选规定》的通知. (2021-07-28)[2025-10-15]. http://www.ncha.gov.cn/art/2021/7/28/art_2237_44767.html.
Department of Heritage Preservation and Archaeology, National Cultural Heritage Administration. 2021. Notice of the National Cultural Heritage Administration on Issuing the "Provisions for the Application and Selection of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units". (2021-07-28) [2025-10-15]. http://www.ncha.gov.cn/art/2021/7/28/art_2237_44767.html.
|
|
姜超,唐焕丽,柳林. 2014. 中国犯罪地理研究述评. 地理科学进展,33(4):561-573.
Jiang Chao, Tang Huanli, and Liu Lin. 2014. Review of Crime Geography in China. Progress in Geography, 33(4): 561-573.
|
|
兰利,李钢,李秉承,李佳,温小婷,王亚彤,王莺莺,闫强乐. 2024a. 中国盗掘文物犯罪的空间格局、作案模式及影响因素. 热带地理,44(10):1854-1868.
Lan Li, Li Gang, Li Bingcheng, Li Jia, Wen Xiaoting, Wang Yatong, Wang Yingying, and Yan Qiangle. 2024a. Spatial Distribution, Crime Patterns, and Factors Influencing Criminal Looting of Cultural Relics in China. Tropical Geography, 44(10): 1854-1868.
|
|
兰利,李钢,李秉承,温小婷,王紫琦,王亚彤. 2024b. 河南省盗掘文物犯罪的案件特征、空间格局与形成机制. 地理科学进展,43(11):2312-2326.
Lan Li, Li Gang, Li Bingcheng, Wen Xiaoting, Wang Ziqi, and Wang Yatong. 2024b. Case Characteristics, Spatial Pattern, and Formation Mechanism of Criminal Looting of Cultural Relics in Henan Province. Progress in Geography, 43(11): 2312-2326.
|
|
李晓东. 2005. 文物学. 北京:学苑出版社. [Li Xiaodong. 2005. Archaeology. Beijing: Xueyuan Press. ]
|
|
刘大千,宋伟,修春亮. 2014. 长春市“两抢两盗”犯罪的空间分析. 地理科学,34(11):1344-1352.
Liu Daqian, Song Wei, and Xiu Chunliang. 2014. Spatial Analysis on Robbery, Forcible Seizure, Vehicle Theft and Burglary in Changchun. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 34(11): 1344-1352.
|
|
刘媛,熊柴,蔡继明. 2025. 农民工进城落户的意愿为什么不高?——基于可解释机器学习方法的分析. 中国农村经济,(4):20-41. DOI: 10.20077/j.cnki.11-1262/f.2025.04.007.
Liu Yuan, Xiong Chai, and Cai Jiming, 2025. Why are Rural Migrant Workers Not Willing to Transfer Hukou to Cities? An Analysis Based on Interpretable Machine Learning Methods. Chinese Rural Economy, (4): 20-41. DOI: 10.20077/j.cnki.11-1262/f.2025.04.007
|
|
Long D and Liu L. 2022. Do Juvenile, Young Adult, and Adult Offenders Target Different Places in the Chinese Context? Cities, 130: 103943.
|
|
龙冬平,刘丹红,陈建国. 2022. ZG市街头抢劫者作案地选择及其影响因素研究. 地理研究,41(5):1422-1436.
Long Dongping, Liu Danhong, and Chen Jianguo. 2022. An Examination of Crime Location Choice of Street Robbers and Its Influencing Factors in ZG City. Geographical Research, 41(5): 1422-1436.
|
|
秦岭. 2015. 长江下游地区的史前聚落演变与早期文明//北京大学中国考古学研究中心. 聚落演变与早期文明. 北京:文物出版社.
