The number of highly educated individuals continues to grow, and the internal heterogeneity of this group is becoming increasingly evident. Examining these differences in location selection mechanisms from the perspective of heterogeneity is crucial for optimizing talent distribution. In this study, we used population census data from 2010 and 2020, along with 1% population sampling survey data from 2015 across various provinces. We employed the Gini coefficient and visualization methods to depict the spatiotemporal patterns of talent distribution at college, undergraduate, and graduate education levels in Chinese prefecture-level administrative regions. Employing a Beta regression model, we identified the factors that influence talent distribution across four dimensions: spatial sorting, spatial selection, spatial agglomeration, and comfort preferences. The key findings were as follows: 1) From 2010 to 2020, regional disparities in educational talent were ranked as postgraduate > undergraduate > college, with a decreasing trend in disparities for all three categories. 2) The proportion of college-, undergraduate-, and graduate-level educated individuals exhibited a clear administrative hierarchy, with the proportion of highly educated individuals decreasing from capital cities to provincial capitals (vice-provincial cities), prefecture-level cities, and regions. Hierarchical differentiation was most pronounced for graduate-level individuals, and was least pronounced for college-level individuals. 3) The Hu Huanyong Line serves as a dividing line for spatial structural differences in the distribution of highly educated individuals. To the southeast of the line, the spatial structure follows a pattern from the center (provincial capitals) to the periphery (general prefecture-level regions), with graduate-level individuals demonstrating the most characteristic spatial structure. Northwest of the line, a high-talent area for college and undergraduates extends from the Daxinganling Forest region in the east to Hami in the west. 4) Urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas are gradually becoming important spatial carriers of highly educated individuals, with the most typical examples being national-level urban agglomerations, especially the Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas. 5) From 2010 to 2020, dynamic changes in the concentration of talented individuals at the associate degree, undergraduate, and graduate levels exhibited a reverse core-periphery spatial structure. Specifically, the location quotient for talented individuals in capital and provincial-level cities (including sub-provincial cities) decreased, whereas it increased in prefecture-level cities and regions. Additionally, the dynamic changes in the concentration of talented people demonstrated regional differentiation; the location quotient for talented people in areas northwest of the Hu Huanyong Line showed an upward trend, whereas it decreased southeast of the line. Similarly, the location quotient for talented people in the eastern region declined, whereas it increased in the central and western regions. 6) In terms of spatial sorting, talented people at different educational levels tended to prefer prefecture-level administrative regions with higher incomes, higher administrative ranks, and larger urban populations, with the order of preference being graduate > undergraduate > college. Regarding spatial selection, higher housing costs and more competitive job markets in prefecture-level administrative regions generally demand higher educational qualifications, following the trend: graduate > undergraduate > college. In terms of spatial agglomeration, urbanization levels in prefecture-level regions foster clustering of talented people at all educational levels, with the effect being strongest for college-educated people, followed by undergraduate and graduate people. With regard to comfort preferences, regions with higher levels of social environmental comfort are more attractive for the aggregation of highly educated individuals. Our research findings will be helpful for different cities and regions in formulating differentiated talent recruitment policies.

Since the 1990s, border security has been a pressing issue in political geography. With the increasing interactions between China and its neighboring countries, border security has increased the attention of scholars and government officials. Security issues along the China-Myanmar border are particularly eye-catching owing to Myanmar's fast-changing social and political reforms and unrest, as well as the complicated situation in Northern Myanmar that has gathered a large number of armed ethnic minorities. Tensions have resulted in prominent traditional and non-traditional security issues along the China-Myanmar border. Illegal cross-border trade is one non-traditional security problem in the region; specifically, illegal cross-border cattle trade is a particular but understudied case. This study investigates the actors, transportation, and social networks involved in illegal cross-border cattle trade. Using first-hand materials collected in the border area and secondary archives, the study analyzes the spatial and temporal features and operation mechanisms of smuggling. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) From the perspective of the time stage, the study identifies approximately three stages. Before 2004, the illegal cross-border cattle trade, relying on kin relationships, was in its embryonic stage. From 2004 to 2018, the domestic beef market was in short supply, and the illegal cross-border cattle trade, this time relying on nepotism, gradually became more frequent, reaching 1.6-2 million heads per year and entering the development stage. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2018 and 2020, owing to the enhanced border control, the volume of illegal cross-border trade has plummeted, decreasing by around tens of thousands to more than 100,000 each year, and then entering a period of extinction. (2) Spatially, illegal cross-border trade mainly comprises three routes: the northern, central, and southern routes, from northern India to China's Yunnan Province through northern Myanmar. Among the three routes, the middle route sees the largest number of cross-border cattle, among which, the cross-border flow of cattle from Myanmar through the Yunnan Ruili Nongdao channel is the largest, followed by the northern route; the southern route sees the lowest number. (3) The China-Myanmar illegal cross-border cattle trade relies on the trust bond, regulation, and enforcement mechanism provided by the natural geographical environment and cross-border nepotism, thus forming a complete social network trade chain. The study suggests methods to control illegal cross-border trade by simplifying formal trade and strengthening the construction of smart borders. The findings provide reference for the prevention and control of illegal cross-border trade. Although illegal cross-border cattle trade can be regarded as a type of illegal cross-border trade, owing to the large volume of live cattle, the transportation is more difficult, and it is easier to detect. As such, the choice of illegal cross-border routes is quite different from that of general small goods and is more obviously affected by natural geographical conditions and social and interpersonal network factors. Thus, illegal cross-border cattle trade provides a unique case study of the relations between illegal cross-border trade and human, physical, and geographical conditions.

Music has the power to recreate place and awaken a sense of place. As a medium of communication, music combines the narrative characteristics of imagery, nostalgia, and localization. Songs named after place names and their comments have an image-based expression of the place, as well as a symbolic emotional mapping between the creator and the listener. Focusing on two music platforms, QQ Music and NetEase Cloud Music, this study considered songs related to Chengdu, used lyrics and comments as textual data, and conducted content analysis from the perspective of musical narration. It determined the degree of association between feature words through high-frequency word statistics and socio-semantic network analysis and constructed the dimensions of local imagery through rooting theory. The study also constructed a theoretical model of "local image construction based on music narration," analyzed the features of local image, and examined the relationship between music narration, local image, and city charm. The results indicate the following: (1) The local image of Chengdu in music narrative comprises three aspects: symbol presentation image, meaning-endowed image, and comprehensive expression image. Among these, symbol presentation image includes seven categories, while meaning-endowed image and comprehensive expression image each contain two categories. (2) Music narration can be categorized into the narration of songs and critical narration whereby listeners express their views under the influence of narrative transmission; narrative text has an impact on element cognition, emotional resonance and tone rendering in three aspects: narrative elements, structure and tone, so as to construct place image. The local image is specifically expressed as follows: based on narration elements such as character, time, place and environment, it connects the cognition of image elements such as character, time, space and landscape; through the narration structure of "I say to you" and "you listen to me," the emotional resonance is triggered after the individual role is substituted, forming emotional and intentional images; under the rendering of these narrative tones, combined with individual cognition and emotion, macroscopic atmosphere image and local characteristic image are formed. (3) The local image of Chengdu as narrated musically is characterized by the coexistence of tradition and modernity, the interaction between nature and humanity, and the sense of romance and "the feeling of home". 4) Music narration constructs the local image of "ideal home," "story tavern, " and "earthly life, " which become the charm of the city. This study connects music, narration, and place; addresses how music constructs local image; and introduces the perspective of narratology to expand the relationship between music and local image into a deeper mechanism. Simultaneously, the expression of the city image evolves from the spatial structure and symbolic perception to the place meaning level, conveying a sense of spatial temperature and bringing the space to life. Moreover, the model proposed in the study provides theoretical and methodological reference for the creation of charming cities, construction of local imagery, and image promotion.

