The word Paradigm, which was raised by Kuhn in the 1970s based on the philosophy of science，is accepted gradually by academic cicles. According to Kuhn’s ideas and study programs the scholars of different disciplines have developed different paradigms for their own disciplines. Those paradigms were independent but also relative. Geography has it’s own paradigm specially. The modern geography in China is affected by the ideas and methods of that in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to understand systematically the history of the paradigm of Chinese geography in the 20th century. In this article, the history and logic are unified to research the meaning and significance of paradigm of Geography and their cognition in China. The results are as follows: the modern geography of China has experienced the changes from inherited regional paradigm to spatial paradigm. The “sensible paradigm” and “potential paradigm” have always coexisted through the development of modern geography of China since the early 20th century. The paradigm used in modern human geography of China is mostly the sensible paradigm while that in physical geography mostly the potential one. All the geography paradigms in China follow the rule of the geographical space thought. In future the paradigms would develop toward the models of quantification, technicalization of GIS, sociality and culture, and their patterns, procedures, mechanism and simulation toward the fourth scientific paradigm.

94 papers concerning foreign aviation tourism industry research since 1982 have been obtained from Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, Journal of Travel Research, Elsevier Science, EBSCOHost and SAGE. A review of the literature is made in this article. It is shown that the research in last 30 years involved four aspects: aviation policy change and its impact on tourism economy, influence of business model innovation on aviation tourism industry, influence of aviation tourism industry on environment and its control, and marketing of aviation tourism industry and its evaluation. The research can be divided into three phases: initial stage, development stage, and deepening stage. The research methods and contents in different stages are quite different. In future, more attention should be paid to the mutual affection between air traffic and trip mode select, evaluation of the impacts of aviation tourism industry on destinations, and evolution of the structure of aviation tourism industry, etc.

Based on the development of research on new urban district, foreign new urban district research can fall into three stages: 1) from 1890s to 1950s, the research was oriented at functional persuasion and social demand, and the research field included functional morphology of new urban district and development practice of satellite town etc.; 2) from 1950s to 1990s, the research was oriented at functional balance and economic demand, and the research field included development practice of new town and new industrial district etc. ; 3) since 1990s, the research has been oriented at policy guidance and ecological requirement, and the research field includes ecological new town, suburbanization and edge city, planning and design of new urban district and industrial and social problems of new district etc. By contrast, Chinese new urban district research also falls into three stages: reference research on foreign theories from 1978 to early 1990s, research on development zone from 1990s to early 2000s and research on comprehensive new urban district since 2000s. Relevant research fields include industrial development, land utilization, space structure, transportation development, management system, life cycle and transition and individual cases of new urban district development etc. Domestic and foreign researches have significant differences in research background and purpose, content and method. This paper also looks into the future main research direction of new urban district in China: 1) the function of new urban district development for urban space growth; 2) evolution and life cycle of new urban district; 3) new urban district development mode based on the concept of saving; 4) application of research methods of new urban district development.

With the change of tourism industry from planning and development stage to operation and management stage，governance，an important concept in politics and public policy，has been applied increasingly in tourism research and become an important issue in tourism academic circles. The paper discusses the evolution of tourism governance research abroad，reviews the theories, main models, construction of evaluation system and performance of tourism governance and topics of tourism governance, (including tourism development and planning，marketing，resource and environment，tourism destination，sustainable tourism，power structure in tourism，global tourism，difficulties in governance，etc), makes a summary on the research process and theories， finally, compares the difference between the researches at home and abroad.

As the rafting/kayaking/canoeing tourism is developing constantly at home and abroad， it is increasingly attracting extensive attention from academic circles in the world. This paper has sorted out and analyzed the articles related to rafting/kayaking/canoeing tourism at home and abroad，and reviewed the current research advance of rafting/kayaking/canoeing tourism from aspects of research methods，theories and contents. Rafting/kayaking/canoeing tourism researches abroad are conducted multi-disciplinarily and multi-dimensionally，with objects expanding in scope and depth that cover participating motivation and experience, carrying capacity and resource value assessment，safety，river discharge，effects on destinations，etc. The foreign scholars’ researches are mostly based on accurate and scientific data analysis, providing useful theoretical guidance for rafting/kayaking/canoeing tourism developers and managers, while the researches at home still stay at a practical operational level, and the in-depth and systematic theoretical studies are comparatively few. It is expected that this paper would provide references for domestic scholars’ research and rafting/kayaking/canoeing practice work.

