Suicide is a serious negative social phenomenon. In this study, we used Python technology to obtain suicide death data from a network and applied mathematical statistical and geographic spatial analyses to study the spatial-temporal characteristics of suicide deaths and the relationship between suicide rate and economic development in China from 2000 to 2018. Following conclusions were drawn from the results. (1) The number of suicide deaths in China is on the rise. Within a year, the high-incidence period of suicide deaths is from May to June, whereas the low-incidence period is from February to March. Within a month, the 1^st, 10^th, and 20^th days have the highest incidences of suicide deaths. Within a day, 77.2% of the suicide deaths occur from 06:00 to 19:00, and 09:00 and 15:00 were the peak times in which suicide deaths take place. (2) A total of 90.98% of the suicide deaths occur in southeast China. The suicide rate is higher in the southeast than in the northwest, higher in the south than in the north, and decreases gradually from east to west. At county level, a relatively high suicide rate is seen in regions spanning from Great Khingan Mountains to Yunnan Guizhou Plateau, from Qinling-Dabashan Mountains to Dabie Mountains, and from the coast of northern Jiangsu to Hainan Island. (3) Most areas in China present a low-grade suicide rate. However, low-grade areas appeared to change to high-grade areas during the period 2000–2018. The hotspots of suicide deaths spread from east to west, except for the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan area, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta, which have always been suicide hotspots. (4) The spatial and temporal characteristics of suicide deaths in China are closely related to economic development, and on a city scale, the suicide rate has a significant positive correlation with the per capita GDP and urbanization rate. The impact of economic factors on suicide rate is greater on the southeast coast than on the northwest inland. An important conclusion from this study is that the gap between the rich and poor is a key factor, leading to psychological imbalance and suicidal behavior in the poor; therefore, only the new development path based on common prosperity is the road for people to reach happiness and health. In addition, in this study, we prove that network suicide data, obtained using the web-crawler technology (Python), not only have the same consistency and credibility as sampling statistics but also have a better spatiotemporal resolution, with a temporal resolution of one hour and spatial resolution of a county. Therefore, by analyzing this spatiotemporal dataset, we can scientifically extract the time differences in suicide deaths at quarterly, monthly, daily, and hourly scales and the spatial differences in suicide deaths at regional, provincial, and county scales. In the future, network suicide data may become an important data source for suicide research, and the use of the Internet to monitor suicidal behavior may become an important method of suicide intervention.

The provision of a high-quality ecological environment is essential for the quality of life of residents. As an important component of the urban ecological environment, the relationship between urban green spaces and public health requires further investigation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the Chinese and international literature on how urban green spaces affect mental well-being. First, it introduces different approaches of measuring the use of and exposure to urban green spaces. The most commonly used indicators for measuring the use and exposure to urban green spaces include Surrounding Greenness, Access to Green Spaces, Green Viewing Rate and Green Space Quality and Usage Satisfaction. The main advantages of Surrounding Greenness are wide spatial coverage, long timespan, and low cost; however, the accuracy of measuring exposure is relatively low. Researchers have extensively used access to green spaces. Because the bird's-eye perspective cannot fully reflect resident perceptions of park green spaces, scholars have used the green view ratio, which has the advantages of wide coverage, low cost, easy access, and small data deviation. Greenspace quality and usage satisfaction are also important measurement indicators, and their main advantages are low operational difficulty and the ability to reflect residents' subjective evaluations more accurately. It then elucidates the "environmental stress reduction-restoration-instoration" mechanisms underlying the effect of urban green spaces on mental well-being. Specifically, urban green spaces can affect the mental health of residents by reducing the harm arising from heat and pollution, restoring capacity, and building capacity. Green spaces alleviate environmental pressure by purifying air, reducing noise, and alleviating the heat island effect, thereby promoting residents' mental well-being. People can alleviate their psychological stress and restore their ability to control attention by viewing green spaces, thereby protecting their mental health and providing a favorable and convenient venue for residents to conduct physical activities and socialize with their neighbors, which is beneficial to their mental wellbeing. Subsequently, it illustrates the moderating effect of opportunities to use urban green spaces, motivation to use urban green spaces, and ease of using urban green spaces on mental wellbeing from a "socio-ecological" perspective. Finally, it indicates that the current body of literature has several limitations and that future research agendas should be centered on research content, data, perspectives, and methods. Specifically, (1) for research content, the effect of green spaces on the mental well-being of different social and cultural groups is poorly understood. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the analysis of the sociocultural mechanism of the effect of urban green spaces to enrich the existing research framework. (2) Most previous studies used one method to measure the level of greenspace exposure or usage. It is advisable to use a variety of methods to measure the level of greenspace exposure or usage both subjectively and objectively. (3) From a research perspective, most previous studies have used a research paradigm based on local and static analysis, failing to solve the Uncertain Geographic Context Problem (UGCoP). Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a human-centered perspective and accurately measure the impact of green space exposure on residents' mental well-being in their residential neighborhoods, workplaces, and other activity spaces. (4) Researchers need to solve the problem of residential self-selection when investigating the effect of urban green spaces on mental well-being and explore nonlinear complex relationships using advanced methods such as machine learning.

The "enclave economy" is an important governance tool for promoting regional integration. Guangdong Province occupies the leading position in exploring the "enclave economy" model in China, which has effectively promoted the development of the east and northwest of Guangdong Province through the "point to area" approach. However, certain problems that are associated with the "enclave economy" concept, including a weak level of industrial relatedness, disconnection with the development of the local urban system, and inadequate interest driving mechanisms, need to be urgently addressed. The article aims to explore the high-quality development path of the "enclave economy" in the new era, taking advantage of the symbiosis theory. Based on field research and semi-structured interview methods, the present study attempts to not only probe into the cooperative relationship and mutually beneficial symbiosis mechanism among different actors in the "enclave economy" but also explore a more sustainable and mutually beneficial development "enclave economy" model. With respect to theoretical contribution, based on the symbiosis theory and the characteristics of the "enclave economy", this study facilitates a better understanding of the high-quality development logic of the "enclave economy" from the perspective of symbiosis in particular and establishes a theoretical framework comprising the "industrial symbiosis network-industrial symbiosis unit-interest symbiosis mechanism" components. Empirically, this study takes the Guangqing Economic Cooperation Zone (Guangde Park) as the case study; reveals the development process and problems of the "enclave economy", including the isolation of industry transplantation, fragmentation of industry-city units, and locking of interests and mismatch between rights and responsibilities; and proposes high-quality development strategies, such as establishing a cross-regional "enclave economic circle", a resource-linking platform between industry and city, and a community of interests in industrial parks and towns, to form a more sustainable symmetric and mutually beneficial symbiotic mechanism. The key contribution of this study lies in the theoretical framework for the high-quality development of the "enclave economy" through the lens of symbiosis, which enriches the ways of analysis and cognitive logic of the "enclave economy" and advances cross-regional cooperation and "enclave economy" research. It enhances the cross-territorial geographic thinking of regional cooperation and "enclave economy" research, holding the potential to provide decision-making references for the promotion of regional coordinated development in Guangdong Province in the new period. It also has practical application value for relieving the pressure of unbalanced and insufficient regional development in China by promoting cross-municipal and cross-provincial cooperation.

In response to global climate change, China has incorporated carbon peaking and carbon neutrality into its overall economic and social development. National-level new areas are critical strategic carriers for high-quality regional economic development in China, playing an essential role in promoting carbon reduction. Objectively evaluating the carbon-emission-reduction effect of national-level new areas can help accumulate and promote China's low-carbon construction experience, and thus, comprehensively facilitate greening and ecological civilization construction. In this study, the impact of the establishment of national-level new areas on carbon emissions in their respective cities were investigated using the difference-in-difference method. The findings show that: 1) the establishment of a national-level new area can significantly minimize the carbon emissions in the city in which it is located, and after three years of establishment, it will have a significant long-term inhibitory effect on the carbon emissions of the city. This conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests, such as propensity score matching + difference-in-difference; 2) The national-level new area policy mainly reduces carbon emissions in a city through technological and energy-saving effects but cannot yet reduce them by adjusting the industrial structure. 3) The impact of the establishment of national-level new areas on the carbon emissions of surrounding cities shows an "∽" trend of increasing first, then decreasing, and subsequently increasing. It has a significant carbon-reduction effect on cities within the range of 200-250 km, indicating that national-level new areas can help promote carbon-emission reduction in surrounding cities. 4) The national-level new area policy has a higher carbon-emission-reduction effect on northern cities than on southern cities. The single-city layout model of the national-level new area has a significant carbon-emission-reduction effect on the host city, whereas the dual-city layout model does not significantly reduce the carbon emissions in the host city. This study investigated the carbon-emission-reduction effect of national-level new area policies and examined carbon-emission reduction in the national-level new areas of pilot cities through technological and energy-saving effects. This study helps to improve the theoretical understanding of national-level new area policies and carbon-emission impact mechanisms and provides a policy reference for China's promotion of the "dual-carbon" strategy.

Mangroves are halophytic forest plant communities located on saline marshes in estuaries of tropical and subtropical bays. They are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems in the world and are severely threatened by urban development, environmental pollution, aquaculture, and other problems. The Dongchong mangrove forest is a relatively well-preserved mangrove forest in China, with a large area and a typical Excoecaria agallocha landscape, which has significant ornamental and ecological conservation value. The aim of this study is to provide basic support not only for mangrove ecological conservation and restoration, but also to construct and manage nature's reserves. The eco-environmental geological characteristics of mangroves were investigated using geology, geomorphology, pedology, ecology, and other methods, and a typical eco-environmental geological profile of the mangrove in Dongchong was drawn. The results show that the strata in the study area are mainly Quaternary sediments and rhyolites of the Nanshancun Formation of the Early Cretaceous. Faults are developed in the west of Dongchong Mangrove Wetland Park. The main environmental geological problems are uneven ground settlement, ground subsidence, and ground cracks. The concentration of F^- in the surface water are high, and the water quality is slightly lower than that of the Class III water standard; however, the groundwater is freshwater with low salinity and hardness. Cd and Tl are locally significant in the surface soil of the study area. N, P, CaCO₃, Org, and B are deficient in the soil, whereas the K content is mainly medium. A part of the soil is polluted by heavy metals, particularly As, followed by Cd. However, the mangrove leaves are rich in nutrients, indicating that the lack of soil nutrient elements and heavy-metal pollution are not the major factors limiting the growth of mangroves in this region. Improving the growth environment of mangroves should include expanding the landscape area and reinforcing reserve management. In the rock-soil-plant ecosystem, As, Pb, Cd, and B are significantly rich in the soil, indicating that their contents have a slight correlation with their parent rocks. Ni, Cu, Zn, and K are limited by the parent rock contents, and some elements including P, Mo, and Cr show enrichment capacity in the soil. The BCF >2 of mangroves of the mangrove forests in Dongchong are P and B, indicating that the mangrove trees have a higher absorption capacity for P and B. In contrast, the BCF values of As, Pb, and Cd are relatively low, which, in addition to the weak absorption capacity of the mangrove trees for these elements and combined with the geochemical characteristics of the soils in the study area, are also affected by the high Cd and As contents of the soil. All the data presented in this paper are from the project, "Ecological and Environmental Geological Survey of Shenzhen Nature Reserves," for which we express our sincere gratitude.