Social and economic losses from typhoons are increasing owing to climate change. It is of practical significance to correctly understand new characteristics and trends in typhoon activity. Based on the best track dataset of tropical cyclones from the China Meteorological Administration, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and evolution law of northward-moving typhoons from 1949 to 2022 were analyzed using the linear trend, Mann-Kendall test, and wavelet analysis method, and the impacts of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on typhoon activities were also discussed. The results showed that: (1) 275 northward-moving typhoons occurred during the past 74 years, with an average of 3.7 per year. The interannual fluctuation in typhoon frequency was large, and the upward trend was not significant. The proportion of northward-moving typhoons to the total number of generated typhoons in the Northwest Pacific was between 2% and 30%, showing a significant upward trend. (2) Northward-moving typhoons were mainly generated from July to September, accounting for approximately 88.4% of the total typhoons. The highest number of typhoons entering the defined area was 114 in August. The life-cycle intensity of northward-moving typhoons is dominated by high-intensity grades, such as super typhoons and typhoons. Among them, super-typhoons accounted for 30.5% of the total number of northward-moving typhoons, and the intensity of typhoons and above grades exceeded 70% of the total amount. In recent years, the probability of high-intensity northward-moving typhoons has increased. (3) A total of 159 northward-moving typhoons landed in China over 74 years. Most of the turning-track typhoons made landfall in Taiwan, Fujian, and Zhejiang, whereas the landing locations of landed disappearing-track typhoons made landfall more northerly. Most unlanded turning-track typhoons turned eastward near 30°N and 125–130°E, showing a significant upward trend. The generating positions of the northward-moving typhoons were mainly concentrated in the ranges of 10—20°N and 130—150°E, with a density of 4.65/10,000 km². The central generation position of the landed northward-moving typhoons was 4.2° more westward than that of the unlanded typhoons. The latitude of the central generating position of the disappearing typhoons was 2.1° northward compared to that of the turning typhoons. (4) The Niño3.4 index had significant negative and positive correlations with the frequency and life-cycle intensity of northward-moving typhoons, respectively, and it also had an obvious effect on their generating positions. There were 4.5 northward-moving typhoons in the La Niña year, which was 1.67 times the El Niño year. However, the intensity of northward-moving typhoons generated during El Niño years was significantly higher than that generated during La Niña years, and the intensity of northward-moving typhoons increased with the Niño3.4 index. The central generating position of northward-moving typhoons during La Niña years was 5.8° northward and 12.4° westward compared to that during El Niño years, which was closer to China. This study provides a basis and reference for strengthening the risk management of typhoons and improving the efficiency of disaster prevention and reduction.

Typhoons are among the most significant natural disasters affecting the eastern and southern coastal regions of China, inflicting substantial annual damage on both coastal and inland areas. Since the initiation of the reform and opening-up policy, the socioeconomic development of the coastal regions of China has been swift, leading to increased exposure to typhoons. In the context of global climate change, typhoons are expected to increase in frequency and intensity in China. Therefore, researching on the spatiotemporal pattern characteristics of typhoons impacting China is of critical importance for understanding the impact patterns and risk changes of typhoon disasters, as well as for formulating policies on disaster response, prevention, and mitigation. This study aims to provide valuable insights into the formulation of such policies. Based on these objectives, this study utilized a comprehensive dataset, including county-level socioeconomic and disaster statistics, historical typhoon wind and rainfall data, and high-precision topographic data. Using county-level administrative regions as spatial units, this study employed various methods, such as time-series statistical analysis, gravity model, geographical detector, spatial correlation analysis, and geographically weighted regression, to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and influencing factors of typhoon disaster conditions in China from 1978 to 2020. The findings of this study are as follows: (1) The number of deaths and missing persons, quantity of damaged housing, death, and missing rate per million people, and proportion of direct economic loss to GDP caused by typhoon disasters have all shown a declining trend, indicating significant achievements in disaster prevention and mitigation efforts. (2) The center of gravity of typhoon disaster-related losses has shifted southward, corresponding with the economic development of coastal regions, demonstrating a reduced disaster impact in coastal areas and an increased impact in inland areas. (3) Wind and rain induced by typhoons are the primary driving factors of disaster conditions, and topographical factors are also drivers of casualties and crop loss. (4) The two major regions, Zhejiang-Northern Fujian and Western Guangdong-Eastern Guangxi, exhibit significant characteristics of disaster condition agglomeration, closely related to typhoon activity patterns and levels of economic development. (5) There is a negative correlation between the gross local product and disaster conditions in some areas, reflecting the role of socioeconomic development in enhancing the capacity for disaster prevention and mitigation.

Currently, global uncertainties and instabilities are increasing significantly. Therefore, research on the evolution of urban industrial network resilience is essential for strengthening the ability of urban industries to withstand major events. This study constructs a network of firms using data on corporate headquarters and branches in Dongguan registered between 1979 and 2020. It analyzes the evolution of urban industry network resilience through interruption simulations and complex network invulnerability. The study empirically examines the resilience of Dongguan's industrial network, focusing on single-node resilience, overall network resilience, and regional network resilience. The results indicate the following: (1) In the single-node simulation attack of the Dongguan industrial network, the impact of urban core nodes on network resilience gradually weakens. The differences between urban core nodes and general town nodes continue to diminish, and the network's resistance to single-node disruptions tends to stabilize. (2) Compared to random attacks, deliberate attacks can cause networks to collapse faster. However, as Dongguan's industrial networks evolved toward a multi-center structure, the impact of targeted attacks on network resilience gradually decreased. (3) The resilience of Dongguan's industrial network to Shenzhen is lower than that to Guangzhou. However, the strength of enterprises inside and outside the city tends to balance, and the resilience level of the regional network is gradually stabilizing. (4) Overall, the evolution of industrial network resilience in Dongguan is characterized by a shift from a single-center network with a low level of resilience to a multi-center network with a higher level of resilience. The innovation of this research lies in two key areas: First, it provides valuable contributions to related research on urban network resilience and industrial resilience by introducing the concepts and methods of interruption simulation and complex network invulnerability. Second, by conducting a long-term, continuous analysis of network resilience, this study explores the evolution of network resilience from a dynamic perspective, offering a fresh viewpoint for existing static network resilience studies. Therefore, based on this research, the study suggests that constructing a multi-centric development structure and strengthening coordination among industries at various nodes can effectively improve the resilience level of the industrial network. Meanwhile, it is important to focus on balancing internal and external forces in the development of urban industries to avoid excessive interference from external industries on local urban industries.