The construction of rating system of international hotel and tourism are Symbiotic communion. The system includes construction design, nature of participation, scope and legal ownership. It has extensive rating scope；diversified rating forms； similarity and difference of rating standards；and basically rational arrangement. Since the establishment of the system，the limitation of the rating subject's value orientation has lead to the change of the nature of rating organization from official institution to non-governmental organization，or to the organization cooperated by officials and non-governmental organization；the diversity of the hotel industry situation and the limitation of the rating scope have lead to the change of the the rating form from defining the level to the separation between rating and the evaluation quality；and the mixing with new elements has lead to the gradual change of the rating content from export-oriented type to customer-oriented. Meanwhile，there is a trend to establish a unified international rating system. For renovation and reformation of the rating system in China, the subject structure，operating mechanism，and the evaluation contents of starring and ranking of the tourism hotels should be taken into consideration.

Since the industrial revolution atmospheric CO2 concentration has been rising, the topic about temporal and spatial variation of carbon sink and source has been a hotspot. Chemical weathering of mineral rocks especially silicates is an important carbon sink in global biological geochemistry cycle. Factors controlling chemical weathering rate are various but their importance and function mechanism deserve further studying. Human activities have made more and more sulfuric acid to take part in the chemical weathering process, it will accelerate the rate of chemical weathering while its function mechanism is complicated. At present the methods used to discriminate water chemistry and ion origin of rivers can be classified into qualitative and quantitative methods, the former contains Gibbs diagram, ternary diagram and end member diagram while the latter includes mass balance method and isotope tracer method. Nowadays researches about the factors controlling chemical weathering rate pay more attention to the correlation between single factor and chemical weathering rate, the introduction of the mathematical statistical methods will make the researches more rigorous and credible. In the processes of the chemical weathering sulfuric acid is seldom researched, with the increasingly serious acid rain phenomenon, the issues deserve important research value. The carbon sink effect due to carbonate chemical weathering on short timescale is unnegligible, which should be studied further.

城市空间结构对碳排放的影响是低碳城市规划建设中一项重要的科学命题.其中,城市空间结构对于城市交通及其能源消耗和碳排放的影响是学者们普遍关注的焦点.国外学者围绕影响城市交通及其碳排放的城市空间结构因素及其作用机制展开了大量细致深入的实证研究,并据此提出了利于节能减排的空间结构模式与调控策略.研究方法上,国外学者多采用定量研究的方法,通过建立空间结构要素与交通能耗的综合关系模型来说明二者的关系,并且越来越倾向于在模型中引入一系列社会经济变量,以便更好理解城市空间结构对于交通的影响.相比之下,国内的相关研究起步

植物护理效应是指护理植物在其自身冠幅下辅助目标植物生长发育的现象.近年来,植物护理效应被应用于世界范围内多数的退化生态系统的修复与重建.文章综述了当前植物护理效应的主流研究内容主要为护理植物的确定、影响其效应的因素、形成其效应的原因与机理以及护理、竞争及胁迫梯度假说,归纳了样方调查、种子萌发实验、幼苗栽植实验等研究方法,总结了其与生态位、系统发育、全球变化等相关生态学概念的关系,指出未来对植物护理效应的研究不应仅仅局限于中观尺度上,在微观尺度上(目标植物对护理效应的生态适应性的激素效应与分子机制)和宏观尺

基于英文文献的搜集和整理,从以下几方面对西方城市环境议题展开综述:环境议题的兴起；城市环境议题的主要研究主题和进展；城市环境议题的主要特点和城市地理学视角研究的述评.研究发现:城市环境问题具有历史性、尺度性、综合性,城市-自然/环境二元观被现有研究打破,发展中国家城市环境问题具有特殊性且一度被忽略；城市地理学可以充分发挥学科优势,借助技术方法革新和学科交叉的机遇参与和推动上述研究；未来环境议题将成长为城市地理学领域的重要研究方向.

历史聚落地理学作为历史地理学的一个重要分支学科,其发展既有机遇也面临挑战.文中基于历史文献分析和历史计量法梳理了100年以来历史聚落地理学的发展成果,旨在管窥其研究领域和发展特征以展望其发展趋势.结果发现,目前国内历史聚落地理学研究主要集中于聚落起源及发展、聚落地域空间结构、聚落形态及内部结构等方面,并呈现明显特征:在空间维度上,研究区域集中性明显,空间范围多位于江南地区；在时间维度上,研究尺度以断代史为主,研究频度多集中于宋、明、清时期；在要素维度上,分析方法基本符合“因地制宜”原则,显示了“天人合一”

基于文献分析方法,综合分析了数字地球的概念,总结了数字地球技术在城市规划中的应用.其主要包括:数据源扩展技术；定量分析技术；公众参与支持系统；动态监测系统；基于云计算模型与时态GIS的城市规划时空展示分析体系；城市规划教育与创新体系.认为凭借其多分辨率、三维动态可视化以及海量数据存储的特点,数字地球技术在城市规划中的应用将具有广阔的发展前景.