Searching the key words' wave-beach-dune interactions' in Web of Science, nearly 100 domestical and overseas publications since the 1980s have been analyzed and reviewed. This stuyd summarizes major advances at different temporal-spatial scales. The issues of integration between them are clarified by sorting the conceptual models and categorizing development stages. Additionally, research opportunities and challenges are identified. Studies on wave-beach-dune interactions have been initiated since 1980s and developed through the following three stages: theory proposed and improved, expansion of study areas, and in-depth exploration. The conceptual models have been developed from simple to reliable models across a range of micro-, meso-, and macro-scales. Studies were initially conducted by taking advantage of only field survey and bathymetry maps. Nowadays, collaborated technology and methods have been applied in studying coastal landforms through in-situ field monitoring, wind tunnel trial, 3S technologies, and numerical simulation. Study areas extended and expanded from southeast Australian coasts to Europe, South and North America, and Asian coasts. Although plenty of relevant reports have been published, some issues exist. Owing to their highly temporal-spatial heterogeneity, it is difficult to find a universal conceptual model for the worldwide coastal dune systems. At the micro-scale, as the complex process of wave-tide hydrological and aeolian dynamic imposed on surfzone-beach-dune and limitation of monitoring data utility, the existing theoretical model cannot completely reveal the mechanism of the terrestrial-marine interface and beach-dune landform response and feedback to wind dynamics. At the mesoscale, many mechanisms of dune response to storm surges have been proposed, but few are from the perspective of the surfzone-beach-dune as a whole system. More case studies based on observation are needed, which will benefit in-depth exploration. Furthermore, more long-term monitoring and refined models are required to build the bridge between fundamental process-response dynamics (events scale) and medium-long-term landforms topography changes and evolution. At the macroscale, given the alongshore sediment transport and supply, sea level rise rate, and landward and seaward sediment transport, prediction models of coastal geomorphological changes induced by sea level rise should be tested and supported by multi-temporal-spatial observation and monitoring data. Future studies will continue collaborating the historical reports and site monitoring techniques with high-resolution images interpretation to comprehensively understand the relationships between dynamic-response process and landforms geomorphology evolution by integration of environmental variables and surfzone, beach, and dune landforms investigation. The numerical simulation will reveal the mechanisms of wave-beach-dune interactions across micro-, meso-, and macro-scales and redefine theoretical concepts.

Quantitative studies of mangrove leaf functional traits will help us understand the adaptive evolutionary strategies of mangrove plants and the relationship between mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Because of the special environment of the intertidal zone where mangroves are located, it is very difficult to obtain the functional traits of mangrove canopies from the ground, and relevant studies are lacking. The maturity of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral remote sensing technology provides a new means of conducting such research. This study considered mangroves on Qi'ao Island, Zhuhai, as the research object. Based on UAV hyperspectral data, two UAV hyperspectral data processing methods, which combined Partial Least Squares Regression with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (PLSR+NDVI) and Partial Least Squares Regression with Continuous Wavelet Transform (PLSR+CWT), were used to estimate the 10 canopy leaf functional traits of mangroves on Qi'ao Island. The results showed that the PLSR + NDVI method was more suitable for the inversion of mangrove canopy-specific leaf weight (LMA), phosphorus content per unit mass (P_mass), and nitrogen content per unit area (N_area), whereas the PLSR + CWT method was more suitable for the estimation of the nitrogen/phosphorus ratio (N/P), chlorophyll content (C_ab), and carotenoid content (C_xc). However, the results of the above two methods for retrieving the nitrogen content per unit mass (N_mass), potassium content per unit mass (K_mass), phosphorus content per unit area (P_area),and potassium content per unit area (K_area) were not ideal (R²<0.3). The optimal method established in this study was used to estimate the contents of LMA, P_mass, N_area, N/P, C_ab, and C_xc of the mangrove canopy leaves in the study area and map their spatial distribution. Mangrove canopy leaf functional traits obtained using UAV hyperspectral data inversion better reflect the horizontal structure and function of the mangrove community. Regarding the spatial distribution patterns of canopy leaf functional traits, the spatial distribution patterns of N_area, C_ab, C_xc, and N/Pwere relatively consistent with higher values in the middle region and lower values in the edge region. The spatial distribution patterns of the LMA and P_mass were similar, and the distribution was relatively uniform throughout the study area. Combined with ground survey data, the internal relationship between species composition and spatial patterns of functional traits, as well as ecosystem functions and processes, can be deeply explored, and rapid investigation and assessment of mangrove forests can be realized at the community and ecosystem scales. The spatial distribution pattern of functional traits was closely related to the spatial distribution pattern of canopy structure and species. The inversion model of hyperspectral functional traits was constructed by separating mangrove species with different life types, which is expected to further improve the inversion accuracy of the model. Constructing a specific functional trait inversion model for each mangrove species, combined with the species identification results of visible-light images, will effectively improve the inversion accuracy of mangrove canopy leaf functional traits.

In the context of globalization, cross-boundary regions have become strategic areas for improving national competitiveness and promoting local development. Moreover, cross-boundary governance has gradually become a key issue in regional integration research. Recently, with the increasing trend of anti-globalization, exploring regional governance transformation is crucial for national development. This article conceptualizes a research framework that is a cross-boundary governing network based on policy network theory. It is believed that in cross-boundary governance, various state actors based on common development goals form multi-level and systematic state communities under the restructuring of state capacity while working together to promote cross-boundary regional development. Among them, economic territorialization and state capacity are the key to understanding this concept. Furthermore, under the institutional framework of "one country, two systems," an empirical study was conducted using the Shenzhen Hong Kong cross-boundary region as an example, highlighting the close relationship between the process of economic territorialization and the construction of the cross-boundary governing network. This study explored the operational methods of cross-boundary governing network, and further analyzed the impact of state-society paradigms on the operation of cross-boundary governing network under asymmetric governance. Research has proven that the cross-boundary governing network is a resilient governance mechanism for understanding the process of government-led institutional integration in cross-boundary areas. The new framework also contributes to the policy network as follows: First, the new conceptual framework is more likely to be understood as a complex, multi-type mixed network that is used to overcome the problem of the limited applicability and oversimplification of ideal policy network typologies in practice. It helps to understand the connection between the state-led decision-making process and the state-society interaction process. Second, it is configured on a logical need to contextualize the policy network to the broader and everchanging meso-level territorial scales within which state actors are defined and located within different state-society relations. Third, the factors of "resource" and "power," which are the functional core of the policy network, have yet to be fully defined with little consensus. The "new" will be centered on the configuration and realization of the state capacity of involved state actors as the bridging role of both meso-level networks. Furthermore, the "general-purpose" and "task-specific" components inherent in the multilevel governance approach are adopted to describe different systematic state communities. Meanwhile, the inter-actor idea of an "advocacy coalition" is also incorporated to understand the consensus-forming process within the intra-territorial network. Under the dynamic construction of the cross-boundary governing network, this multi-level and systematic governance approach will continuously deepen the development of Shenzhen Hong Kong cross-boundary cooperation, to make a theoretical contribution to cross-boundary synergistic development in other regions.

Industrial coordination constitutes a crucial aspect of regional integration, and evaluation of industrial collaboration holds significant practical importance in elucidating industrial processes and advancing industrial development. In this study, a variety of data sources, including enterprise big data and mobile signaling data, were used to construct an evaluation framework for assessing regional collaborative development of intercity industry clusters across two dimensions: latent associations and actual associations. Incorporating factors such as the industrial chain, industrial homogenization, capital, and personnel mobility into a unified framework to assess industrial collaboration, we comprehensively explored collaborative relationships within the electronic information industry in the Pearl River Delta. The Following results were obtained: 1) The Pearl River Delta city cluster, with Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Guangzhou as its core, has established a highly integrated network within the next-generation electronic information industry chain. Examining latent associations reveals a significant level of specialization, particularly within individual metropolitan areas. When considering actual associations, core cities demonstrate close interactions in financial interactions, and strong interconnectedness is also apparent when commuting between these metropolitan areas. 2) Notable collaborative development is evident within the Pearl River Delta's new-generation electronic information industry cluster, particularly involving Shenzhen and Dongguan, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Zhongshan, and Zhongshan and Jiangmen. Of particular interest is the strong differentiated cooperation between Shenzhen and Dongguan. While collaboration among core cities is robust, there is room for improvement in collaboration levels that include peripheral cities,and we suggest maximizing the central leadership roles of Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Guangzhou to nurture diverse industrial clusters in peripheral cities. Our evaluation system proposed our article can be used to measure the collaborative development of intercity industry clusters. It aids in urban planning and policymaking, promotes sustainable economic growth in the region, and offers reference and insights for the industrial collaborative development of other city clusters.

The prediction of rainstorms and floods in small and medium-sized watersheds, as well as the synthesis of related parameters, plays a pivotal role in preventing flood disasters. Environmental changes have led to an increase in hydrological extremes such as rainstorms and floods, presenting unprecedented challenges for small and medium-sized river basins. In this review, we systematically categorize, and summarize the processes involved in predicting rainstorms and floods in these watersheds, along with advancements in correlated parameter synthesis research. Furthermore, we analyze and discuss the most commonly employed runoff and confluence estimation methods and their associated parameters in practical applications, as well as their limitations. First, we establish the concept of small- and medium-sized watersheds across various academic disciplines. From a hydrological perspective, these watersheds typically exhibit slope confluence and have relatively small catchment areas. In terms of eco-hydrology, the ecological water demand of the basin must be calculated based on the different communities occupying the river basin and divided by area according to the ecological samples from each district after the investigation. Thereafter, we summarized the methods and types of runoff calculation and parameter synthesis in small- and medium-sized basins, and the methods and principles of runoff analysis, such as rainfall–runoff correlation diagram, infiltration curve method, deduction method, runoff coefficient method, and hydrological model method as well as the methods of parameter synthesis, such as rainfall-runoff correlation diagrams and loss methods are introduced. Second, we summarize and discuss the assessment of confluence and its associated parameters in small- and medium-sized river basins. This encompasses background information and various calculation methods, such as the instantaneous unit line, comprehensive unit line, inference formula method, and empirical formula method. We also examine how the three major elements of parameter synthesis convergence influence confluence parameters. We emphasize that combining radar rainfall measurements, high-resolution remote sensing, high-performance computing, and deep learning can facilitate research on simulating and forecasting rainstorms and flood processes in small- and medium-sized basins. However, a significant portion of these basins lacks data, limiting the application of simulation and flood forecasting. To address this, integration with geographical parameters specific to small- and medium-sized basins is necessary to enhance regional reliability and forecasting accuracy. Additionally, when applying deep learning to simulate basins with limited or no data, the significance of parameter synthesis becomes even more pronounced. Finally, we discuss the problems and challenges associated with storm flood calculations and parameter synthesis methods in small- and medium-sized basins and offer predictions regarding future research and technical developments. We recommend strengthening the use of emerging technologies for watershed runoff and runoff parameter calculations and advocate for their application in storm flood design.