In the context of China's urbanization and migration transformation, the phenomenon and trends of job-housing separation have shown new dynamics, necessitating a systematic review of research on this topic in Chinese cities. This study uses CiteSpace to conduct a quantitative analysis of literature on job-housing separation in China from 2000 to 2022. The review is structured according to stages of urban development, with a focus on summarizing and evaluating current research hotspots, themes, and methodologies. The findings indicate that the job-residence separation at different stages of population mobility has different characteristics. Firstly, the research area of job-housing separation has expanded from first-tier cities to second- and third-tier cities, reflecting the new phenomenon of population flow and transition in China's urbanization process. Second, the research perspective has gradually shifted from the macro level to the micro level, paying more attention to the job-housing separation. At the same time, the study actively adopts advanced technologies such as machine learning to process large-scale migration data, and combines multidisciplinary theories such as geography, urbanism, and transportation to conduct in-depth analyses.. Based on this comprehensive review, several key points are identified: (1) In the context of migration transformation, research needs to focus more on the new characteristics of job-housing separation and its spatial correlations from a lifecycle perspective. This involves investigating the social foundations of job-housing separation across multiple scales, including the urban-rural divide, intercity dynamics, and intracity variations. (2) Current research has not adequately explored the evolution of job-housing separation. It is necessary to incorporate life cycle theory to unify each stage of job-housing separation into a dynamic research framework. (3) The use of machine learning techniques should be encouraged to process large-scale migration data. Interdisciplinary approaches, combining geography, urban studies, and transportation, are essential to explore the mechanisms of job-housing separation more comprehensively. This will enable better analysis and prediction of trends, supporting urban planning and the optimization of transportation infrastructure. (4) Integrating migration theories with lifecycle theory can further illuminate the interrelationships between job-housing separation and migration behavior. Research should focus on the impacts of migration on job-housing separation and explore how to address these issues in the context of migration, providing better planning recommendations for urban development. In conclusion, multidimensional and interdisciplinary research is essential to fully understand the dynamics of job-housing separation within the broader context of China's urbanization and migration transformation. By incorporating theories and methodologies from various disciplines, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and influencing factors can lead to more effective policymaking and sustainable urban development.

With water resource shortages becoming a global concern, water conservation is one of the key factors in the sustainable development of watershed ecosystems. However, previous studies of water conservation have focused on annual mean water conservation, which does not reflect changes in water conservation on shorter time scales. Shorter time scales have more significant responses than longer timescales. An annual scale reflects the supply function of the water culverts, whereas a shorter time scale reflects the function of stagnant flood replenishment. Thus, we analyzed the annual, monthly, and daily changes in water conservation in the Zengjiang River Basin, an important water source area and ecological barrier in Guangzhou, from 1959 to 2018. The WEP-L distributed hydrological model and water-balance equations were used to explore the supply, regulation, and peak reduction and replenishment of the water conservation dryness functions. The results indicate that the annual mean water conservation in the Zengjiang River Basin was 685.7 mm from 1959 to 2018, with a non-significant decreasing rate (-1.30 mm/a) during this period. This decreasing trend indicates that the water supply capacity of the basin decreased, which is not conducive to the water security of the basin and downstream areas. Therefore, relevant policies should be formulated and measures should be taken to improve the water conservation capacity of the basin. The multi-year average monthly water conservation in the Zengjiang River Basin was positive in January‒September and negative in October‒December, with non-significant increases in water conservation in January, March, June, November, and December, and non-significant decreases in the other months. The trend ranged from -0.04 to -0.67 mm/a during the entire study period. Water conservation changes in the Zengjiang River Basin during pre-flood, post-flood, and dry-water periods indicate that the basin's ability to regulate water conservation runoff weakened. The maximum 1-day, 3-day, 5-day, and 7-day periods in the Zengjiang River Basin were positive, whereas the minimum 1-day, 3-day, 5-day, and 7-day periods were negative. Except for the minimum 5-day and 7-day periods, the other six daily extreme water conservation indicators exhibited non-significant increasing trends. The maximum water conservation values indicate that the peak reduction capacity increased, while the minimum water conservation values indicate that the capacity to replenish depletion decreased in 1- and 3-day periods and increased in 5- and 7-day periods. Spatially, the annual water conservation trend was low in the southeastern and northern parts of the basin, and high in the southwestern part of the basin. Annual, monthly, and daily water conservation levels in the Zengjiang River Basin from 1959 to 2018 embodied its supply, regulation, peak reduction, and replenishment of depletion functions, respectively. The correlation coefficients between water conservation and precipitation were significantly higher than those between evapotranspiration and surface runoff, thereby indicating that precipitation was the most important factor influencing water conservation. The findings of this study reveal multi-temporal evolutionary processes and functional differences in water conservation and provide a scientific basis for ecological protection and construction.

A comprehensive understanding of the distribution pattern and driving factors of population aging at the country level in China is fundamental for enhancing the governance capacity of the governing authorities and implementing a national strategy to actively cope with the aging society. On the basis of the 2000, 2010, and 2020 census data on the Chinese population, we determined the distribution pattern of population aging in China over the past 20 years at the county level and adopted a fractional response model to identify the main influencing factors of such spatial distribution from three perspectives: the natural environment, socioeconomic factors, and population migration. The following observations were made: 1) During the past 20 years, most counties in China have entered into an "aging society," some counties have entered into an "aged society," and counties in the Chengdu-Chongqing region, central Inner Mongolia, and peripheral Yangtze River Delta have entered into a "hyper-aged society." 2) The spatial structure of the distribution of population aging exhibited various patterns. Overall, the Hu Line is a clear demarcation for the distribution, with the degree of aging of the counties in the southeastern half of the line being generally higher than that of the counties in the northwestern half and maintaining a certain degree of stability. During the past 20 years, the aging population has shown a gradient diffusion of the characteristics of the Eastern monsoon region―Northwest arid region―Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. From a local perspective, population aging presents various structural characteristics, such as "homogenization," "reverse core-edge," and "core-edge" spatial structures. 3) Significant regional differences exist in population aging. Vast differences in population aging between different ecological regions, between urban and rural areas, and between ethnic and non-ethnic autonomous regions are obvious, and these differences tend to expand further. 4) Natural factors have laid the macro pattern of the distribution of population aging. Socioeconomic factors are the main driving force of the aging process, and population migration has played an important role in restructuring the aging space pattern. This study provides a scientific basis for optimization of the spatial allocation of pension resources, and different regions can actively respond to the formulation and improvement of differentiated policies for population aging.