国内外地震遗迹景观研究经历了地震事件识别、概念创新、分类体系重构、资源开发利用等多个过程.对地震遗迹景观的研究活动已不再局限于对其科学价值的讨论上,而是在交叉学科的指导下,将研究的视角延伸至基于保护前提下的合理开发利用的层面.前期研究对地震遗迹景观分类体系存在较大争议.文中在前人研究的基础上,以龙门山地震遗迹景观类型划分为案例,尝试构建地震遗迹景观科学合理的分类方案,以期为地震遗迹景观的保护以及高烈度山区地震专项旅游产品的开发提供科学依据.

珊瑚礁生态系统最基本的生态特征是虫黄藻与珊瑚虫的共生,虫黄藻的光合作用在珊瑚礁生态系统中发挥着重要作用,因此用于测定植物光合作用的叶绿素荧光技术在认识珊瑚礁生态系统中得到越来越广泛的应用.应用方面主要包括:①揭示珊瑚共生藻光生理学原理;②探索珊瑚白化的机制;③监测及预警珊瑚白化事件;④研究珊瑚对污染的响应;⑤监测珊瑚对水体浑浊的响应;⑥探寻珊瑚礁生态模式.叶绿素荧光技术具有快速、灵敏和非破坏性测量等优点,在造礁珊瑚生理生态研究方面将有广阔的应用前景.

海滩状态是一个地形与水动力相互作用的三维地形动力问题.国外对海滩状态的地形动力分类已开展了大量卓有成效的研究工作,既包括波控、小潮、开阔海岸海滩状态的研究,也包括波控、不同潮差海岸海滩类型的研究和岬间海岸海滩类型的研究.文中回顾并概括了自20世纪70年代至今国外在砂质海滩地形动力分类方面代表性的研究工作,这些对于我国的海滩侵蚀过程和海滩资源的开发、利用与保护都具有重要的理论意义.

从热带雨林的类型和分布、植被群落、生物多样性、净初级生产力、碳储量及其对减缓气候变暖的贡献、养分循环和生态系统服务等方面综述了热带雨林的主要生态特点,提出一些保护对策,旨在深入认识和了解热带雨林的生态属性,保护和可持续经营热带雨林.

我国科学化的人地关系研究,起步于20世纪初期,受西方"科学思潮"和我国古代地理学特质的双重影响,形成了以人地关系研究为核心、注重人文与自然统一和野外考察的传统.50年代至70年代,人文地理学一度遭到否定、地理学的自然研究与人文研究出现严重割裂,科学体系的建立被长期中断,致使人地关系研究全面衰退.80年代以来,我国人地关系研究在科学体系和理论体系的构建、国际学术前沿领域的追踪、人地关系地域系统等方面取得长足发展.文章在总结我国人地关系研究进展和存在问题基础上,提出今后研究方向和发展对策.

工业革命前,碳循环是碳在大气、海洋和陆地生态系统间的流动.工业革命以来,化石燃料的使用使贮存于地质碳库中的碳参与短期碳循环.因森林和草原开垦等土地利用增加的CO2排放量加重了大气的负担;另一方面造林和再造林形成CO2汇.大气CO2增加导致的气候变化反馈过程影响碳循环.文中提出应从控制人类活动入手平衡全球碳循环的收支.

城市的形成和发展是一个历史过程,如何评判城市是一个深刻的哲学命题.从熵定律角度来研究城市发展,可以帮助我们建立一种新的城市发展观.城市发展是一个不可逆过程 ,城市作为一个开放的系统,只要能够从外部环境得到足够的负熵流以抵消内部的熵增,城市将形成耗散结构系统并朝着进化的方向发展.未来的城市应进入低熵社会,主要途径是: 建立生态城市,走可持续发展的道路;建立数字城市,实现城市社会信息化;控制城市人口 ,合理发展城市规模.

环境质量的好坏直接关系到人类的生存问题,环境质量评价的科学性是有效治理环境和保护人体健康的前提.天然矿物在形成和变化的整个过程中,不同时间和空间上的环境演变都使矿物的特征发生相应改变,从而成为环境演变信息的载体.对天然矿物的微形貌、微结构、化学组成和成因产状等方面特征与环境关系的研究,可以揭示记录在矿物中的环境演变信息.这是环境矿物学领域中目前较为活跃的研究内容之一.

综合物流是现代社会对运输发展的客观要求,它要求实现运输的全球化、信息化、高效化和门对门,综合物流因此也改变了传统的运输组织体系.港口作为综合物流时代连接海向腹地和陆向腹地的重要节点,在整个物流体系中有着非常重要的地位,而综合物流也加快了港口功能的演变,现代港口已经成为国际物流体系的一个重要的节点.最后论述了如何加快我国物流体系及集装箱港口的建设.

评述了区域可持续发展评价方法与模型研究的现状,将现行评价模型归纳为概念模型与线性组合模型两大类,分析了两大类模型的特点并对已有的一些模型进行了评介,指出了目前在可持续发展评价研究方法论上存在的两大误区,即过分强调模型的普适性和精细性.认为可持续发展评价方法和理论模型的建立应该重视时效性和实用性,并考虑到人类认识的阶段性,分步推进.

水资源价值量核算是水资源管理的一项重要内容,合理的水资源价格为水资源持续利用提供了基础.水资源价值主要受自然、社会、经济等要素的影响.文中用灰色白化函数聚类法对各个因素的主要代表性指标进行分级综合评价,然后根据相关的经济学公式进行城市生活用水价格计算.最后以广州市为例,试计算其现行水价是否合理.

根据城市商业空间学的理论研究对象可将商业空间学理论分为商业空间结构理论和商业空间选择理论.文中试从该理论的3大理论流派入手对西方商业空间学的理论研究进展进行分析.

简略回顾了华南热带亚热带古环境和现代环境研究在90年代所取得的主要成果, 其主要表现在如下一些方面:红土与全球变化研究, 海岸带沉积与海平面变化研究, 海洋沉积与环境变迁研究,构造-火山-地貌与海陆环境变迁研究, 现代环境与应用第四纪研究, 等等.文中对进一步开展华南古全球变化和现代全球变化研究提出了若干设想.

受厄尔尼诺现象的影响,极易出现各种各样的气候异常现象.由气候异常引发的气象灾害也是多种多样的,这对农业生产和社会经济发展产生了较大的影响.气候异常与农业气象灾害有密切的关系.根据气候异常和农业气象灾害发生的特点和规律,建立农业防灾减灾系统,对农业发展有积极作用.

中国地图科学工作者在继承和发扬祖国地图科学光辉传统的同时,吸取地球科学、空间技术和信息工程等学科的现代成就,使当代地图科学技术取得长足的进展.几十年来,航空摄影与系列制图、航天遥感与动态制图、计算机制图与电子地图、地理信息系统与制印一体化等先进科学技术已取得瞩目成绩;专题地图集的编制与信息时代相呼应,出现一些新观念、新技术.随着地球信息科学新学科的兴起,地图科学将出现新机遇、新挑战.

In recent years, global warming has been widely accepted as reality. Forest ecosystem, as the most important terrestrial ecosystem for humans, is affected deeply by the global warming. Therefore, it has attracted many attentions of researchers and policy makers to make clear the influence of global warming on the forest ecosystem and to forecast the development of forest ecosystem. In this paper, the influence of global warming on forest ecosystem was reviewed and discussed from five aspects: soil carbon cycle, plant biotemperature, species distribution, biodiversity and forest productivity. At last, prospects were also provided. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive recognition of global warming on forest ecosystem for researchers and policy makers.

The word Paradigm, which was raised by Kuhn in the 1970s based on the philosophy of science，is accepted gradually by academic cicles. According to Kuhn’s ideas and study programs the scholars of different disciplines have developed different paradigms for their own disciplines. Those paradigms were independent but also relative. Geography has it’s own paradigm specially. The modern geography in China is affected by the ideas and methods of that in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to understand systematically the history of the paradigm of Chinese geography in the 20th century. In this article, the history and logic are unified to research the meaning and significance of paradigm of Geography and their cognition in China. The results are as follows: the modern geography of China has experienced the changes from inherited regional paradigm to spatial paradigm. The “sensible paradigm” and “potential paradigm” have always coexisted through the development of modern geography of China since the early 20th century. The paradigm used in modern human geography of China is mostly the sensible paradigm while that in physical geography mostly the potential one. All the geography paradigms in China follow the rule of the geographical space thought. In future the paradigms would develop toward the models of quantification, technicalization of GIS, sociality and culture, and their patterns, procedures, mechanism and simulation toward the fourth scientific paradigm.