Characterization of Spatial and Temporal Coupling of Digital Economy and Carbon Emission in Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations and the Influence Factors by Integrating GWRF and SHAP
Received date: 2025-07-29
Revised date: 2025-09-01
Online published: 2025-12-31
Against the strategic backdrop of "Digital-China" and the "Dual-Carbon" goals, the synergistic advancement of digital economy and carbon emission reduction is crucial for achieving high-quality, sustainable development. As a leading region in China's economic and digital transformation, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration provides a critical-case study for examining the complex interplay between digital growth and decarbonization. In this study, we aimed to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal-coupling characteristics and underlying influence mechanisms between the digital economy and carbon emissions in the YRD region from 2011 to 2023. Moving beyond aggregate-analysis and linear-assumptions, this study seeks to reveal the spatial heterogeneity, nonlinear-relationships, and threshold-effects to provide a nuanced empirical basis for differentiated-regional policymaking. Methodologically, we integrated the Geographically Weighted Random Forest (GWRF) model with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). We constructed comprehensive evaluation systems for both the digital economy and carbon emissions, and calculates the coupling coordination degree (D) between these two systems for 41 cities. The core analytical approach uses the GWRF model, which embeds a spatial-weight matrix into the Random Forest algorithm to simulate the spatially-varying and nonlinear effects of multiple influencing factors on the degree of coordination. Subsequently, the SHAP framework was applied to interpret the GWRF " black-box model and quantify the global-importance, directional-contribution, and potential nonlinear or threshold-behavior of each explanatory variable. This study yielded several key findings. Regarding temporal evolution, the overall coupling coordination degree of the YRD urban agglomeration shows a clear upward trend, increasing from 0.411 in 2011 to 0.505 in 2023, marking a transition from an "imminent-imbalance" to a "barely-coordinated" stage. However, this progression is not monotonic; the significant dip observed in 2021 reflects dynamic tension and potential lagged-adaptation between technological-advancement cycles and stringent emission-reduction targets. In terms of spatial patterns, a distinct hierarchical "core-corridor-periphery" radial structure has formed. Shanghai, leveraging its advanced technological foundation and institutional advantages, remains at the forefront, achieving "high-quality coordination" by 2023. The provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang exhibit follow-up growth, entering the "barely-coordinated" stage. In contrast, Anhui province, despite exhibiting the fastest growth rate, remains at the threshold of "imminent-imbalance," highlighting persistent regional disparities within the agglomeration. At the city level, high-coordination cores were concentrated along the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hefei-Hangzhou development axis, with coordination levels gradually diffusing along major transport corridors and weakening in northern Anhui and southwestern Zhejiang. Concerning the model validation and identification of key drivers, the GWRF model demonstrated significantly superior explanatory power and predictive accuracy compared to the standard-Random Forest model, confirming its efficacy in capturing spatial-non-stationarity. The SHAP analysis identified variables from the digital economy subsystem, specifically, the number of mobile phone subscribers, employees in information transmission and software services, and postal business volume, as important positive drivers. Their intensity-of-influence exhibited a spatial-diffusion pattern, radiating outward from core metropolitan areas to key manufacturing nodes and emerging industrial zones. Conversely, variables from the carbon emissions subsystem, particularly carbon emissions intensity and per-capita carbon emissions, act as primary inhibitors of coupling coordination. In summary, this study elucidates a dual-path mechanism, wherein the agglomeration of digital elements drives synergistic improvements, whereas high-carbon economic structures exert inhibitory pressure. This study makes substantive contributions to both the theoretical and methodological fronts. Theoretically, it provides robust empirical evidence for the complex, nonlinear-interdependencies between digital and green transitions, challenging simplistic linear-assumptions and enriching the understanding of their coupling dynamics in a regional context. Methodologically, the integrated GWRF-SHAP framework was validated as a powerful tool for dissecting high-dimensional and spatially-heterogeneous problems in urban and regional studies, offering a replicable-analytical pathway. These findings provide actionable-insights for policymakers to advocate tailored-strategies that reinforce positive digital diffusion, especially in lagging areas, while implementing targeted measures to decouple economic growth from carbon emissions in high-pressure zones. Ultimately, this approach aims to foster a more balanced and synergistic development pathway for the YRD and similar regions.
Qianwei Zhang , Guangliang Xi . Characterization of Spatial and Temporal Coupling of Digital Economy and Carbon Emission in Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations and the Influence Factors by Integrating GWRF and SHAP[J]. Tropical Geography, 2026 , 46(1) : 110 -128 . DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.20250510
表1 数字经济与碳排放耦合系统评价指标体系Table 1 Evaluation index system for digital economy and carbon emission coupling system |
| 目标层 | 准则层 | 指标层 | 单位 | 属性 | 权重/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 数字经济系统 | 数字基础设施 | 互联网宽带接入用户数A 1 | 万户 | 正向 | 5.62 |
| 固定电话年末用户数A 2 | 万户 | 正向 | 4.26 | ||
| 移动电话年末用户数A 3 | 万户 | 正向 | 5.00 | ||
| 数字人员投入 | 信息传输、软件和信息服务业从业人员数B 1 | 万人 | 正向 | 22.61 | |
| 科学研究和技术服务业从业人员数B 2 | 万人 | 正向 | 18.11 | ||
| 交通运输、仓储和邮政业从业人员数B 3 | 万人 | 正向 | 14.59 | ||
| 数字业务水平 | 邮政业务总量C 1 | 万元 | 正向 | 18.94 | |
| 电信业务总量C 2 | 万元 | 正向 | 9.70 | ||
| 数字普惠金融 | 数字普惠金融覆盖广度D 1 | — | 正向 | 0.39 | |
| 数字普惠金融使用深度D 2 | — | 正向 | 0.30 | ||
| 数字普惠金融数字化水平D 3 | — | 正向 | 0.49 | ||
| 碳排放系统 | 人口碳排放 | 人均碳排量E 1 | t/万人 | 负向 | 16.99 |
| 土地碳排放 | 碳排放密度E 2 | 万t/km2 | 负向 | 14.96 | |
| 经济碳排放 | 碳排放强度E 3 | t/万元 | 负向 | 28.53 | |
| 工业碳排放 | 碳生产力E 4 | t//万元 | 负向 | 39.52 |
表2 2011—2023年长三角城市群整体耦合协调度及时序变化Table 2 Changes in Overall Coupling Coordination Degree and Timing Sequence of Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerationsduring 2011-2023 |
| 年份 | 耦合度C | 耦合协调度D | 耦合协调度等级 | 耦合度 增速/% | 耦合协调度增速/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 0.480 | 0.411 | 濒临失调衰退 | 3.05 | 2.27 |
| 2012 | 0.483 | 0.416 | 濒临失调衰退 | ||
| 2013 | 0.543 | 0.445 | 濒临失调衰退 | ||
| 2014 | 0.535 | 0.446 | 濒临失调衰退 | ||
| 2015 | 0.546 | 0.449 | 濒临失调衰退 | ||
| 2016 | 0.551 | 0.459 | 濒临失调衰退 | ||
| 2017 | 0.560 | 0.466 | 濒临失调衰退 | ||
| 2018 | 0.589 | 0.480 | 濒临失调衰退 | ||
| 2019 | 0.628 | 0.502 | 勉强协调发展 | 4.09 | 3.10 |
| 2020 | 0.638 | 0.510 | 勉强协调发展 | ||
| 2021 | 0.598 | 0.488 | 濒临失调衰退 | -1.76 | -1.06 |
| 2022 | 0.615 | 0.498 | 濒临失调衰退 | ||
| 2023 | 0.631 | 0.505 | 勉强协调发展 | 2.59 | 1.28 |
表3 2011—2023年长三角城市群三省一市耦合协调度及时序变化Table 3 Changes in coupling coordination degree and timing sequence of three provinces and one city in Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations during 2011-2023 |
| 年份 | 上海市 | 江苏省 | 浙江省 | 安徽省 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 耦合协调度 | 等级 | 耦合协调度 | 等级 | 耦合协调度 | 等级 | 耦合协调度 | 等级 | ||||
| 2011 | 0.688 | 初级协调发展 | 0.429 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.418 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.318 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2012 | 0.687 | 初级协调发展 | 0.429 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.431 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.323 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2013 | 0.820 | 良好协调发展 | 0.459 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.435 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.336 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2014 | 0.787 | 中级协调发展 | 0.465 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.437 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.343 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2015 | 0.789 | 中级协调发展 | 0.474 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.440 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.344 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2016 | 0.778 | 中级协调发展 | 0.488 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.447 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.358 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2017 | 0.790 | 中级协调发展 | 0.493 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.455 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.365 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2018 | 0.806 | 良好协调发展 | 0.510 | 勉强协调发展 | 0.458 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.389 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2019 | 0.869 | 良好协调发展 | 0.531 | 勉强协调发展 | 0.466 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.411 | 濒临失调衰退 | |||
| 2020 | 0.855 | 良好协调发展 | 0.544 | 勉强协调发展 | 0.471 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.424 | 濒临失调衰退 | |||
| 2021 | 0.842 | 良好协调发展 | 0.504 | 勉强协调发展 | 0.481 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.391 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2022 | 0.888 | 良好协调发展 | 0.508 | 勉强协调发展 | 0.484 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.400 | 轻度失调衰退 | |||
| 2023 | 0.907 | 优质协调发展 | 0.515 | 勉强协调发展 | 0.488 | 濒临失调衰退 | 0.405 | 濒临失调衰退 | |||
图3 2011—2023年数字基础设施影响因素重要性时空分布格局Fig.3 Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the importance of factors influencing digital infrastructure during 2011-2023 |
| 2011年 | 2017年 | 2023年 | |
| 互 联 网 宽 带 接 入 用 户 数(A 1) | | ||
| 固 定 电 话 年 末 用 户 数(A 2) | |||
| 移 动 电 话 年 末 用 户 数(A 3) | |||
图4 2011—2023年数字人员投入影响因素重要性时空分布格局Fig.4 Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the importance of factors influencing digital personnel inputs during 2011-2023 |
| 2011年 | 2017年 | 2023年 | |
| 信息 传输、 软件和 信息 服务业 从业 人员数(B 1) | | ||
| 科学 研究和 技术 服务业 从业 人员数(B 2) | |||
| 交通 运输、 仓储和 邮政业 从业 人员数(B 3) | |||
图5 2011—2023年数字业务水平影响因素重要性时空分布格局Fig.5 Spatial and Temporal Distribution Patterns of the Importance of factors influencing the level of digital business during 2011-2023 |
| 2011年 | 2017年 | 2023年 | |
| 邮 政 业 务 总 量 (C 1) | | ||
| 电 信 业 务 总 量 (C 2) | |||
图6 2011—2023年数字普惠金融影响因素重要性时空分布格局Fig.6 Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the importance of digital financial inclusion influencing factors during 2011-2023 |
| 2011年 | 2017年 | 2023年 | |
| 数 字 普 惠 金 融 覆 盖 广 度 (D 1) | | ||
| 数 字 普 惠 金 融 使 用 深 度 (D 2) | |||
| 数 字 普 惠 金 融 数 字 化 水 平 (D 3) | |||
图7 2011—2023年碳排放系统影响因素重要性时空分布格局Fig.7 Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the importance of factors influencing carbon emission systems during 2011-2023 |
| 2011年 | 2017年 | 2023年 | |
| 人 均 碳 排 量 (E 1) | | ||
| 碳 排 放 密 度 (E 2) | |||
| 碳 排 放 强 度 (E 3) | |||
| 碳 生 产 力 (E 4) | |||
1 https://db.cei.cn/jsps/Home
2 https://www.epsnet.com.cn/index.html#/Index
3 https://idf.pku.edu.cn/zsbz/515313.htm
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