The coastline of Zhanjiang Bay has undergone profound changes under the combined action of natural and human factors, making the rational protection and utilization of coastal resources a research hotspot. As a typical tropical bay in China, analyzing the coastline changes in Zhanjiang Bay can provide basic data to support the development and utilization of coastal zones. In this study, 42 optical satellite images from 1973 to 2023 were used in conjunction with the random forest method to extract the shoreline, analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the Zhanjiang Bay coastline, and investigate its driving factors. Additionally, shoreline complexity changes were explored, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was introduced for the correlation analysis of shoreline indicators. The results showed that the total length of the Zhanjiang Bay coastline increased by 103.13 km over the past 50 years. Coastline changes are influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, with anthropogenic factors having the most significant impact. Natural factors include erosion caused by storm surges, sea level rise, and dynamic coastal conditions. Anthropogenic factors include construction of coastal aquaculture farms, land reclamation, coastal engineering projects, coastal infrastructure development, and industrial land development. The main areas of change were concentrated along the main channel and the Nansan Waterway. The proportions of shoreline segments expanding seaward on the east and west coasts were 51.4% and 71.6%, respectively, whereas the landward erosion shoreline segment on Donghai Island was 58.0%. Specifically, the southeastern section of the east coast experienced massive shoreline expansion. Coastal engineering along the west coast, southeastern village, and town construction projects on the east coast resulted in shoreline advancement of more than 2 km seaward. Erosion was observed at the western end of the coastline, across several estuaries from the west coast, and along the shoreline of the Nansan Channel on the south side of the east coast, with the most severe shoreline erosion occurring at the end of the west coast shoreline, where the average setback was 1 km, with a maximum setback of nearly 1.8 km. Except for the 2010s, the change in the intensity of the coastline of Zhanjiang Bay was positive. The fractal dimension of the coastline increased from 1.086 to 1.124, consistent with the trend in its length. The primary driver of coastline expansion was large-scale land reclamation on the western bank of Zhanjiang Bay, southwestern bank of the eastern bank, and northern part of Donghai Island, with a total reclaimed area of 82.82 km². The proportion of the reclaimed area after 2010 reached 57.5%, the area of coastal aquaculture farms increased by 26.98 km² over the past 30 years. Large-scale erosion occurred on the eastern and southern sides of Donghai Island. In addition, the fractal dimension and length of the Zhanjiang Bay coastline were strongly negatively correlated with the inverse of the GDP of Zhanjiang, with correlation coefficients of -0.96 and -0.99, respectively. These findings suggests that the economic benefits of shoreline shifting can be quantified using shoreline indicators, whereas differences in shoreline indices between different harbors affect the relevance of the economic benefits. Owing to the narrow and long topographic structure of Zhanjiang Bay, there is a delay in tidal signal propagation from the bay mouth to the interior. Therefore, when exploring the water margins obtained from optical remote sensing images, the water level information of the corresponding region must be utilized to correct the tidal variations in Zhanjiang Bay. Based on this, numerical models will be used in the future to obtain tidal data for each region and the corresponding water margins.

Urban, agricultural, and ecological spaces, collectively referred to as the "three types of space," are central elements in China's Territorial and Spatial Planning reforms. These spaces are crucial in bridging the National Main Functional Area Planning and regional coordinated development strategies at a higher level and in guiding land-use control at a lower level. The Pearl River Basin is one of China's most important economic development regions. This basin serves as a crucial region for the case study of evolution of the "three types of space." Understanding this evolution is critical for aligning regional land use with national strategic objectives and optimizing the coordinated development of these spatial elements. Using the National Main Functional Area Planning strategy as a starting point, this study applied a cross-conversion matrix and a multiscale geographically weighted regression model to analyze the evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of the "three types of spaces" in the Pearl River Basin from 1990 to 2020. Three main results were obtained. First, over the past 30 years, urban space in the Pearl River Basin has expanded considerably, ecological space has slightly increased, but agricultural space has significantly decreased, with marked spatial differences in the evolution of the "three types of spaces" across the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the basin. Agricultural space has fully decreased across all reaches, converting to urban space in the lower reaches and reverting to ecological space in the upper and middle reaches. Second, within different national functional zones, urban space growth is most pronounced in urbanized areas, ecological space recovery is significant in ecological functional zones, and agricultural space has remarkably decreased in major agricultural production areas. Third, the driving factors for the different evolution directions of the "three types of spaces" in the Pearl River Basin vary. Industrial development has significantly driven the expansion of urban spaces, whereas ecological protection policies have effectively promoted the restoration of ecological spaces in key ecological areas. These findings effectively reveal the land-use evolution process in China's socioeconomic development regions over the past 40 years, highlight the risks and influencing factors of rapid urban space development and ecological space threats, and provide an important reference for optimizing land-use patterns in similar key regions of China.

Land use is one of the main sources of carbon emissions, driven by numerous human economic and social activities. This study focuses on the Dongjiang River Basin to investigate how land use optimization can better contribute to low-carbon development. This study first optimizes the land use structure in the basin under two low-carbon development scenarios, maximizing carbon sinks and minimizing carbon emissions. A CA-Markov model was employed to simulate the land use spatial pattern in the river basin for 2025. We then compared and analyzed the low-carbon effect of future land use in the basin under the general development scenario and the two low-carbon scenarios, and proposed countermeasures to regulate land use in the Dongjiang River Basin under a low-carbon orientation. The results showed that (1) under the natural development scenario, the proportion of cultivated land in the Dongjiang River Basin increased from 15.66% in 2020 to 18.66%, construction land from 3.76% to 7.71%, and forest land decreased from 74.36% to 65.01%. Major changes were concentrated in the southwestern and central regions of the basin, where rapid economic development was driving a significant increase in construction and cultivated land, leading to a reduction in forest area. Additionally, in some northern and southeastern areas of the basin, forest land has been converted to grassland, cultivated land, and construction areas. (2) Under the two low-carbon development scenarios, the proportion of forest land in the Dongjiang River Basin was significantly higher than that under the natural development scenario, mainly due to changes in construction and cultivated land. Compared to the natural development scenario, the proportion of cultivated land under the two low-carbon scenarios decreased by approximately 4%-5%, construction land decreased by about 4%, and forest land increased by over 10%. It is evident that the carbon sink maximization scenario achieved a better low-carbon effect than the carbon emission minimization scenario, primarily because of the larger proportion of forest land. (3) The Dongjiang River Basin should enhance the utilization efficiency of cultivated and construction land, converting underutilized and unutilized land into areas with high carbon sequestration capacity, such as forests, or into land with lower carbon emissions to promote sustainable economic development. (4) Adding the location information of the administrative centers to the CA-Markov model can effectively improve the simulation accuracy of the model. This demonstrates that integrating key geographical factors, such as regional administrative centers, can significantly improve the accuracy of land-use simulations, offering valuable methodological insights for similar studies, particularly in predicting complex regional land-use changes. This study provides critical insights into land-use changes and their low-carbon effects under different scenarios, providing scientific evidence for policymakers in planning and policy formulation.

In the digital economy era, take-out shops relying on the online-to-offline e-commerce platform have gathered in central cities on a large scale, forming large-scale food processing spaces—"Takeaway Factories"— to serve immediate local catering needs. In addition to the impact of the platform economy, consumer demand, and space costs, riders are an important and dynamic factor that promote the final formation of a "Takeaway Factory". Based on the analysis framework of virtual and real-space interactions using the participatory survey method, the specific roles of crowdsourcing and special delivery riders in the formation of "Takeaway Factory" was elucidated. Riders, as the core intermediaries of virtual agglomeration that leads to physical agglomeration, play a role at different stages and spatial scales. In the initial stage, because dedicated takeout shops tend to prefer low-cost, high-demand urban gap spaces, they face challenges in matching with special delivery riders until they are included in the special delivery distribution station. Thus, crowdsourcing riders with free-movement attributes are their first choice. Crowdsourcing riders have a strong preference for store clusters and select food through the two tools of the regional order heat map and grab order hall, bringing about differences in distribution efficiency and promoting the phenomenon of large regional differentiation of relatively concentrated and dispersed stores within the city scale. In the middle stage, in the face of the uneven distribution efficiency of different areas in the city, the platform divides the size of the stations according to the size of the shops in different areas, and matches the special delivery riders of the corresponding scale, which eliminates the uneven distribution efficiency of different areas to a certain extent, and promotes the distribution efficiency of different sections to reach a basic balance. With the emergence of special delivery systems, the special delivery riders are distributed in the station area through the delivery system, which effectively alleviates the distribution pressure of the relatively dispersed, inferior-location stores and promotes the balance of the distribution efficiency of different sections. In the final stage, the special delivery and crowdsourcing riders in the area jointly promote the agglomeration of shops in the area, and ultimately promote the formation of a more polarized takeaway factory. Crowdsourcing riders continue to promote agglomeration from the initial stage, whereas the emergence of special delivery riders promotes both equilibrium and agglomeration. With the increasing maturity of the special delivery and crowdsourcing system, the time-space behavior of different types of riders will eventually promote the completion of the high-density and large-scale agglomeration of takeaway shops in the area (distribution site) through virtual tools, such as site order thermal maps, order dispatching systems, resident points, and order-grabbing halls.

Cities function as complex systems where subsystems interact to form higher-level urban complexes characterized by intricate nonlinear coupling relationships among various networks. Although a substantial amount of research on urban networks from the perspective of single-factor flow exists both domestically and internationally, such studies have limitations, as they do not fully capture the multifaceted nature of urban systems. Research on multi-city networks in China primarily examines the structural characteristics and dynamic mechanisms of networks with distinct attributes. While international studies have explored interactions and coupling effects among subsystems within complex systems, focusing on aspects like network robustness and cascading failures, relevant studies on urban networks remain relatively limited. This study proposes a comprehensive research framework called Correlation-Multiplex Coupling Networks-Coupling Linkage Effect Evaluation (CMC). Focusing on the coupling of enterprise and information networks in the Chengdu-Chongqing twin-city economic circle, this study further analyzes the coupling linkage effect between these networks. The results indicate that: First, there exists a complex nonlinear coupling relationship between information and enterprise networks, with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.625 and different degrees of interactive coupling between nodes; second, from 2011 to 2020, there were notable differences in the core-edge structures of the three networks within the twin-city economic circle. Interactions between cities in core areas were more frequent than those in peripheral areas, displaying a prominent "rich man clubs" phenomenon and preferential links. The hierarchical structure and "Matthew effect" of the urban network were evident. The enterprise network evolved from a dual-core, single-strong link structure to a dual-core, multiple-strong-link structure, achieving a more balanced network over time. The information network transitioned from a single-centered structure around Chengdu to a weaker dual-core structure, with Chongqing as a secondary core. Third, from 2011 to 2020, differences in coupling and linkage effects between enterprises and information networks were significant, with node coupling and linkage primarily at medium to low levels. Link coupling and linkage were mainly at medium to high levels, and interactive linkage weakened over time. The "rich club" phenomenon in coupled networks was stronger than in information networks but weaker than in enterprise networks. Compared to enterprise networks, the "Matthew effect" of coupled networks was less pronounced. In 2020, due to COVID-19 impacts, coupling and linkage between enterprise networks and information networks were significantly weakened, and urban comprehensive capacity did not markedly improve. This study expands the research perspective on urban networks, enriching the field by using a multiplex network approach and coupling coordination model, providing a methodological reference for similar research in other regions and enhancing understanding of the linkage effects among urban subsystems.

Between 1958 and 1999, notable lithic localities recorded prehistoric activities in Xiqiao Town of Nanhai District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, from which double-shouldered and microlith-stone artefacts were uncovered. Currently, the "Xiqiaoshan site" is recognized as a substantial Neolithic quarry and processing location, dating back to 4‒7 ka B P. Subsequently, from 2011 to 2022, we conducted multiple geological environmental surveys and analyses on Xiqiaoshan Mountain. A well-preserved Quaternary stratigraphic profile was discovered north of Fuxian village in the southeast foothills of Xiqiaoshan Mountain. The sedimentological, geochemical, and geochronological results indicate the presence of two primary sedimentary strata in the Fuxian locality. The upper unit comprises the Holocene swamp facies, with a calibrated AMS¹⁴C dating range from 5052‒5409 a B P; whereas, the lower unit comprises the late Pleistocene alluvial-diluvial strata, with a calibrated AMS¹⁴C dating range from 38420‒40502 a B P, and an optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating range of 41.977‒43.796 ka B P. Late Pleistocene strata yielded two sand-gravel layers containing Paleolithic artefacts, which are marked as layers A1 and A2. The predominant artefacts in lower layer A1 include larger scrapers, pointed tools, tongue-shaped edged tools, and small flake tools, such as various scrapers, denticulates, notches, knives, utilized flakes, and cores, including tanged axe-shaped knives. In the upper layer A2, backed or tanged knives appear more frequently. The other small flake tools from this layer (A2) were not significantly different from those in lower layer A1. One bifacially prepared core for producing small elongated flakes is of particular interest for this artefact. Based on the average deposition rate, the computational age of the A1 layer was 46.511‒47.325 ka B P, whereas that of the A2 layer was 41.977‒42.167 ka B P. Although the number of artefacts within the Holocene sediments (>5 ka B P) overlying the late Pleistocene strata is limited, the characteristics of inheritance and development are still evident in the types of artefacts. The discovery presented in this study has completely updated and extended the connotation of Xiqiaoshan National Geopark and "Xiqiaoshan culture,"breaking through the late Pleistocene Paleolithic remains records with exact dating in the Pearl River Delta region for the first time. Therefore, a ground-breaking discovery can accurately trace the footsteps of modern humans in the coastal areas of South China from 40‒50 ka. It also reveals the rich features of lithic industry and the developmental characteristics and evolution of its cultural connotations during this period. The present study shows that during the relatively warm and humid conditions of marine isotope stages 3 (MIS3) interglacial period and the subsequent cold and arid stage of MIS2, human population in the Fuxian locality encountered environmental challenges and adopted new subsistence strategy, which is of great significance for understanding modern human responses and adaptations to global and regional environmental and climate change.

Given that the chemical industry is the foundation and pillar of the national economy, explorations of its spatial evolution characteristics and influencing factors are of paramount importance for optimizing regional industrial spatial layouts and promoting high-quality development. This study focused on 10,596 chemical enterprises in Guangdong Province and employed spatial analysis methods to delineate the spatial evolution characteristics of the chemical industry in Guangdong from 2000 to 2021 from an industrial chain perspective. Additionally, we applied a negative binomial regression model to analyze the factors affecting the location choices of chemical enterprises. The following are the main conclusions drawn from the results obtained: (1) Overall, the spatial distribution of the chemical industry in Guangdong Province exhibited a southwest-to-northeast trend, with the center shifting along a southeast-to-northwest axis, accompanied by a gradual reduction in distance. This resulted in a general pattern of "agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta region, diffusion along river corridors, and peripheral expansion." The specific spatial distribution pattern can be described as a "central core and two belts," aligning with the industrial development strategies that are driving the western and eastern regions of Guangdong in concert with the Pearl River Delta region. (2) Agglomeration effects within different industrial chains were strengthened and exhibited variations in distribution. Upstream industries were primarily concentrated in Maoming, transitioning from being dispersed to being densely agglomerated and gradually forming a core area in Maoming and a sub-core area on the east bank of the Pearl River. Midstream industries were primarily clustered in the Pearl River Delta and Maoming, with limited distribution in other regions, displaying a pattern of "significant agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta, the emergence of new hotspots in Maoming and Zhanjiang, and scattered development in other areas." Downstream industries clustered in the Pearl River Delta region and expanded toward the northwest, featuring a "significant increase in agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta, with a noticeable gap compared with other regions." (3) Spatial correlations within the chemical industry gradually strengthened, with downstream industries displaying the strongest associations. With regard to inter-industry chain associations, midstream and downstream industries exhibited the closest spatial connections, whereas those between upstream and downstream industries were relatively weaker. (4) The spatial layout of the chemical industry was driven by multiple factors, including location conditions, socioeconomic factors, government actions, and industry linkages. Notably, transportation infrastructure, economic development, labor costs, environmental regulations, and industrial foundations significantly influenced the spatial layout. Furthermore, the factors influencing the spatial distribution of chemical enterprises in different industrial chains varied. Upstream industries tended to favor regions with stringent environmental regulations and higher labor costs. Midstream industries leaned toward areas with good water transportation, strong economic foundations, high labor costs, stringent environmental regulations, and robust industrial bases. Downstream industries shared similar influencing factors with midstream industries and preferred regions with strong industrial links. This study makes two main contributions. The theoretical findings enrich the field of geographical research on the chemical industry and provide specific references for the spatial layouts of other industries. In practical terms, this study is valuable for capturing and reflecting the evolving spatial patterns of the chemical industry and providing decision-making references for local governments seeking to promote its transformation and development.

Place memory and emotions are popular topics in human geography. The rapid development of information technology has promoted new social media platforms, built virtual spaces that differ from physical spaces, and provided new carriers for place memory and emotional sustenance. In this study, subtitle, bullet-screen, and comment data were quantified on the basis of disembedding theory and media geography combined with the natural language processing method to explore the process of local memory awakening under the background of "digital-reality fusion," taking the documentary "A Bite of China" as the study case. The following results were obtained: 1) The theme words of the subtitles included hometown, food, taste, and life. In the bullet-screen and comment data, the words "food" and "hometown" were the core nodes that built the semantic network together with other theme words. Food has become a representative of local culture, not only as a focus of local economic development but also as a window to regional culture, and is capable of awakening people's deepest memories of their hometowns. Food reflects the good wishes and life expectations of people, with the memory of the taste of their hometown having become a symbol of this attachment and the nostalgia touching the hearts of travelers. 2) The documentary awakens social memories, shapes places in modern society, and constructs a sociocultural space that carries food culture and daily practices. From the data visualization results, it could be seen that the audience as a whole showed positive emotions, the immediacy of bullet-screen was more likely to stimulate positive emotions than comments, the semantic network of bullet-screen was denser, and the audience was more inclined to comprehensively evaluate the overall level of the video in comments. Modern media technology breaks through the limitations of physical space, bringing the experience of virtual space to the audience and allowing them to instantly express their emotions and feelings while watching the video, thereby realizing the generation of emotional ties and social relations across time and space. Mediated communication has become a habitual practice in modern society, providing channels through which audience members can exchange information and ideas and express their emotions daily, thereby shortening the mental cognitive distance of people and having the same authenticity as unmediated communication and interactions. 3) Digital media provides a new interactive platform for the audience, dissolves the geographical limitations of traditional communication, and realizes dialogue between virtual and physical spaces. It also reconstructs the relationship between people and places and shortens the emotional distance between people and hometowns while providing information for daily life practices. Digital media has reconfigured the relationship between people and places in society through new media technology, creating a new type of physical space connection; namely, virtual space. In addition to local activities, the virtual space provides a new place for people to communicate and interact with one another. Although it is also a place that carries people's emotions, it enriches the audience's experience, thus contributing to the construction of the media's sense of place. This study expands the content of dietary geography and provides theoretical and empirical references for the reconstruction of human-land relations in the digital information age.

This research delved into the complex dynamics of heritage communities during urban renewal, navigating the tension between preserving local heritage and embracing modernization. This study centered on Hangzhou's Mantoushan community and utilized a combination of fieldwork, participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and online text analysis to investigate the interplay between spatial transformation and the construction of local identity in the context of urban development. This study aimed to dissect the multifaceted effects of urban renewal on the physical and emotional fabric of heritage spaces, with a particular focus on the microhistorical perspective. The methodology involved a comprehensive approach, capturing the voices of residents, tracking changes in spatial usage, and analyzing digital narratives to provide a nuanced understanding of the community's evolution. The results of this study underscore the dual impact of urban renewal. On one hand, it has led to improvements in the built environment and public amenities, fostering a renewed sense of community pride and attachment among residents. On the other hand, the process has been instrumental in the creation of a second space, as envisioned by authoritative bodies, which in turn, has given rise to a third space characterized by commercial, productive, and recreational functions. This transformation has been marked by diverse actors' reconstruction of the third space influenced by their varied perceptions and aspirations, which has led to a sense of dislocation and internal community division. The conclusions drawn from this study highlight the importance of recognizing the uneven and unstable nature of the transition towards a third space. It advocates for a more inclusive approach to urban renewal that acknowledges and addresses the diverse needs and aspirations of community members. This study also emphasizes the critical role of emotional connections and empathy in the sustainable development of heritage communities, cautioning against the illusion of a second space that overlooks the complex realities of community life. This study provides a compelling argument for a more nuanced understanding of the impacts of urban renewal on heritage communities. It calls for a balanced approach that respects the historical significance of these spaces, while embracing the potential for modernization, ensuring that the process of renewal is one that enhances rather than erodes the communities' sense of identity and belonging. The insights gained from this study are not only relevant to the Mantoushan community, but also offer valuable lessons for urban planners and policymakers worldwide, as they grapple with the challenges of integrating heritage conservation with the demands of contemporary urban life.

In the context of climate change, the escalating frequency of extreme weather phenomena has exacerbated the severity of compound floods in the southeastern coastal regions of China. Rising sea levels significantly contribute to the inundation of low-lying coastal urban areas. The quantitative assessment of compound flood risk offers scientific support for disaster prevention and reduction in coastal cities and for coastal management initiatives. Using Haikou City as a case study, the daily precipitation and maximum storm surge tide data from 66 typhoons that affected Haikou between 1960 and 2017 were utilized to construct compound flood combination scenarios. Based on the quantitative method of D-Flow FM (Delft3D-FLOW Flexible Mesh) numerical simulation, the potential risks of extreme rainfall and storm surge compound flood disasters under sea level rise scenarios were thoroughly investigated by integrating various scenarios. The findings revealed the following: 1) Storm surge was the primary factor contributing to compound flooding during typhoons, with the estuary of the Nandu River and the northern coast being the most affected. 2) In the scenario of maximum rainfall and storm surge combination, the inundation area of Haikou is about 148 km², which is approximately 15 times larger than the minimum rainfall and storm surge combination scenario. Moreover, in more than half of the inundated areas, the water depth exceeds 1 meter. 3) Under extreme rainfall and storm surge compound scenarios, the areas encompassing Haidian Island, Xinbu Island, and Jiangdong New Area were significantly affected by sea level rise. By 2100, the total flooding area is projected to reach about 203 km² under the RCP8.5 scenario. Sea level rise significantly amplifies urban flood risks, implying that coastal cities are poised to encounter heightened threats and manage future challenges. Through comprehensive comparisons of multiple rainfall and storm surge compound flooding scenarios under sea level rise, the temporal and spatial characteristics of the compound flooding risk were systematically evaluated. The results provide an important scientific basis for sustainable regional development, effective management, and prevention.

The evolution and dynamics of regional cooperation are hot topics of concern for economic geographers. Regional cooperation has gradually evolved into a network structure based on "multi-dimensional connection," covering many fields such as economy, innovation, transportation, and ecology. However, most of the current research focuses on a specific cooperation field, mainly based on regional intergovernmental agreements, analyzing the structure and characteristics of regional cooperation networks from the perspective of institutional connections. This lacks a comprehensive measurement index system for regional cooperation levels using multidimensional connection data, and the dynamic factors and mechanisms of regional cooperation networks are unknown. Therefore, based on the relational perspective, this study constructs a comprehensive measurement index system of the regional cooperation level from the aspects of economy, innovation, transportation, and ecology and discusses the evolution characteristics and dynamic mechanisms of regional cooperation networks in the Yangtze River Delta at different stages using social networks and QAP analysis methods. The main findings are as follows. First, the regional cooperation network in the Yangtze River Delta is relatively close in general and has undergone a remarkable evolution process from loose to tight, from single center to multi-center, and from inefficient to efficient. The average path length of the regional cooperation network in the Yangtze River Delta has been declining, indicating that the regional cooperation network in the Yangtze River Delta presents the characteristics of "small world." Secondly, the main body of the Yangtze River Delta regional cooperation network shows obvious "multi-center, flat" characteristics, forming a spatial structure supported by the "golden triangle" of Nanjing-Shanghai-Hangzhou and gradually spreading to neighboring cities. Core cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing, and Suzhou played important roles in different stages. During the initial stage of collaboration, Shanghai served as the central hub, with Suzhou and Nanjing acting as key nodes. During the phase of rapid intensification, the network evolved into a dual-core system centered on Shanghai and Nanjing. During the high-quality development phase, a multi-center interactive pattern emerged, involving Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanjing, and Hangzhou. Additionally, geographical and institutional proximity significantly influence regional cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta.The changes in the economic development level based on cognitive proximity and cooperation reflect the dynamic adjustment of the economic and industrial structure in the region, which has stage differences. During the early stages of regional cooperation, cognitive proximity significantly promoted regional cooperation. Subsequently, the role of cognitive proximity decreased, and with the deepening of cooperation during a period of high-quality integration, cognitive proximity played a significant role. In addition, government support played a significant role in promoting regional cooperation during the early stages but its importance declined as cooperation deepened. Compared with existing research, this study comprehensively constructs a measurement system of regional cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta from four dimensions: economy, innovation, transportation, and ecology, which is an expansion of the single measurement system of existing research and more comprehensively reflects the characteristics of regional cooperation in the region. Through this study, we hope to overcome the limitations of studying one-dimensional cooperation and further enrich and improve the relevant theoretical system of regional cooperation. Through this study, we hope to overcome the limitations of studying one-dimensional cooperation and further enrich and improve the relevant theoretical system of regional cooperation.

Rainfall and sea surface temperature grid data, as well as rainfall data from coastal stations in China, were used to obtain the spatiotemporal response characteristics of summer rainfall along the Chinese coast to ENSO and analyzed interdecadal changes in summer rainfall. The results show that: (1) Summer rainfall along the coast of China was significantly affected by ENSO and can be divided into three regions, with Lianyungang and Yunao as the boundaries. The Niño3.4 index was negatively correlated with summer rainfall along the Bohai and Yellow Sea coasts, positively correlated with that of the East China Sea coast, and not significantly correlated with that of the South China Sea coast. (2) On an interdecadal timescale, the relationship between summer rainfall along the coast of China and the Niño3.4 index was unstable. The negative correlation between summer rainfall along the Bohai and Yellow Sea coasts and the Niño3.4 index was significant before and after 1980 and 2010, respectively. The positive correlation along the East China Sea coast became insignificant after the 1980s, whereas the correlation along the South China Sea coast remained insignificant. (3) On the interdecadal timescale, the summer Niño3.4 index, winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) index in the previous year, and spring Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) index in current year were significantly negatively correlated with summer interdecadal rainfall along the Bohai and Yellow Sea coasts and positively correlated with summer interdecadal rainfall along the East China Sea coast. Summer interdecadal rainfall along the coast of the South China Sea was significantly negatively correlated with the spring Arctic Sea ice index in the current year. Regarding the Niño3.4 index, the high sea surface temperature in the Central and Eastern Pacific triggered a negative Pacific-Japan-type interconnection wave train in the 500 hPa geopotential height field, resulting in a decrease in interdecadal rainfall along the Bohai and Yellow Sea coast and an increase in interdecadal rainfall along the East China Sea coast. When the winter AO in the last year and spring AAO in the current year were in a positive phase, the abnormal anticyclone in the southern part of Baikal Lake at 850 hPa wind field guided the airflow in the mid to high latitudes southward, causing a weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon and a decrease in interdecadal summer rainfall along the Bohai and Yellow Sea. In addition, the strong, westward position of the subtropical high pressure in the northwest Pacific increases the upward movement, increasing interdecadal summer rainfall along the East China Sea coast. The interdecadal variation of spring Arctic Sea ice stimulates the opposite atmospheric circulation pattern that induced interdecadal variation of summer rainfall along the South China Sea coast in the 850 hPa wind and 500 hPa geopotential height fields.

During the stage of high-quality development, the orderly promotion of citizenization of the floating population is crucial to ensure the high-quality population development and sustainable socio-economic growth of our country. In this study, dynamic monitoring survey data of China's floating population in 2017 were referenced to categorize the settlement intentions of this population group into three types (viz., short term, long term, and permanent) according to their expected residence duration. Subsequently, the mobility and residential characteristics of this population were analyzed by using a multinomial logistic regression model to examine differences in their demographic and family characteristics, mobility patterns, economic status, and social integration. The findings are as follows: (1) Dongguan and Huizhou, located on the east bank of the Pearl River and primarily driven by manufacturing industries, have a significant proportion of populations with short-term settlement intentions. By contrast, cities with lower living costs or more comprehensive services are more likely to attract long-term residents. (2) The inter-provincial floating population tends to flow into Shenzhen, with individuals migrating a short distance being more predominant. Long-distance inter-provincial migrants have a stronger intention to settle permanently. Within the province, the floating population tends to flow into Guangzhou, displaying a certain degree of geographical proximity in city choices and a tendency to stay long term or permanently. (3) Groups characterized by female sex, older age, higher educational level, marital status, longer inflow time, non-work-related inflow reasons, and higher income level tend to take up long-term or permanent residence at their destination. Conversely, lower levels of these characteristics are associated with shorter stays. Higher degrees of social integration can promote permanent settlement intentions among inter-provincial migrants compared with the effect on their intra-provincial counterparts. (4) Each factor has different effects on groups with the same settlement intention within and outside the province, as reflected in the varying impacts of educational level, marital status, income level, and migration reasons on inter- and intra-provincial floating populations. This study breaks through the traditional binary division model of settlement intentions, enhancing our understanding of floating populations through the "short-term residence–long-term residence–permanent settlement" categorization method. The Pearl River Delta region, one of the areas with the largest concentration of the floating population and the highest degree of economic development in China, serves as a critical case study. Understanding the flow and residence patterns of this population in this region will help government departments implement relevant policies and safeguarding measures tailored to different settlement intentions, thereby improving urban operational efficiency.