Qin Ling. 2015. Prehistoric Settlement Evolution and Early Civilization in the Lower Yangtze River Region. In: Center for Chinese Archaeology, Peking University. Settlement Evolution and Early Civilization. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
|
|
Roth A E. 1988. The Shapley Value: Essays in Honor of Lloyd S. Shapley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
|
|
Santos R B. 2017. Crime Analysis with Crime Mapping: Fourth Edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Inc.
|
|
Scott M. 2017. The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. London: Routledge.
|
|
Snook B, Cullen R M, Mokros A, and Harbort S. 2005. Serial Murderers' Spatial Decisions: Factors That Influence Crime Location Choice. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2(3): 147-164.
|
|
王政勋. 2022. 论盗掘古文化遗址、古墓葬罪的实行行为. 中国政法大学学报,(2):250-263.
Wang Zhengxun. 2022. On the Perpetration of Crimes of Tomb Looting and Desecration of Ancient Cultural Sites. Journal of China University of Political Science and Law, (2): 250-263.
|
|
魏桐轩,李红卫. 2024. 审理盗掘古文化遗址、古墓葬犯罪案件需注意的几个问题. 人民司法,(1):113.
Wei Tongxuan and Li Hongwei. 2024. Issues for Attention in the Trial of Criminal Cases of Piracy and Excavation of Ancient Cultural Sites and Ancient Tombs. People's Justice, (1): 113.
|
|
肖露子,柳林,宋广文,周素红,龙冬平,冯嘉欣. 2017. 基于理性选择理论的社区环境对入室盗窃的影响研究. 地理研究,36(12):2479-2491.
Xiao Luzi, Liu Lin, Song Guangwen, Zhou Suhong, Long Dongping, and Feng Jiaxin. 2017. Impacts of Community Environment on Residential Burglary Based on Rational Choice Theory. Geographical Research, 36(12): 2479-2491.
|
|
新华社. 2013. 中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定. (2013-11-15)[2025-10-15]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2013-11/15/content_5407874.htm.
Xinhua News Agency. 2013. Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform. (2013-11-15) [2025-10-15]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2013-11/15/content_5407874.htm.
|
|
新华社. 2022. 在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会上的报告. (2022-10-25)[2025-10-15]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-10/25/content_5721685.htm.
Xinhua News Agency. 2022. Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. (2022-10-25) [2025-10-15]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-10/25/content_5721685.htm.
|
|
徐冲,柳林,周素红,叶信岳,姜超. 2013. DP半岛街头抢劫犯罪案件热点时空模式. 地理学报,68(12):1714-1723.
Xu Chong, Liu Lin, Zhou Suhong, Ye Xinyue, and Jiang Chao. 2013. The Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Street Robbery in DP Peninsula. Acta Geographica Sinica, 68(12): 1714-1723.
|
|
徐为民. 2017. 陕西帝王陵墓志. 西安:三秦出版社.
Xu Weimin. 2017. Annals of Imperial Mausoleums in Shaanxi. Xi'an: Sanqin Press.
|
|
徐雨萌. 2019. 盗掘古文化遗址、古墓葬犯罪侦查机制研究. 北京:中国人民公安大学.
Xu Yumeng. 2019. Research on Criminal Investigation Mechanism of Illegally Excavating and Robbing Ancient Cultural Sites or Ancient Tombs. Beijing: People's Public Security University of China.
|
|
薛瑞麟. 2003. 论盗掘古文化遗址、古墓葬罪. 政法论坛,(3):96-104.
Xue Ruilin. 2003. On the Crime of Excavating Ancient Cultural Sites and Ancient Tombs. Political and Legal Forum, (3): 96-104.
|
|
Yang J and Huang X. 2024. The 30 m Annual Land Cover Datasets and Its Dynamics in China from 1985 to 2023. (2024-08-01) [2024-09-01]. https://zenodo.org/records/12779975.
|
|
Zhai Y, Lv H, and Ding N. 2023. Trend Analysis and Prediction of Heritage Crime in China Using Prophet Model. (2023-01-13) [2024-09-01]. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2656758
|
|
中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2017. 中国县域统计年鉴2016(乡镇卷). 北京:中国统计出版社.
National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2017. China County Statistical Yearbook 2016(Township Volume). Beijing: China Statistics Press.
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |