Enlightenment of Practice and Experience of Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED) in South Korea
Received date: 2024-12-07
Revised date: 2025-05-06
Online published: 2025-12-02
With rapid urbanization, urban safety has become a critical issue in city governance. Among the various approaches, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) has gained increasing attention owing to its effectiveness in reducing crime risk through physical environment interventions. This study systematically reviewed the development trajectory of CPTED practices in South Korea over the past four decades, dividing them into three distinct stages: initial conceptual introduction and early experimentation, formulation of guidelines and pilot implementation, and legislative revision and full-scale institutionalization. Each stage was analyzed in detail in terms of policy background, implementation strategies, and governance arrangements. Based on this review, this study constructed a framework illustrating the operational mechanism of CPTED in South Korea, highlighting the collaboration among national agencies (particularly the National Police Agency), local governments, academic institutions, and communities. The model emphasizes the importance of a standardized design process and case-based feedback to form a dynamic and iterative practice system. To demonstrate the practical application of this framework, this paper presents a detailed case study of the Yeomni-dong neighborhood in Seoul, one of the earliest CPTED pilot projects in South Korea. Through onsite assessments, risk mapping, participatory planning, and post-implementation evaluations, the project significantly improved community safety, reduced specific types of crime (such as robbery), and enhanced residents' sense of belonging and security. This case underscores the adaptability and effectiveness of CPTED principles in densely built East Asian urban contexts.The study also provides a concise overview of how CPTED-related principles have been applied in China across different administrative sectors, including the Ministry of Public Security's "Skynet Project," the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development's "Complete Residential Community Guidelines," and grassroots governance initiatives such as Zhejiang's "Neighborhood Watch" and Beijing's "Fengqiao Experience." Despite these efforts, challenges remain in China's current CPTED practices, including the lack of a unified standard system, fragmented departmental responsibilities, and insufficient integration of digital and physical safety strategies.Drawing on South Korea's institutional and practical experience, this study proposes four strategies for constructing a localized CPTED framework in China: (1) improving the legal and regulatory system by incorporating CPTED principles into national and local standards; (2) fostering cross-sector collaboration among planning, security, and governance bodies; (3) embedding CPTED assessments into urban health-check mechanisms to identify spatial safety risks; and (4) integrating CPTED principles into the entire process of urban renewal projects to promote sustainable and resilient urban environments. This study aims to provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for improving urban crime prevention strategies in China, contributing to the development of a more integrated, adaptive, and locally tailored CPTED system. It also offers valuable lessons for the convergence of spatial planning and public safety governance in rapidly urbanizing contexts.
Key words: crime prevention; CPTED; urban planning; urban regeneration; environmental design; South Korea
Yuanyuan Mao , Rui Lin , Kaixuan Chen , Ziting Zhou , Can Wang . Enlightenment of Practice and Experience of Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED) in South Korea[J]. Tropical Geography, 2025 , 45(11) : 2068 -2082 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20240808
表1 韩国CPTED相关法律修订概览Table 1 South Korea amends CPTED-related laws |
| 部门 | 名称 | 修订时间 | 相关内容 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 国土交通部 | 可持续新城规划标准 | 2010年 | 第六章通过预防灾害和犯罪的规划标准,提出了预防犯罪环境设计的标准。 |
| 城市公园及绿地等实施规则法律 | 2012年 | 第十条中规定,为预防城市公园中的犯罪,公园管理厅要根据相关标准对城市公园进行规划、建设和管理。 | |
| 促进城市再开发特别法 | 2013年 | 第三十条规定,各地区有关部门再决定和公布在开发促进计划时,应通知管辖区的警察局局长,并要求其实施加强巡逻、设立巡逻所以及其他居民安全必要的事项,以确保再开发促进区居民的安全。 | |
| 建筑法 | 2014年 | 第五十三条第二款(建筑物的犯罪预防)中规定,国土交通部长为预防犯罪,创造安全的生活环境,应制定有关建筑物、建筑设备和土地的犯罪预防标准并公告,规定部分类型建筑物必须按照犯罪预防标准建造。 | |
| 教育部 | 中小学教育法 | 2012年 | 第三十条中规定,学校校长必须制定和实施保护学生安全对策,在具体实施事项中,提出关于安装校园监控的事项。 |
| 国家安全部 | 灾害和安全管理基本法 | 2017年 | 第三章安全管理计划第二十二条规定,国家安全管理及本计划应包括生活安全、交通安全、产业安全、设施安全、犯罪安全、饮食安全、弱势阶层安全以及其他以此为基础的安全管理对策。 |
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图6 麻浦区盐里洞事前调查和解决方案流程 Fig. 6 Flow chart of the Preliminary Survey and the solution process in Yeomni-dong, Mapo-gu |
1 https://cpted.or.kr/en/company/history.php
2 https://www.kicj.re.kr/crimestats/portal/main/indexEngPage.do
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