The autonomy and travel conditions for older adult tourists have significantly improved, leading to a diversification of their tourism activities. Among these, the concept of a free and comfortable sojourn has gained popularity. Despite the complex concept of older adult sojourns being established in related research, the concepts often overlap and are fragmented, leading to a disjointed understanding of the phenomenon. This study aims to incorporate the life-span theory of control and its optimization strategy framework from a life-span development perspective in older adults. By deeply connecting research on older adults with tourism research through life-span development thinking, we aim to explore methods of coordinating and analyzing older adult sojourns. This approach will allow us to systematically reshape existing conceptual knowledge. Based on the results of this coordinated analysis, we aim to gain a systematic understanding of older adult sojourns and propose future research directions. The study revealed that older adult tourism exhibits strategic traits consistent with the life-span theory of control, where resource allocation and willpower investment are crucial elements. This forms a resource-willpower investment framework that categorizes 16 different older adult tourism behavior patterns. Using this framework, by comparing the characteristics of older adult travel with the 16 classification results, the resource and willpower investment framework is focused on the amount of resources invested in the destination and the distance of the trip. This further refines the corresponding older adult travel patterns into four types: relatively high investment in travel to distant areas, relatively high investment in travel to nearby areas, relatively low investment in travel to distant areas, and relatively low investment in travel to nearby areas. The study reveals that the four categories represent varying lifestyle demands and participation limitations for older adults. Those who invest more and travel longer distances tend to face greater participation challenges, have fewer companions, require more from their destinations, and have limited choices. Conversely, those who invest less and travel shorter distances experience the opposite. The four categories of older adult travel display different scene transitions and state changes, each with unique participation challenges, social choices, and destination requirements. Overall, the categorization of older adult tourism types and the comprehensive analysis of older adult travel types constitute a process of knowledge creation. The research employs deductive methods for progressive exploration, building a comprehensive classification framework. This framework lays a cognitive foundation for future research and provides key directions. The innovative research approach, in conjunction with the life-span theory of control, provides a method for pattern analysis to understand ongoing tourism behaviors and phenomena that are constantly evolving and enriching. Older adult sojourn is one of the few forms of tourism that is notably age-friendly. The prospects for research and industrial development of this phenomenon are promising, but there is currently a lack of discussion about the phenomenon itself. Future research can build upon this initial understanding to further investigate behavioral characteristics, values related to aging, and local response needs. By examining behavior, subject, and space, a study can be conducted on behavior, motivation, space, and their interactive results, leading to more systematic findings and enhancing the practical value of the guidance.

Coral growth rate is a physical index that is particularly closely associated with climatic factors such as Sea Surface Temperature (SST). The growth rate is minimally affected by environmental changes and serves as a high-resolution indicator in the study of climatic and environmental variation, making it a useful tool in paleoclimatic coral research. However, previous research on coral growth rate has primarily focused on the modern period, with limited investigation of the Mid-Holocene, which shares similar climatic characteristics with the current warm period. It is especially important to understand the climate and environmental conditions during the Mid-Holocene to gain insight into contemporary climate change processes and mechanisms. To address this gap, we first collected a modern Porites coral core and 23 Mid-Holocene subfossil coral cores from Tanmen, located on the eastern coast of Hainan Island. Using X-ray radiography and image processing methods, we measured and analyzed the coral growth rates of all cores, resulting in the identification of growth rate patterns during the Mid-Holocene. Additionally, by analyzing the environmental factors that impact modern coral (2005-2021 AD), we established a linear relationship between coral growth rate (L) and SST in Tanmen, expressed as \mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}=\left(\mathrm{2.945}\pm \mathrm{0.237}\right)\times L+\mathrm{22.481}\pm \mathrm{0.301}(\mathrm{1}\text{?}\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{e}.). By applying this equation, we reconstructed an annual average SST sequence of 406 years during the Mid-Holocene (6,143-4,356 a BP). The results indicate that the average coral growth rate during the Mid-Holocene was 1.079 cm/a, ranging from 0.607 to 1.670 cm/a, with noticeable fluctuations. The coral growth rate sequence also revealed three consecutive periods of low growth rate, accompanied by a significant increase in interannual variability after 4,515 a BP, resulting in more complex fluctuations. Moreover, the reconstructed SST sequence based on coral growth rate data shows that the mean SST of the Mid-Holocene was 25.7±0.54 ℃, which is comparable to the modern SST in the context of global warming. The average annual SST varied from 24.7 to 26.8℃ in the Mid-Holocene, exhibiting considerable fluctuations between warm and cold periods, and with three distinct periods of low SST at 5,860, 5,660, and 5,160 a BP. This provides detailed insights into the temperature variations during the Mid-Holocene. In addition, a comparison of the spectral cycles of coral growth rates between the modern and Mid-Holocene periods (5,427-5,394, 5,243-5,209, 4,515-4,456, and 4,404-4,356 a BP) revealed significant ENSO cycles of three to seven years, observed in both modern and Mid-Holocene corals. During the Mid-Holocene, the primary ENSO cycle changed: its frequency decreased considerably, indicating that ENSO activity was weaker than that observed in the modern period. However, further statistical analysis utilizing the Probability Density Function (PDF) demonstrated a gradual increase in ENSO variability during this period. The results of this study offer novel insights into tropical climate characteristics of the Mid-Holocene.

Cultivated land is the cornerstone of grain production and the basic resource to ensure food security. Understanding the non-grain production status of cultivated land in the main grain-producing areas of western China is necessary to provide a basis for regional sustainable agricultural development and cultivated land protection decision-making. In this study, Chengdu Plain was selected as an empirical research area. A mathematical quantization model and spatial autocorrelation method were used to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of non-grain production of cultivated land in Chengdu Plain, and an econometric model was constructed to identify its driving factors. The results showed that the cultivated land area did not change significantly in the Chengdu Plain from 2000 to 2019; however, the small change in cultivated land area did not mean that its actual use changed little, and the non-grain production status of cultivated land was obvious. (1) From 2000 to 2019, both the Non-Grain production Area (NGA) and the Non-Grain production Rate (NGR) in Chengdu Plain showed a fluctuating and increasing trend, with an increased rate of 4.40% and 13.53%, respectively, which indicates that cultivated land protection and food security were under great pressure. (2) In terms of space, the NGA in 34 districts and counties of Chengdu Plain presents a multi-center scattered distribution, which shows a spatial pattern of high in the center and low in the northeast and southwest, and the NGA's spatial agglomeration areas are concentrated in Chengdu and its neighboring cities. (3) Economic Crop Planting Scale (ECPS), Agricultural Structure Adjustment (ASA), Urbanization Rate (UR), and Cultivated Land Protection Policy (CLPP) are the most important factors affecting the non-grain transformation of cultivated land in Chengdu Plain. Some suggestions are proposed: red lines should be drawn to implement a control system for cultivated land use; departmental collaboration must be strengthened to build a synergy of cultivated land protection; the agricultural subsidy system must be improved to defend farmers' fundamental rights and interests; and policy advocacy for cultivated land protection should be enhanced to raise food security awareness. This study can better reflect the non-grain production status of cultivated land in Chengdu Plain, and from the spatial unit of district and county, it provides a good perspective for the study of the non-grain production of cultivated land. This study also provides a scientific foundation for decision-making regarding regional sustainable agricultural development and cultivated land protection.

The eastern coastal zone of Hainan Island is an important scenic belt and concentrated area of tourism resources in Hainan Province. Due to natural factors such as sea level rise and human factors such as coastal reclamation, the ecosystem in this area is highly sensitive. Water depth data are crucial for the protection and management of the coastal ecosystem. Satellite remote sensing data combined with machine learning algorithms have become an important means of shallow water depth inversion. However, few studies evaluate shallow water depth inversion for different remote sensing data, water environmental conditions, and algorithms. Taking the Wanning Sea area as an example, three scenes of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 data with different water environmental conditions were selected to apply water depth inversion. The Sentinel-2 data were collected on February 11^th, 2022, with some suspended matter and poor water transparency in the nearshore water, and the image exhibited band-like reflectance anomalies caused by waves. The Landsat-8 data were collected on July 16, 2019, and June 28^th, 2021. Both scenes had better water transparency than the Sentinel-2 data, and relatively less suspended matter in the nearshore water. Compared to the Landsat-8 data collected on June 28^th, 2021, the image of Landsat-8 data collected on July 16^th, 2019, showed stronger wave features in the nearshore water. A 1:25,000 maritime chart of the Potou Port and Dazhou Island (C1516171) area released by the China Maritime Safety Administration was collected to obtain 588 measured water depth data points in the study area. Among these, 295 randomly selected data points were used as training data for the remote sensing water depth inversion, and the remaining 293 data points were used as testing data to evaluate the accuracy of the inversion models. A total of three machine learning methods, including Random Forest regression, Support Vector Machine, and Partial Least Squares Regression, were used for water depth inversion experiments, and their accuracy was evaluated. The results indicated that the Landsat-8 data (20190716) with the best water transparency and weakest wave effect achieved the highest accuracy in water depth inversion. In the water depth range of 0-40 m, the R² was 0.814, and the MAE, RMSE, and MAPE were 3.39 m, 4.31 m, and 0.366, respectively. In the water depth range of 0-20 m, the R² was 0.874, and the MAE, RMSE, and MAPE were 2.24 m, 3.24 m, and 0.449, respectively. The RF algorithm obtained relatively high accuracy in the entire water depth range, while the SVM and PLSR algorithms displayed advantages in some shallow water depth inversions. The spatial resolution of optical remote sensing images is not an absolute positive correlation with the accuracy of water depth inversion. The hydrological characteristics of the water bodies in the remote sensing images have a significant impact on water depth inversion accuracy. Factors such as water transparency, suspended matter concentration, and seawater waves will affect the inversion accuracy. In the process of using optical remote sensing data for shallow water depth inversion, data with high water transparency and calm water conditions should be selected for modeling and inversion. The results have certain reference value for data source and algorithm selection in shallow water depth inversion based on multispectral remote sensing data.

China has entered a critical period of economic transformation and rapid development. In this context, it is important to promote the coordinated emission reduction of carbon dioxide and environmental pollutants, transformation of the economic growth model, realization of the "double carbon" goal, and high-quality economic development. Within the framework of the synergy of pollution and carbon reduction, we constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system and used the improved TOPSIS model to measure the synergy index of pollution and carbon reduction in urban agglomerations within the period from from 2010 to 2019. Combined with spatial autocorrelation analysis, a composite system synergy model, and a regression model, the spatial and temporal evolution laws and collaborative development level of the synergy of pollution and carbon reduction in urban agglomerations were analyzed, and the factors influencing the synergy between pollution and carbon reduction were explored. Following conclusions were drawn from the results. (1) From 2010 to 2019, the synergistic effect of pollution and carbon reduction in three major urban agglomerations showed a steady growth trend, with different spatial distribution patterns. The synergistic index of pollution and carbon reduction in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration shows an overall upward trend, that in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration shows a steady fluctuation, and that in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration shows a slow growth trend. (2) The spatial correlation characteristics of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration change from random to regular distributions, and the synergistic cooperation mechanism of pollution and carbon reduction among cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration needs to be strengthened. The radiation and driving effect of the cities in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration on the surrounding cities is gradually increasing, and the local spatial agglomeration of these three major urban agglomerations is not evident. (3) From 2010 to 2019, the order degree of the synergistic system of pollution and carbon reduction showed a significant growth trend; the overall synergy degree of the composite system is low, and the growth order of the urban agglomerations is as follows: Yangtze River Delta > Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei > Pearl River Delta. Different evolution and correlation characteristics are observed in space, and no internal coordination of urban agglomerations is seen. (4) Economic development, environmental pollution, environmental governance, ecological protection, and resource utilization are important factors affecting the synergistic evolution of pollution and carbon reduction in the three aforementioned major urban agglomerations. This study analyzed the connotation requirements and specific characteristics of the synergy between pollution and carbon reduction in such agglomerations in the coastal areas of China. Based on the analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution and influencing factors of the synergy of pollution and carbon reduction in these agglomerations, we aim to address the problems existing in the synergy of pollution and carbon reduction in urban agglomerations. Corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to provide an empirical reference for the realization of comprehensive green and low-carbon transformation and high-quality green development of urban economies and societies.

A short overview of the history of academic geography since the 19th century shows that there has never been a unity of physical and human geography in the past, at least in the form that is strived for today to justify the relevance of geography in coping with the present problems faced by humanity. But the fact that the limits of positivism start to be recognized in physical geography opens a way to collaboration for addressing the pressing problems affecting our planet today. The paper ends with some examples of how such a collaboration might look like and advocates greater attention to a political chorological approach, concentrating on the diversity of regions in the world, by taking both their internal and external relationships in terms of power structures into account.

Mangroves are typical ecosystems located in the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical coasts that protect the area against wave action, promote accretion in river estuaries, and act as an important global carbon sink. However, several natural mangroves have recently degraded due to climate change and human activities, increasing the risk to coastal areas' ecological environments. The mangroves on Qi'ao Island in Zhuhai, China, have been destroyed by human activities and the invasion of the exotic species Spartina alterniflora. In 1999, the Zhuhai municipal government imported pioneer species, such as Sonneratia apetala, to Qi'ao Island to restore the degraded mangroves, which have now evolved into a sufficiently continuous community with a stable area since 2015 with S. apetala as the dominant species. However, because the intensity and frequency of typhoon landfalls are increasing under global warming, dominant species in the mangroves of Qi'ao Island, S. apetala, is more vulnerable to typhoon disturbance due to its height and low trunk density, leading to greater uncertainty regarding their ecological functions on Qi'ao Island. Existing studies have mainly focused on the damage and recovery patterns of mangroves by a single typhoon, having seldom analyzed the response process of mangroves to consecutive disturbances by multiple typhoons; thus, these studies cannot be used to predict the succession process of mangroves with increasing typhoon frequency. In this study, the damage and recovery patterns of mangroves on Qi'ao Island were studied under the disturbance of three consecutive typhoons (2016 NIDA, 2017 Hugo, and 2018 Mangkhut), and their influencing factors were discussed based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using Sentinel-2 remote sensing images. The results showed that (1) the NDVI of mangroves on Qi'ao Island decreased after the typhoon, and the damage levels could be classified as mild or mild to moderate. Moreover, the severity of the damage was relatively small. (2) An annual legacy effect existed across multiple typhoons. The recovery process of mangroves generally followed a circulating succession mode after typhoon disturbances in the order of more severe damage→slow recovery→milder damage→rapid recovery→ more severe damage pattern. (3) The damage levels of mangroves on Qi'ao Island increased with typhoon intensity. However, they decreased if S. apetala recovered slowly before the typhoon. Thus, the recovery pattern was mainly influenced by the damage levels of S. apetala after the typhoon landing and was not largely dependent on the hydrothermal conditions at regional scales. The results suggest that mangroves on Qi'ao Island, mainly consisting of S. apetala,have evolved to adapt to the consecutivetyphoon disturbances, which has promoted their succession from plantations to near natural forests and the formation of a stable typhoon-resistant ecosystem.

As an important driving force to stimulate urban development, cultural consumption is often implanted into traditional streets, breaking the original homogeneous field environment and gradually promoting the dissolution and differentiation of social relations. In the context of cultural oriented urban renewal, it is significant to explore the evolution of social space during the renewal process, which is of great importance for their sustainable development. In the field theory, Bourdieu's "nonbinary opposition" view has a high degree of theoretical application adaptability with the historical districts that gather cultural consumption and daily life in sharp contrast. The integration of daily life theory also provides a means for analyzing the subject's behavior and field construction, which is a supplement to the existing research on cultural oriented urban renewal. Combined with the theory of everyday life practice, this study established a social space analysis framework based on field theory and explored the mechanism of social space evolution in the field of cultural consumption and everyday life. Taking Pingjiang road and Xietang street districts in Suzhou as case studies, this study used qualitative methods of participatory observation and in-depth interview. The results reveal the following: 1) Different locations lead to significant differences in the historical and cultural accumulation of districts and the cost of space regeneration, which also determines the plasticity and typicality during the renewal development itself. Historical districts located in the center of the ancient city have accumulated a large number of typical historical and cultural capital in the long-term stable environment. In contrast, districts located in new urban areas may be more vulnerable to being damaged and influenced in the process of modern urban development. 2) The development foundation of the districts will have an impact on the decision-making. The governance transmits their practical intentions through system, planning, and other decisions, and their intervention timing and implementation strength may directly affect the direction and practical results of strategic discipline. 3) Renovation promotes the reconstruction and organization of the social space inside the districts, and is divided into two fields: everyday life and cultural consumption. Consequently, two situations exist between the fields in these two cases: intertwined balance and mutual stripping. Retaining the Aboriginal everyday life field does not necessarily lead to an "either or" conflict outcome, and it can even enhance the creativity of everyday life initiatively or passively. However, the separation of Aboriginal may inevitably lead to common consumption or elitism. Reflecting on the spatial practices of the historical districts in Suzhou, there is no unified renewal paradigm that can be applied to all historical districts. The capital accumulation formed under different development environments will limit the decision-making and renewal path. Additionally, during the renewal period, the continuous debugging according to the stage effect makes the district renewal a dynamic change that cannot be completely predicted for a long time. However, activating the community attribute of districts during urban regeneration is not only the core driving force to maintaining the flavor of life and continue local culture but also an important competitiveness to stimulate cultural consumption with real situational experience. Therefore, practicing orientation with humanism, and promoting the positive evolution of social space to realize the symbiosis of cultural consumption and everyday life should be the proper meaning of urban renewal in cultural oriented historical districts.

Green buildings are characterized by energy saving and emissions reduction. To achieve the goals of peak emissions and carbon neutrality, large-scale development of green buildings contributes to relieving the pressure of resource shortage and environmental degradation. The extant literature on China's green buildings has mainly focused on standards and rating systems. With regard to the rapid growth of green buildings, research has increasingly focused on the development patterns and mainly concentrated on the nationwide or regional scales. It is essential to study the spatial and temporal patterns of green buildings and explore their dynamics in urban China within a particular city. Taking Guangzhou as a case study, this study comprehensively explored the spatial and temporal patterns of green buildings which were awarded the Chinese Green Building Evaluation Standard or LEED certification from 2008 to 2021, and further identified main factors in terms of market, economy, environment, and resources driving such patterns with the aid of ArcGIS spatial analysis and GeoDector. It was found that: (1) Temporally, the growth of green buildings demonstrates a policy-driven trend of rising first and then descending. (2) Spatially, there are significant differences in green buildings project, construction area, and types in terms of green office, residential, and other public buildings. The green buildings in the city center of Guangzhou have considerable differentiation and complex levels. The high-level green buildings are primarily concentrated in Tianhe, Zengcheng, and Huangpu Districts, while the low-level green buildings are mostly located in Conghua, Panyu, and Nansha Districts. (3) The spatiotemporal patterns of green buildings exhibited the following features: The gravity center of green buildings moved northward and then southward;. The range of distribution has continuously expanded. The developing trend in Guangzhou present northwest-southeast direction with gradually enhanced directionality. (4) With regard to the driving forces, resource factors are the primary driving force in the development of green buildings, followed by economic, market, and environmental factors. Specifically, among the three types of green buildings commercial, residential, and office, resource factors are the most important driving force in developing green commercial and residential buildings, while market factors deeply affect the spatial variation of green office buildings. Notably, environmental factors also play a key role in green residential buildings. From the perspective of geography in the spatiotemporal dimension, this study systematically reveals the evolution and determinants of green buildings in China. The findings provide scientific evidence for governmental decision-makers and urban planners in green buildings, new insights into green buildings development and enrich the theoretical framework of green buildings.

Knowledge of the evolutionary characteristics of urban functional centers and their formation mechanisms is a prerequisite for promoting urban renewal and optimizing these centers. Taking the central urban area of Suzhou as an example, the driving mechanisms of spatial-temporal differentiation were determined through examining long-term data of urban points of interest, kernel density estimation, and location entropy. The findings are as follows. First, the spatial distribution of urban functional centers evolves from a monocentric to a polycentric pattern, with a significant pattern of primary and secondary differential order. In the case of Suzhou, the city has evolved from a single center to a multi-center functional system with one main center and four sub-centers, which is in accordance with the layout of the functional centers determined by the urban master plan. Second, The services of functional centers shift from public function to a dominance of lifestyle function and then to consumer dominance, which supports the trend of the transformation into a consumption-oriented city. The spatial differentiation of the dominant function types of each center is significant, with both a complementary division of labor and a corresponding trend of functional specialization. Under China's unique governance system, the intervention of planning policies is bound to have a significant impact on the spatial and temporal differentiation of urban functional centers. Therefore, based on the perspective of urban planning and policy, we have constructed an analytical framework for the evolution of functional centers at multiple scales and with multiple actors acting together. Macro policies are transmitted downward through national strategies and regional plans to guide the overall evolution of space and functions; at the meso policy level, the active local government builds a blueprint plan through planning tools, such as development plans and urban master plans, links with market mechanisms, and carries out urban management to promote the generation of multiple functional centers in the city. At the micro-policy level, action policies such as urban function relocation, spatial regeneration, and the creation of special spaces in new towns are coordinated to promote the function relocation and agglomeration of functional centers in the city. Multi-scale planning policies jointly construct a nested mechanism to drive the evolution of functional centers; however, the degree of spatial and temporal matching between planning policies and market mechanisms determines the formation and evolution paths of functional centers. The mismatch between the "blueprint" approach of urban planning and the flexibility of the market mechanism, the failure of the transmission of planning policies at the upper and lower levels, or the change of planning can cause a bias in the generation and evolution of functional centers. The contribution of this study is, first, to establish a spatial and temporal cognitive framework for the evolution of functional centers and to explore the evolutionary pattern of the dominant function types of functional centers based on fine-grained data. We found that the dominant functions of urban functional centers in the case study area go through an evolutionary process of "public function-living function-consumption function". A similar process has not yet been documented in other cities, underscoring the need to verify the model through multi-case comparisons. Second, the special urban governance environment in China requires that researchers and planners view policy interventions at multiple scales in order to fully understand the spatial and temporal evolution of urban functional centers and so establish a policy cognitive framework for the evolution of functional centers. Understanding the role of planning policy interventions forms the basis for the subsequent implementation of targeted planning interventions.

The study of everyday life has gained attention across various disciplines in the context of modernity. This study utilizes Lefebvre's rhythmanalysis to explore the everyday experiences of residents in the Xiguan Community, a historically significant residential area in western Guangzhou undergoing urbanization and tourism development. Adopting an emic perspective, this study employed auto-ethnography to depict the daily rhythms and spatially embodied experiences of the author, a native resident of the Xiguan Community. By incorporating reflective and self-narrative elements and comparing them across generations, this approach provides first-hand knowledge and self-awareness. This research offers an insider's comprehensive understanding of the effects of urbanization and tourism on residents' everyday lives. Informed by Lefebvre's rhythmanalysis, this analysis incorporates spatial and temporal dimensions, with a specific emphasis on residents' experiences of spatial embodiment and their engagement with everyday rhythms. The study reveals two key findings: First, urbanization and the commodification of landscapes have created a constructed "the present" in traditional communities, displacing the meaningful "existence" of everyday life. Certain spaces within these communities have detached from residents' everyday lives, serving urban and tourism purposes, and leading to partial alienation in spatial and temporal dimensions. These spaces represent the simulacra and fragments of residents' everyday lives, lacking subjectivity, temporality, and wholeness. Over time, the "existence" that embodies the meaning of residents' everyday lives has been squeezed out by structural forces such as urban renewal and community tourism. For tourists, these landscapes may serve only as replicas of attractions, devoid of the essence of residents' everyday lives. For the residents, these community spaces have become manifestations of instrumental rationality and commodification. Second, this study highlights that traditional community residents' bodies are disciplined and governed by the instrumental rationality of urban production and the invisible rhythms of the tourism industry. In large cities, the significance of individual bodies in traditional urban communities is often overlooked, as bodies become tools for creating value through work. Individuals adjust their everyday rhythms based on urban settings' production rationality and efficiency priorities. This undermines the bodily rhythms that align with natural cycles and prompts residents to distance themselves from traditional communities. While the older generation in the Xiguan Community experiences overlapping leisure time and shares community spaces, fostering solid social relationships, the younger generation faces longer working hours, extended commuting distances, and more individualized leisure time. As a result, there is a lack of synchronization in leisure rhythms among neighbors. The embodied rhythms of traditional community residents have shifted from a state of harmony with natural rhythms and community spaces to being governed by the instrumental rationality of urban production and invisible rhythms of the tourism industry. This study provides an emic and longitudinal perspective to the investigation of spatial experiences and embodied rhythms in urban and tourism development. The use of auto-ethnography amplifies residents' voices and calls for greater consideration of local daily life. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating residents' everyday experiences into the planning and development of sustainable communities and tourism.

The global proliferation of natural predators, including Terpios hoshinota sponge and crown-of-thorns starfish, poses a significant threat to the ecological vitality of coral reefs. However, coral reef research currently lacks comprehensive quantitative studies on the ramifications of predator outbreaks in various coral reef landform types. To bridge this knowledge gap, this study utilized a dataset comprising 26 Sentinel-2 remote sensing images spanning the years 2016 to 2022, both pre- and post-two distinct episodes of natural predator outbreaks involving the Terpios hoshinota sponge and crown-of-thorns starfish, within the vicinity of Taiping Island. High-resolution GF-2 (PMS) remote-sensing images and satellite data were used to augment the analysis. Based on data obtained from the Google Earth platform of the Geographic Information System for remote sensing imagery, we conducted an experiment involving the classification of coral reef landform types in Taiping Island in the South China Sea. During the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification experiments, we performed a meticulous examination of the image interpretation outcomes, making comparisons and rectifications in consultation with domain experts. Classification was performed by analyzing remote sensing images, and the identified landform types included areas characterized by dense coral sedimentation, sparse coral sedimentation, coral clusters, sand flats, and shallow reef front slopes. Subsequent analyses focused on discerning distinctive characteristics and tracing their evolutionary patterns. The findings reveal that (1) this study effectively integrates expert interpretation knowledge and an SVM classification algorithm to classify the various landform types present in Taiping Island's coral reef ecosystem. Remarkably, the classification achieved an unprecedented level of accuracy, with an overall accuracy rate of 96.46% and a kappa coefficient of 0.94. (2) The analysis showed that during the two natural predator outbreaks, the coral reef landforms on Taiping Island, which included dense coral reef areas, dense coral sedimentation areas, and sparse coral sedimentation areas, displayed significant decreases in their respective areas. The outbreak of Terpios hoshinota sponge had the most profound impact on the dense coral sedimentation area, resulting in a 72.92% decrease in the total area. Meanwhile, the outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish had the most significant effect on the coral cluster area, causing a 59.17% reduction in total area. (3) Over the period spanning from 2016 to 2022, the degradation rate of the coral reefs on Taiping Island exceeded the recovery rate. Notably, the highest degradation rate (23.88%) occurred between March-June 2017. Conversely, the highest rate of recovery (18.03%) was observed from June-September 2017. We analyzed the dynamic characteristics of coral reef landform types, including changes in type distribution, areal extent, degradation rate, and recovery rate. Furthermore, we assessed the influence of natural disturbances on the degradation of coral reef ecosystems, thereby providing valuable insights for conservation and scientific inquiries pertaining to coral reef ecological resources in the waters surrounding Taiping Island. This effort is underpinned by a solid theoretical foundation. The Chinese and English literature cited in this article have contributed significantly to various facets, including coral reef monitoring methodologies, construction of coral reef classification systems, and assessment of coral reef ecosystem health.

At present, the economy of China is in a new stage, shifting from high-speed growth to high-quality development. Accordingly, high-tech industrial development zones (hereinafter referred to as "high-tech zones") have developed as clusters of innovative resources, high-tech enterprises, and industries. These high-tech zones serve as demonstration zones for national and regional innovation development. Building a resilient innovation ecosystem in high-tech zones and enhancing their ability to cope and adapt to an uncertain environment are important for promoting the high-quality development of these zones as well as the regional economy. There are few academic studies on the resilience of innovation ecosystems in high-tech zones. Incorporating the concept of resilience and enhancing the ability of innovation ecosystems in high-tech zones to cope with risk is a topic worthy of attention in academic research. Here we introduce the concept of resilience, explore the connotation and characteristics of the resilience of the innovation ecosystem in the high-tech zone, analyze its evolution process by applying adaptive cycle theory, and construct a measurement index system in four dimensions: resistance, absorption, recovery, and transformation power. From this perspective, resilience is considered the ability of the zone to maintain and restore its original characteristics and functions and also to continue to grow after the system has been disturbed. The zone characteristics considered are complexity, dynamic evolution, scale correlation, and regulation, as evident through four evolutionary stages: exploitation, storage, release, and renewal. Using the TOPSIS method, 46 high-tech zones in Hunan Province were selected as research objects, and their innovation ecosystem resilience levels and spatiotemporal pattern characteristics were analyzed. It was found that the innovation ecosystem resilience level of the Hunan high-tech zone increased from 0.316 in 2012 to 0.604 in 2020, showing an overall upward trend in resilience. In terms of the increase in the level of resilience in each dimension, the most significant increase was that of transformation power, followed by absorption and resistance powers. The smallest increase was that of recovery power. The spatial pattern showed obvious divergence, with the more resilient high-tech zones clustered in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration and the less resilient zones distributed in the western Hunan region. Over time, the degree of spatial differentiation gradually shrank, forming the characteristics of a highly resilient agglomeration, with the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration as the core, and Yueyang, Chenzhou, Changde, and other multi-centers coexisting. In this study the innovation ecosystem of high-tech zones was examined from the perspective of dynamic development; the results are expected to broaden the concept of urban development resilience in theory and promote the high-quality development of high-tech zones in practice.

Based on the National Census data of 2000, 2010, and 2020, with districts and counties as spatial units, the current situation of population aging is described using a time-series comparison method, and its distribution position is identified using a standard deviation ellipse. Moran's I index was used to investigate the spatial correlation and evolution characteristics of population aging, and the Dagum Gini coefficient and decomposition were used to evaluate its regional differences and sources. Then, a spatial econometric regression model was used to test the factors influencing the spatial differentiation of population aging. This study revealed that the population aging of counties in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle has been accelerating as a unit from 2000 to 2020. However, different regions before and after 2010 have shown relatively different changes. The center of population aging in the counties gradually shifted to Chengdu over time. Population aging in counties of the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle mainly shows the spatial distribution characteristics of similar types of agglomeration; counties with significant spatial correlation are mainly characterized by high-high or low-low type clustering, of which the latter has gradually concentrated in Chengdu and Chongqing during the survey period. After 2010, the high-high type clustering areas rapidly concentrated on the two wings of the central axis of Chengdu and Chongqing. The overall difference in population aging of the counties in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle accelerated during the investigation period. The increase and decrease in intra-regional differences varied among different periods, with increased inter-regional differences occurring after 2010. Hypervariable density contributed the most to the overall difference in population aging. Compared with 2010, factors such as aging inertia, fertility inertia, population inflow, and education level had a greater impact on the spatial differentiation of population aging in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle in 2020, and an increasing number of elderly people have been observed to gather in more densely populated districts and counties since 2010. Overall, this study provides a detailed presentation of the spatial imbalance and dynamic evolution characteristics of population aging at the county level in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle over the past two decades and reports that, compared to 2000-2010, the population aging in the counties of the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle during 2010-2020 underwent rapid deepening with an overall increase in differences and showed new changes in deepening speed, regional relative aging degree, and distribution of similar types of agglomeration counties, that could be considered, there are also certain differences in the causes of population aging in the counties.

The urban-rural relationship in China has undergone distinct stages, broadly categorized as follows: coordinated development and rural-urban integration. During the initial phase of rural-urban integration, certain townships pursued collaboration with cities possessing high-scale functional zones, aiming to gain increased autonomy in economic management. This approach facilitated the expansion of high-scale functional zones from cities to rural regions. The evolving urban-rural relationship in China has led to an intricate socio-spatial structure characterized by an overlap of high- and low-scale functional zones, forming an embedded complex. Although the TPSN (Territory-Place-Scale-Network) model offers a valuable framework for describing the changing dimensions of this structure, it fails to explain the causative factors behind these changes or accurately delineate the process of such transformations. Hence, we employed the ASID (Agency-Structure-Institution-Discourse) framework as an analytical tool to examine the two stages of the Guangzhou-Qingyuan Economic Special Cooperation Zone (GQESCZ) as a case study. Results of this study revealed that GQESCZ exhibited a pronounced embedded complex. The high-scale Guangzhou Development Zone (a national-level economic development zone) is nested within several township-level administrative regions of Qingyuan. In the first stage of GQESCZ, Qingyuan, serving as a superior government to Yingde, operated as a local leader, akin to the roles played by Foshan and Guangdong. Its objective was to facilitate the development of a cooperation zone and enhance regional public interests. However, during the second stage of GQESCZ, both Qingyuan and Guangzhou took on the roles of institutional actors and underwent significant identity changes. Qingyuan exhibited varying actor roles throughout different stages of urban-rural integration, emphasizing how actor categories evolved in line with their objectives. The various actor categories involved in spatial production served as strategic tools for achieving their respective objectives. Also, we found that hegemonic discourse generated a heightened sense of political responsibility within the Guangdong provincial government, thus elevating expectations for urban-rural integration projects. To meet these provincial government aspirations, both Guangzhou and Qingyuan opted to undertake urban-rural integration projects in well-established industrial parks. To mitigate the risk of project failure, the Guangdong provincial government has delegated significant authority to the municipal governments responsible for these projects. This delegation allocated responsibilities and powers between the provincial and municipal levels. Provincial governments simultaneously transferred both power and responsibility to local governments, aiming to minimize the accountability risks associated with these projects. Furthermore, this approach provided substantial authorization, enabling local governments to execute urban-rural integration projects to high standards. Importantly, during the formation of the embedded complex in GQESCZ, both the Guangdong provincial and local governments displayed a clear preference for blame-avoidance. An effective role is never played by specific socio-spatial forms but rather by social actors who are embedded within and utilize these spatial forms. This realization emphasizes that, in the study of social spatial theory, the significance of a specific socio-spatial form can only be assessed from the perspective of the participating actors. This study analyzed the production process of social space from the perspective of the local government's blame-avoidance preference, thus bridging the gap between socio-spatial theory and blame-avoidance game theory. Findings of this study indicate the importance of fostering diverse forms of intercity cooperation, thereby capitalizing on the adaptability offered by flexible spatial delineation methods, such as embedded complexes. This approach facilitates the expansion of cross-boundary governance overseen by core city governments and supports the re-territorialization of urban capital. Simultaneously, it is crucial to proactively employ rigid measures, such as administrative division adjustments, to safeguard the accomplishments of institutional reforms stemming from embedded complexes.

High-quality air service is important for achieving high-quality aviation development. As the primary customers of air travel services, passengers are the most important evaluators of the service. Therefore, research on their air travel choices is key for promoting the coordination of multi-airport regions. Based on stochastic utility psychological perception theories, this study discusses the impact of the key dimension of airport service quality on air travel choices using the structural equation model-logit model. The results show that air travel choice is not a simple linear extension of behavioral intentions as there are two key dimensions of airport service quality: First, mandatory service processing is inevitably the most time-consuming and tedious process for passengers at airports. This waiting time is perceived as a sign of low airport service capability, whereas the level and quality of service provided by staff in this process is an intangible factor for passengers. This in turn affects the level of passengers' ratings of airport services, especially for business travelers. Therefore, airports need to recognize the time and resource constraints of passengers and work with airlines to streamline the check-in process, ensure security control, and reduce waiting time. One solution is to use shared self-service devices or automated robots that allow any passenger of any airline or flight to check-in and check-out on the same device. Second, while facilities, equipment, and environment are not universal considerations for passengers, differences in passenger perceptions are evident between airport types. Within multi-airport regions, the facilities, equipment, and environment of major airports are above passengers' psychological expectations, while auxiliary or other airports need to pay more attention to this service, which illustrates that the improvement of airport service quality requires changes to unidimensional and monolithic thinking but also focus on passengers' overall perception of service experience from a multidimensional perspective, as well as consideration of the spatial and temporal characteristics of different airport types in the multi-airport region to make targeted improvements. Moreover, passengers do not have an obvious preference for particular airlines, but low-cost airlines still hold a certain appeal for passengers when they take off from regional airports, which also means that low-cost airlines ' entry into the market has anti-risk properties for regional airports. Within the limits of China's aviation controls, the presence of low-cost carriers can still improve the chances of an airport being chosen. Therefore, different airport types within the same multi-airport region often need to compete differently to achieve regional synergistic development. To enhance airport service quality, it is essential to fine tune service quality standards, based on airport's types. The improvement of airports' performance should include a phased integration of assessments of service experience settings. Airports should adopt differentiated spatial designs for their service functions based on the goal of airport integration, with a view to achieving optimal management at minimal cost while being able to effectively guide passengers in their air travel choices.

Informal spaces in urban villages represent a spatial chimera of socio-economic activities arising from driving social demands. Investigating the evolution and inherent rules of such spaces can provide direction and strategies for good governance. This study analyzes the process and outcomes of the self-organized evolution of informal spaces by considering their self-organizational characteristics. Herein, the Shenxiang village, which is a typical mature urban village in Suzhou, was considered as an example. We adopted qualitative research methods, such as questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews. The agglomeration and formation of informal spaces in Shenxiang is the consequence of self-organized evolution. This can be attributed to the interaction of internal and external environments, which is influenced by the socio-cultural concepts of local villagers and relationships among external groups. Based on the main body of spatial organization, the self-organized evolution of informal spaces in urban villages was divided into the following stages: "individual-oriented self-creation," "relationship-oriented self-expansion," and "social capital-oriented self-evolution." Furthermore, the spatio-temporal characteristics and self-organizational-evolution mechanisms of these informal spaces were analyzed at each stage. The findings are as follows: (1) During the evolution of informal spaces, the main body of spatial organization expands from "village people" to "rural people" and "insiders." This is the consequence of self-organized evolution between villagers and alien groups. In urban villages, the evolution and reconstruction of informal spaces is caused by the expansion and variation in social relations. (2) During the self-organization and evolution of informal spaces, the relationship network is crucial in strengthening trust and building consensus, spanning blood relationships in the "self-creation" stage and geographical and industrial relationships in the "self-evolution" stage. The informal spatial self-organization of urban villages relies on the sub-social structure constructed by the original relationship network, which perpetuates the consensual regional culture, conceptual consciousness, and living habits, and enhances the cohesiveness and centripetal force of self-organization. This study aimed to gain deeper insights into informal spaces in urban villages, formulate a theoretical framework for their governance, and analyze the order and rules of internal self-organization. We believe that such informal spaces are self-balanced and relatively independent informal economies that facilitate a symbiotic relationship between local villagers and external groups. The transformation and optimization of informal spaces in urban villages is a potential challenge. The guiding approach for optimization promotes the following: forming informal space communities in urban villages, respecting and stimulating their self-organization order, adhering to the mutual unity principle of self-organization and external organizations, combining the external impetus and internal development capabilities of the system, and adopting bottom-up consultation actions to balance the group interest more efficiently. To promote the governance of informal spaces in urban villages, it is crucial to adhere to the logic and rules of their self-organization.

Since the 2008 global financial crisis, the United States, Britain, Germany, and other developed Western countries have regarded manufacturing as a driving force for economic revitalization. The United States proposed the concept of advanced manufacturing and issued a series of policies to ensure its leading position in the manufacturing industry by promoting the development of advanced manufacturing. Advanced manufacturing is the only way for China to move from a large manufacturing country to a powerful manufacturing country, and it is also the direction of manufacturing development. Therefore, it has received great interest from officials and academics. However, as it is difficult to define the categories of advanced manufacturing in national statistical standards, only a few studies have focused on the definition and policies of advanced manufacturing and a case study on the spatial-temporal patterns at the urban level under the influence of local policies. There have been no studies on the spatial-temporal pattern of advanced manufacturing at the regional level and its influencing factors to promote the development of regional advanced manufacturing clusters. The spatial-temporal patterns of the advanced manufacturing distribution at the regional level are not only affected by local policies, but also related to the characteristics of each city within the region and the agglomeration and spillover characteristics of enterprises between different cities. How these factors affect the regional level of advanced manufacturing distribution and the spatial-temporal characteristics warrants further research. Based on four sets of economic census employment data at the district-level in 2004, 2008, 2013, 2018, this study uses the density, growth rate, Theil index, and Global Moran's Index to explore the spatial-temporal pattern of advanced manufacturing distribution in the Pearl River Delta and its influence factors. It found that (1) the density around the Pearl River area and the east bank is higher than that of the peripheral area and the west bank, but the growth rate of four parts is similar during the whole period and it appear negative during between 2014 and 2018. (2) the density of nine cities in order are: Shenzhen> Dongguan> Zhongshan> Foshan> Zhuhai> Guangzhou> Huizhou> Jiangmen> Zhaoqing; the growth rate of nine cities are: Zhaoqing> Huizhou> Shenzhen> Foshan> Zhuhai> Zhongshan> Dongguan> Guangzhou> Jiangmen, and that of Shenzhen, Foshan, Zhongshan, Dongguan and Guangzhou is negative between 2014 and 2018. (3)spatial distribution evolves from "core-multiple edges" to "core-multiple subcores-multiple edge", the density of Guangzhou and Shenzhen appears suburbanization, density of districts becomes higher, growth rate of districts gets lower and that of 84% districts are negative between 2014 and 2018, Global Moran's Index is high but decreasing, Theil Index is above-moderate and increasing. Government encouragement policies of regions and cities, urban characteristics of location advantage and port advantage, and enterprise characteristics of agglomeration economy promote advanced manufacturing agglomeration, increased density, high spatial distribution, and multiple core emergence; The government optimization policies of digitalization and environmental regulation, and the enterprise characteristics of spillover effects lead to the suburbanization of big cities, the negative growth of the Pearl River Delta region from 2014 to 2018, and the decreasing trend of spatial distribution correlation. This study focuses on the spatial-temporal patterns of advanced manufacturing distribution representing the development direction of manufacturing and its influencing factors in the Pearl River Delta to provide a reference for government decision-making at all levels in the Pearl River Delta, to formulate policies to promote the development of advanced manufacturing, enhance the economic strength of the Pearl River Delta, and realize China's dream of becoming a powerful manufacturing country.

With the rapid development of lifestyle logistics in the service industry, such as e-commerce express and same-city delivery, new challenges have arisen in the planning and implementation of urban logistics freight and related industries. However, studies of existing urban logistics tend to focus on large-scale administrative areas, such as inter-provincial and city clusters, ignoring the importance of intra-city logistics networks. Traditional research methods are mostly based on static data to simulate inter-city logistics links, which makes it difficult to accurately and comprehensively reflect the intra-city logistics factor flows and their linkages. In response to these shortcomings, we adopted a method to track logistics in real time, by using truck GPS "flow data" across the city of Shenzhen. In addition, a community discovery model based on social networks was developed to identify important intra-city logistics nodes. The following conclusions are drawn. 1) There are 12 logistics hub nodes in Shenzhen, including the Songgang Industrial Zone, Yantian Port, and Pinghu Logistics Park, based on the infrastructure of large industrial clusters, advanced technology industrial zones, and integrated logistics parks. 2) Intra-city logistics activities are mainly concentrated on weekdays; in contrast, on weekends, logistics activities are severely inhibited by factors such as frequent activities of residents during holidays and delayed construction of planned roads. 3) The overall internal logistics linkage is weak, with logistics activities concentrated in the Guangzhou-Shenzhen axis, showing a spatial pattern of "dense in the west and sparse in the east", but the existing logistics infrastructure is mostly located in the central part of the city, which results in a misaligned layout of logistics activities heading west and logistics facilities being distributed in the middle. 4) The logistics linkage feature "heterogeneous attraction" is obvious: the logistics activities of different types of nodes tend to flow towards specific areas, gradually forming a logistics corridor with "airport-industrial area-coastal port-logistics park" as the axis. Intra-city logistics relies on the linkage of the corridor and forms a logistics corridor network model, with the corridor as the axis spreading to the periphery. 5) The intra-city logistics spatial organization can be divided into six subgroups, whose edge subgroups basically transfer logistics activities around the core subgroups, constituting a "core-edge" organization pattern. Taking these key results into consideration, we propose planning for high-quality development of intra-city logistics in Shenzhen, from three perspectives: reshaping the logistics space, adjusting planning, and cultivating new growth levels. The results of this study not only help to develop and improve the theoretical and methodological system of urban logistics network and deepen the understanding of intra-city logistics network construction, but also serve as a 'Shenzhen sample' for urban logistics development, with the goal of integrating Shenzhen into the world-class logistics hub of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Birds are excellent indicators of ecosystems and environmental conditions because they are responsive to habitat change and have important ecological functions. When birds are dependent on habitat functioning in specific ways, the population trends of birds can provide insights into ecosystem function. We conducted monthly bird surveys and monitored birds in Maofeng Mountain Forest Park from November 2020 to March 2022 by combining line transect and camera-trapping methods. These results help estimate bird community structure, bird diversity, and habitat influence. The study area was divided into three types of habitat according to vegetation type and human interference. In addition, 6 line-transects and 30 infrared cameras were used in this study. A total of 2,253 independent images were collected with up to 3,561 camera days during the study period. A total of 143 bird species belonging to 16 orders and 46 families were recorded in this study. Among these species, 18 are second-class national protected species, eight are listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, and 10 are key protected wild animals in Guangdong Province. Pycnonotus jocosus, Pycnonotus aurigaster, Alcippe morrisonia, and Zosteropssimplex were the dominant species in forest parks. Accipiter trivirgatus, Pitta nympha, Garrulax canorus, and Lophura nycthemera, which are rare and threatened species, were found in the forest park. Based on the residential habitats of these species, the dominant 80 species (proportion:55.94％) were in the Oriental biogeographical realm. The widespread species and the Palaearctic species had 32 (proportion: 22.38%) and 31 species (proportion: 21.68%), respectively. Ninety species of resident birds were dominant among all types of birds in the forest park. The main ecological type, with 132 species, was forest birds. In terms of eating types, most birds were insectivorous and omnivorous, with 67 species (proportion: 46.85%) and 46 species (proportion: 32.17%), respectively, suggesting that Maofeng Mountain Forest Park is an important site for forest bird communities. In terms of habitats, we also found that the Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, and Margalef index of birds were highest in forest habitats and lowest in road habitats. The Pielou evenness index of birds showed no significant differences among the habitats. In terms of seasons, the Shannon-Wiener and Margalef indices of birds were highest in spring and lowest in summer. Nevertheless, the Pielou evenness and Simpson indices of birds were not significantly different among the four seasons. The Pielou evenness index was similar to the Simpson index. Moreover, a general linear mixed model was used for the analysis, which showed that the richness and abundance index of birds were significantly correlated with changes in habitats and seasons. In summary, there were different kinds of habitats, abundant forest bird resources, stable bird community structures, and high bird diversity in Maofeng Mountain Forest Park. Birds with a more stable structure and higher diversity in the forest habitat imply that decreased human interference promotes bird inhabitation. This study provides basic data for biodiversity monitoring and assessment in Maofeng Mountain Forest Park and its surrounding forests.

The Three Gorges is an important natural geographical landmark and one of the regions with the most abundant cultural heritage preservation in the Yangtze River Basin. Therefore, establishing a demonstration area for the Yangtze River National Cultural Park has become an important site selection objective. Research on the cultural landscape characteristics of the Three Gorges highlights its characteristics as a representative symbol of China and promotes the identification, protection, and valuation of its iconic cultural resources. Despite the current situation, where only a few tangible remnants of the Three Gorges heritage exist, the cultural context remains largely intact. Ancient poetry, with its classical Chinese cultural characteristics and unique geographical expression methods, enriches the natural scenery and humanistic imagery of the Three Gorges. This provides a valuable tool for interpreting and understanding the cultural resources of the Three Gorges and enhancing its value interpretation system. The Tang and Song dynasties saw a surge in the number, representativeness, and influence of poetry related to the Three Gorges. This article analyzes 440 Tang and Song poems about the Three Gorges, focusing on its geographic information and cultural landscapes. Using text mining technology, we extracted the most representative cultural landscapes in the area and visualized the types and distribution these cultural landscapes ArcGIS spatial analysis. Additionally, cluster analysis and spatial semantic analysis were conducted on poetry texts using ROST-CM6 to categorize different landscape themes. The cultural connotations and aesthetic characteristics of each theme were then analyzed by combining semantic networks with high-frequency words and characters. Our findings indicate that the Three Gorges cultural landscape during the Tang and Song dynasties was mainly composed of historical sites, temples, ancestral halls, and former residences of renowned figures. The landscape formed a string of beads along the river and primarily centered on Fengjie and Wushan. We identified six landscape themes on the semantic network, including the Xiajiang Grand View, the ancient capital of the White Emperor, the scenic spots of Xiling, and the clouds and rain of Wushan. The Three Gorges segment of the Yangtze River National Cultural Park followed the "One Belt, One Zone, Two Cores" spatial layout concept, with poetry culture as the soul, the poet's location as the pulse, and renowned mountains and scenic spots as the body. Historical scenes were reconstructed through logical and emotional methods, injecting the aesthetics, culture, and emotion of poetry and its historical background into the basic landscape.

Urban community renewal is committed to improving the material, socioeconomic, and cultural environments of the community and satisfying people's pursuit of a better life. However, there are various contradictions and problems in the process of urban renewal practice, which restrict the positive effects of community renewal, including the improvement of residents' happiness. Therefore, this study focuses on the impact of the community renewal process on residents' well-being, focusing on old communities with special social, historical, and cultural backgrounds in China. Taking a typical community in Nanjing as an example, based on data such as field research and questionnaire interviews, a structural equation model is used to construct a multidimensional framework. The influence of environmental changes brought about by community renewal on residents' subjective well-being is discussed from the two dimensions of material and social environment. The study draws three main conclusions: (1) In the dimension of material environment, community renewal significantly improves the subjective well-being of residents by effectively improving the material environment of the community. In addition, community renewal, as a proactive intervention on environmental conditions, promotes residents' community participation, and then improves their well-being through a mediating effect. (2) In the dimension of social environment, community renewal directly improves residents' subjective well-being by increasing community cohesion and trust. Adopting a community-centered, bottom-up approach to community renewal can improve community cohesion, enhance residents' resilience and well-being, as well as their willingness to give back to the community. The interactive mode of community belonging and identity, followed by the mediating effect of community cohesion and neighborhood interaction can stimulate community participation and indirectly improve subjective well-being. Good neighborhood interaction enables residents to establish behavioral attitudes that care about public affairs and interests. Neighborhood interaction also bring about information sharing, and the sharing of participation channels and effects can also drive more people to participate in community construction, thereby enhancing their sense of well-being. (3) The personal attributes of residents also have an impact on subjective well-being. Among the control variables in this study, health, age and income had a positive and significant effect on well-being. Self-rated health has the most significant positive impact on subjective well-being, followed by age and income. From the perspective of community social capital, this study explores the optimization of the social environment through the mediating role of community participation in the process of urban community renewal and community physical environment transformation. By understanding the emotional experiences and neighborhood evaluations of residents in the process of participating in community construction, the impact path of urban community renewal on their subjective well-being is revealed. This research will help to provide a basis for community renewal from different levels such as community renewal planning and management, social organization and promotion of community renewal, and so on. Such an approach will help realize the comprehensive optimization and improvement of the physical and social environment of the community, enhance the social capital of the community and the active participation of residents, reduce the negative impact of the renewal process, and improve the resident identity and sustainability of the renewal.

Small and medium-sized mountain rivers have characteristics of short processes, rapid flow rates, and quick responses to extreme weather, thereby playing an important role in the global marine geochemical cycle. Understanding the changes in water and sediment characteristics of small and medium-sized rivers in response to extreme weather can provide scientific support for disaster prevention and mitigation and channel management of river basins. This study analyzed data from the past 60 years to understand the variations in the characteristics of water and sediment in the Qinjiang River of the Beibu Gulf under extreme weather conditions by estimating their variation coefficients and contribution rates. The results of the analyses show the following: (1) The Qinjiang River has an average discharge of 32 and 290 m³/s in normal and tropical cyclone weather conditions, respectively. During a tropical cyclone year, the average flow rate is 9.06 times that during normal weather. The average sediment transport rates during normal weather and tropical cyclones are 0.05 × 10⁴ and 1.15 × 10⁴ t, respectively, wherein the latter is 23 times higher. (2) The average flow rates during normal weather and flood periods are 375 and 2,725 m³/s, respectively; the latter is 7.27 times higher. The average sediment transport rates in normal weather and flood period are 0.07 × 10⁴ and 1.14 × 10⁴ t, respectively, wherein the latter is 16.28 times higher. (3) The average annual contribution rates of tropical cyclones and floods to the runoff and sediment discharge of the Qinjiang River are 10.75% and 20.95% and 16.75% and 30.07%, respectively. Extreme weather contributes significantly to the variations in the water and sediment characteristics of the Qinjiang River. During extreme weather, the Qinjiang River exhibits a surge of water and sediment with inter-annual variations. The peaks of runoff and sediment transport during the transit of tropical cyclones tend to decrease gradually over the years, probably because of the reduction in the impact of their activities. The Qinjiang River is located in the South China Sea. The under construction western land-sea new passage grand project, namely the Pinglu Canal, will provide access to the Beibu Gulf along the Qinjiang River. The results of this study will provide scientific support for the disaster prevention and mitigation of the Pinglu Canal and the construction of the port.

As places providing professional living care, facilities for the elderly (hereafter abbreviated as "facilities") are playing an increasingly important role in China's old-age service system. Evidence suggests that older adults who receive living care from nearby facilities enjoy better health outcomes than those who move to facilities over long distances. Therefore, a higher level of matching between the elderly population and facilities is crucial for improving service efficiency and facility support. Taking Guangzhou as a case study, this study collected data on the population census and facilities from 2000 to 2020. The data were used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the elderly population, facilities, and their matching relationships, focusing on microscale units (i.e., sub-districts and towns). The results show that the uneven spatial distribution of both the elderly population and facilities is becoming more evident. Specifically, there is a stable "high-low-middle" sphere structure of the elderly population distribution. While the central areas are already home to an aged society, suburban areas have a relatively low level of population aging owing to the concentration of the modern service industry and strategic emerging industries that attract the working-age population. Accordingly, the level of population aging in outskirts is between those of the central and suburban areas. Compared to the consistent sphere structure of the elderly population distribution, the number of facilities has evolved from an even distribution to a polarized distribution that decreases stepwise from the inside to the outside. Although populations in both areas have aged rapidly, the number of facilities have increased considerably in the central areas, whereas limited growth has occurred in the outskirts. Second, from a global perspective, although the matching relationship between the elderly population and facilities has improved, the level remains low. Specifically, the Gini coefficient of the elderly population and facilities decreased from 0.62 in 2000 to 0.54 in 2020. However, even by 2020, 30% of the elderly population was able to enjoy living care from nearly 60% of facilities; instead, approximately 10% of the elderly population was not well covered by facilities. Third, from a local perspective, improvement in the matching relationship between the elderly population and facilities did not occur equally across Guangzhou. Specifically, although most sub-districts and towns have witnessed an improvement from a low level of "mismatch" to a medium level of "match," these sub-districts and towns are mainly distributed in Tianhe and Huangpu. Generally, even by 2020, few sub-districts and towns reached a high level of "match" relationship between the elderly population and facilities. The percentage of these subdistricts and towns, which are mainly concentrated in the central areas and are located near Baiyun and Panyu, has slowly increased from 25.4% in 2000 to 32.4% in 2020. Finally, some policy measures regarding the spatial planning of facilities have been independently proposed for the central areas, suburban areas, and outskirts based on the specific spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the matching relationship between the elderly population and facilities during the last two decades.

In China, the equal accessibility of social infrastructure, especially public housing and healthcare, has become a prominent concern in solving the problems of rapid but uneven growth-oriented urbanization in the post-reform era. However, few studies have focused on the accessibility of various healthcare resources to different types of public housing using different transport modes. Utilizing Internet map services, this study first calculated the travel time from talent, economically affordable, and public rental housing to hospitals using three transport modes—walking, public transport, and driving—in Shenzhen, China. Subsequently, the optimized two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA) was employed to comprehensively evaluate the accessibility of healthcare resources to public housing and explore differences in healthcare accessibility among different populations. The results reveal that: (1) Public housing is located far away from healthcare resources, with 15% of public housing unable to access AAA hospitals within 30 minutes by car, and only 10% able to access ordinary hospitals within 15 minutes. (2) Accessibility of healthcare resources to public housing exhibits spatial heterogeneity, gradually declining from special to non-special economic zones. (3) Talent housing experiences the best accessibility, followed by affordable and public rental housing. (4) Public transportation and walking exhibit greater spatial variation in accessibility than driving. Theoretically, the current public housing accessibility in Shenzhen reflects the common problems of public housing accessibility throughout the country. In the process of promoting the equal accessibility of basic public services, focus on its accessibility should be emphasized. This study proposes an optimized 2SFCA by introducing a Gaussian distance decay function, establishing a multilevel search radius, considering supply and demand-side competition effects, and using real-time traffic big data. Our methodological framework simultaneously considers differences among various types of public housing, hospitals with different service capacities, and diverse travel modes. This provides a new research perspective for a comprehensive and thorough understanding of the equal accessibility of basic public services.

Memory is an essential structure of the tourism experience. Tourism memory construction is not only an individual's review and sublimation of on-site experience, but also the pursuit and introspection of self-meaning. Although tourism memory is unique and critical, it has not yet been fully examined in local tourism studies, resulting in the focus on on-site experience while ignoring the special role of tourism memory in shaping the landscape and constructing individual self-cognition. In this study, based on theories of autobiographical memory and self-expansion, the Grounded Theory and Structural Equation Model were adopted to investigate the influence mechanism of tourism memory construction on tourists' self-concept expansion based on excavating the dimensions of tourism memory construction. The results showed that: 1) Tourism memory is an unforgettable autobiographical memory formed by individual screening and construction after tourists' on-site experience. Its construction dimensions comprise three basic structures: cognitive appraisal, interactive perception, and affective involvement. Specifically, cognitive appraisal refers to the cognitive feelings generated by tourists based on the objective environment of destinations in their memory. Interactive perception is the participatory perception of the interaction between the host and guest and the interaction between tourists. Affective involvement reflects the emotional properties of memory, which is the corresponding emotional reaction of tourists based on cognitive appraisal and interactive perception. These three elements are interrelated and jointly shape and interpret the landscape constructing tourist' self-identity. 2) Cognitive appraisal, interactive perception, and positive affective involvement in tourism memory help promote tourism-sharing behavior, which significantly and positively influences the individual and social self-expansion of tourists. This finding confirms that cognitive and interactive memories contribute to tourism-sharing behavior. In particular, positive and negative affective involvements are remembered by tourists, but many tourists are more willing to share "positive energy" and express the positive side of tourism memories. In addition, through self-narration and self-expression, tourism sharing deepens reflection of the overall self-perception. 3) Among the direct effects of tourism memory construction on self-concept expansion, cognitive appraisal and interactive perception significantly and positively affect individual and social self-expansion, whereas positive affective involvement only positively affects individual self-expansion and indirectly affects social self-expansion by tourism sharing. Furthermore, this paper theoretically clarifies the dimensions of tourism memory construction, complements the theoretical deficiencies of post-travel memory in previous tourism experience studies, and reveals the subjective significance of tourism memory to self. This paper also introduces the concept of self-expansion in tourism research and complements self-expansion studies in nonrelational contexts. Finally, this study is a practical reference for memory marketing in destinations.

Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meloponini) play a significant ecological role in tropical and subtropical regions. They have good utilization value in pollination, medicinal applications, and industrial raw materials. However, the habitats of stingless bees have experienced fragmentation owing to anthropogenic interventions in the natural environment. Consequently, this disruption precipitated a substantial decline in both population abundance and species diversity, placing them at risk of endangerment. Recognizing this scenario, implementing measures to safeguard and judiciously exploit the stingless bee population has become imperative because it has a profound impact on the harmonized advancement of domains encompassing agriculture, medicine, and ecological diversity. From July 2020 to June 2021, comprehensive questionnaire surveys were methodically conducted. The methods employed included participatory interviews and random interception sampling techniques, culminating in a dataset of 291 validated questionnaires. These surveys indicated that the denizens of the communities surrounding the national park predominantly comprise ethnic groups such as Li and Miao. These groups continue to rely primarily on traditional natural resources for their sustenance and livelihood. However, their awareness of the importance of conserving the stingless bee population remains conspicuously deficient. Among the residents displaying the willingness and capacity to contribute to stingless bee conservation efforts, their inclinations appear to be influenced by factors such as prior experience in beekeeping, comprehension of stingless bee products, and demand for beekeeping techniques. Analysis of the survey results underscores a conspicuous gap in the fundamental understanding of the value of stingless bees and their products. Among the community residents, 64.04% lacked this essential comprehension. Furthermore, 91.67% of community residents did not engage in stingless bee breeding activities, and 39.06% were unwilling to learn beekeeping techniques. These findings underscore multifaceted issues within the community pertaining to legal and regulatory frameworks for stingless bee conservation, the popularization of science regarding stingless bees, stingless bee breeding techniques, and other aspects. These inadequacies pose substantial impediments to the sustainable development of stingless bee resources in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. Given these challenges, conservation of stingless bees within the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park has emerged as an enduring and pivotal undertaking. In the promotion process, a strategy that encompasses enhanced science communication and public consciousness campaigns is essential. Fostering a positive public disposition towards conservation efforts, encouraging autonomous participation by residents in the conservation of stingless bees, and fostering a balanced coexistence between managed breeding and the protection of wild populations are vital approaches to ensuring the sustainability of stingless bee resources.

The phenomenon of population aging has become an important issue affecting the sustainable economic and social development of China's countryside, but few studies exist within the academic community on the sustainable livelihoods of rural elderly farmers in areas of poverty alleviation. Based on a 2022 field survey in Guzhang County, Hunan Province, this study examined the sustainable livelihood pathways of elderly rural farmers in these areas through non-participant observations, semi-structured interviews, and grounded theory methods of textual analysis. Study findings show that in the face of rural hollowing out caused by the outflow of the young labor force due to rapid urbanization, a large number of rural elderly farmers in poverty alleviation areas are facing the livelihood dilemma of rural pension structure constraints and the rational choice of agriculture. The background for this situation involves the insufficiency of the original pension model and multiple welfare sources, a shortage of medical and health service facilities, and the transformation of intergenerational relations. Therefore, based on the advantages of rural social networks in poverty alleviation areas in the three active aging dimensions of health, participation, and guarantee, this paper presents a sustainable livelihood research paradigm in which the individual, rural, and socioeconomic networks and rural production-living-ecological space of elderly farmers in poverty alleviation areas coordinate with each other. The paper also introduces a logical framework for the sustainable livelihood of elderly farmers that is consistent with the goal of rural revitalization through the thrust of nearby urbanization. Specific sustainable livelihood paths integrating individual spaces include the following: 1) at the individual level, through the individual livelihood behavior and livelihood capital of elderly farmers dynamically adjusting to the corresponding sources of welfare and livelihood modes with changes in the life cycle, 2) at the field space level, through the sixth industry, integrated development of modern factors intervening in the establishment of rural market industrial support to cope with aging, and 3) at the territorial space level, according to the rural elderly. The social circle structure of rural households is used to reshape the living, production, and ecological aging life circle. This study analyzed the sustainable livelihood paths of rural elderly farmers in poverty alleviation areas from individual to spatial perspectives The findings provide a theoretical basis and practical references for the revitalization of rural people in these areas in the era of rapid aging.

"Red songs" record the stories of family and country in a specific time and space and are grand narratives that spread the spirit of the Chinese nation, build collective memory, and trigger emotional resonance. Based on humanistic epistemology, this study constructs a theoretical framework for the interpretation of spatio-temporal narratives of texts. The text of red songs and the network hot comments are selected as the research objects. From the narrative perspective of chronological order and spatial structure, grounded theory, natural language processing method, and the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model are adopted to explore the spatial and temporal meaning construction of the grand narrative under the scale of the family and the country. Additionally, the study investigates the internalization of the value mechanism of the emotional arousal and output of the creators of the text and the audience across the space and time is also investigated. The results reveal the following: (1) Red song lyrics can be categorized into four dimensions: time, space, memory, and spirit. The spatio-temporal performance of the red songs can be recognized as the stories of the family and the country that occurred in different spatial scales, such as body, place and region, during the periods of the New Democratic Revolution, socialist construction, reform and opening up, and the new era. This resulted in a condensing of the spatio-temporal course of revolution, resistance, liberation, struggle, and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation over the past hundred years. (2) The spatio-temporal dimension records the main vein of collective spatial practice and becomes the basic element of representation. The memory and spiritual dimensions are the core meaning of the representation, demonstrating that the spatio-temporal factor carries the national memory through the collective practice and metaphorically represents the spirit of resistance and struggle. (3) The red songs network hot comments are closely integrated with the four dimensions of the narrative text, presenting the audience's reception of the information transmitted by each dimension of the text and the internalization of values in the spiritual realm. Value internalization is manifested in a series of processes such as the reception, comparison, superposition, reconstruction, and sublimation of multidimensional information by the audience. This realizes the transmission and interaction of emotions across time and space between the text's creator and the reader, leading to construction of thoughts and consciousness aligned with the mainstream societal values. (4) The mechanism of value internalization is a chain reaction of political discourse, cultural genes, and modernity acting together in the media, education, subject, and society. Among these, political discourse is the guide, cultural genes are the driver, and modernity is the catalyst. The study of spatio-temporal interpretation of the red song lyrics is not limited to the objective existence attributes of spatio-temporal, but takes this as the starting point to explore the meaning creation of this on the grand narrative text, as well as the internalization mechanism of textual value under the spatio-temporal transformation, which is conducive to the expansion of new cultural geography's research on the interpretation of spatio-temporal narratives in texts. In addition, the study expands the research logic of spatio-temporal identification to the intrinsic connection between spatio-temporal and human subjects from the three aspects of manifestation, representation, and representation effect. This enriches the theoretical system of spatio-temporal narrative to a certain extent and provides theoretical support for the exploration of the spatio-temporal-based path of textual analysis.

Globally, the surfing tourism industry has matured, as has the research in this sector. In recent years, surfing tourism in China has been favored by domestic risk preference tourists because it can meet the demand for adventure sports tourism, and a number of surfing tourism resorts have emerged. However, domestic-related theoretical research is obviously insufficient. Utilizing the theories of risk edge and emotion evaluation theory and taking Riyue Bay, Wanning City (Hainan Province) as the research area, tourists were surveyed in order to ascertain emotion and experience as factors to incorporate in a structural equation model. The intermediary effect analysis method was applied to explore the impact mechanism of risk perception on the intention of surfing tourists to revisit, in order to provide theoretical support and countermeasures for the sustainable development of domestic surfing tourism. The data collected in this study were verified as representational, reliable, and effective, and the model fitted the data well. Based on the results, the following two conclusions can be drawn. 1) On the one hand, risk perception has a significant direct and positive impact on emotional arousal of the surfer, and emotion plays a completely intermediary role in the impact of risk perception on intention to revisit; that is, risk perception has no significant direct impact on intention to revisit, which is in agreement with some studies and contradicts others. On the other hand, experience quality plays an intermediary role in the influence of emotion on revisit intention, and the intermediary effect is slightly higher than the direct effect. These conclusions indicate that surfing tourism operators should not only fully mobilize the positive emotions of surfers, but also find ways to let surfers obtain a higher-quality surfing tourism experience to better attract repeat visitors. In order to promote the sustainable development of surfing tourism in Riyue Bay, Wanning City, we make the following suggestions. First, risk preference tourists should be considered the main target audience in marketing. Second, management norms should be established for surfing clubs (stores) and evaluation mechanisms for surfing coaches. Third, safety supervision should be strengthened to enhance the surfing experience. Lastly, surfers should be helped to successfully surf and stimulate positive emotions. Although there are still some limitations, these preliminary results advance the field of risk perception in tourism, both in theory and in practice.