As a social, cultural, and spatial phenomenon, the spatial characteristics and dynamics of youth neo-tribes reflect the mode, process, and strategy of interaction with their social environment. However, existing studies mainly regard space as a formation condition and internal characteristic of neo-tribes, while failing to consider it as a key perspective for understanding the social and historical processes of neo-tribes. Therefore, this study constructs an analysis framework based on two spatial analysis paths proposed by Soja(2005)from his ontology of existence: "time-space" and "society-space." Furthermore, "706 Youth Space" is taken as a case study to analyze the spatial characteristics and dynamics of youth neo-tribes. Our results indicate the following: (1) The "706 Youth Space" embodies distinct neo-tribal attributes, including the mobility of its members, common feelings, rituals and symbols, and a shared space. As a neo-tribal space, the socialization of "706 Youth Space" includes emotional resonance and identification, memory generation, and imagination extension. This study supports the summary of the characteristics of neo-tribes in existing studies. Additionally, it reveals the temporal and spatial continuity, rhythm, and spatialization of the instantaneous outbreak of the neo-tribe and emphasizes the spatiality characteristics in the process of its socialization. (2) This study analyzes the relationship between the neo-tribe and its environment through the spatial strategy, and corrects the double illusion of the existing research on the spatial understanding of neo-tribes. The game strategy between the "706" youth neo-tribe and its environment is summarized as space contraction, stimulus diffusion, and space expansion strategy. The youth neo-tribe needs to be embedded in the real social space, and can be preserved and developed through strategic contraction and change. Through space extension strategies such as the opening of space and expansion of relationships, we can promote the connection with the place and make it a bridging space in terms of filling and extensibility of social relations. (3) This study analyzes the role of virtual and physical space in the formation of youth neo-tribes, the embodiment in their survival strategy, and the respective characteristics and relationships of virtual and physical space. Among them, in the formation, strengthening, and identification of neo-tribes, young people change from unfamiliar online members to offline physical space encounters through activities, and form temporary neo-tribes based on common feelings under the guidance of common interests and tastes. After the activity, young participants establish a sense of identity with the youth neo-tribe and apply to join the online community, thus continuing its existence through the virtual space. In terms of survival strategy, through the contraction of offline space, development of online space, and integration of online and offline, the youth neo-tribe realizes its adaptation to the external environment. The study overcomes the limitation of understanding the relationship between online and offline space from the functional viewpoint and reveals the synergy of such space in emotion, identity, and survival strategy of the neo-tribe.

Given the real-world challenges in implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is important to study and formulate a localized assessment indicator system for each SDGs to monitor the current status of sustainable development at different scales, identify problems, and develop countermeasures. Based on the "economy-society-environment" three-dimensional theoretical framework for sustainable development, this study deconstructs the connotation of SDG11 at the community level, and constructs an urban community sustainability assessment indicator system containing 7 goals and 13 indexes. In addition, by taking 602 sample communities in the built-up regions of Changsha as an example, this study utilizes multi-source big data to comprehensively assess community sustainability as well as the coupling coordination degree of the communities' economic-social-environmental systems. It is found that: (1) During the period 2010-2020, the degree of achievement of community SDG in Changsha falls in the "relative closeness" range, with a "core-periphery" spatial distribution from the high sections to the low ones. (2) Of the 7 goals, housing guarantee, disaster prevention and relief, and environmental governance are progressing well; public transportation and heritage protection are improving significantly; public space is rising slowly; however, planning management is less than ideal. (3) Based on the assessment results of the coupling coordination degree of the communities' economic-social-environmental systems, the sample communities are classified into three types: coordinated development, transitional development, and dysfunctional decline communities. Then, in addition to the zoning results of core, central urban, and suburban areas, a differentiated governance path is proposed. (4) The assessment indicator system has high validity and needs to be further enhanced with a larger number of empirical cases in the future. The research results enrich the theoretical system of community sustainability and technical means of assessment. The empirical part of the study takes the statutory communities in the built-up area of Changsha as the research object and carries out the assessment of community sustainability at three time points: 2010, 2015, and 2020. This help in grasping the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of community sustainability and its law of evolution at the city level and provide scientific support for carrying out refined urban planning and community governance. The data used in the indicator system mainly come from objective big data with temporal continuity, which is conducive for conducting longitudinal continuous tracking research and horizontal comparison research with other cities.

Against the background of the increasing separation of natural and human geography, gradual disintegration of the comprehensive disciplinary characteristics of geography, and weakening of the social influence of geographers, the domestic geography community has recently been discussing the possibility of integrating natural and human geography and the possible paths for doing so. In response, this study proposes an analysis framework of Ecological Economic Geography conducive to the integration of physical and human geography. Furthermore, this study advocates a focus on the dynamic change of "human" as a giant system with complex links of economy, technology, and institutional systems, and its two-way feedback relationship with the ecosystem. By exploring the coupling and regulation mechanisms of human and natural systems in the context of environmental and technological change, this study seeks the best answer to human sustainable development in the comprehensive balance. To clarify the research perspective and ideas of Ecological Economic Geography, we select the following three cases: i) the centennial evolution of the ecological economic system of Mulberry-dyke and Fish-pond System, ii) the systematic cascade of the "digital-energy-water" in data centers, and iii) the humanistic perspective of ecological restoration planning. With a focus on the analytical framework of the "pattern-process-relationship-pathway," this study proposes four research topics on which Ecological Economic Geography needs to focus, specifically, the coupling pattern of ecosystems and economic systems, process and impact of different factor flows between different systems, regional complexity of ecological and economic coupling systems, and sustainable development pathway of the ecological economic system. Accordingly, the development of Ecological Economic Geography may strengthen the mutual collaboration between scholars of the natural world and the humanities, promote the integration of geographic disciplines, and enhance the ability of geography to solve extensive problems.

Myanmar is a key neighbor for China and an important link in advancing the "Belt and Road" initiative, contributing to both domestic and international economic flows. Despite the border closures and restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic, the New China-Myanmar Indian Ocean Corridor has seen substantial progress. However, this development has not garnered the attention it deserves, as both national and Yunnan provincial governments continue to prioritize the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC). This oversight results from an incomplete understanding of the changes in Myanmar's geopolitical landscape since 2000. Using a framework for national geopolitical landscape analysis, this study examines Myanmar's basic national conditions, principal relationships, and inherent contradictions, revealing how Myanmar's geopolitical landscape has evolved due to the interplay of internal and external factors, cross-field interactions, and strategic games played by multiple geopolitical actors. Specifically, the study discusses the period from 2000 to 2010, characterized by external pressure and internal stability, and the years from 2011 to 2021, marked by external conflict and internal turmoil. The evolving geopolitical landscape in Myanmar has created favorable conditions for building the New China-Myanmar Indian Ocean Corridor. From a geopolitical perspective, this paper explores the reasons behind the necessity of this new corridor and suggests a re-evaluation of China's spatial planning for major infrastructure projects in Myanmar given the country's shifting geopolitical context. The corridor's feasibility—whether measured by distance, time, costs, spatial distribution of domestic ethnic armed conflicts, or Myanmar's post-pandemic economic trends—suggests it is highly workable. In the short term, the new corridor can complement the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor, progressing concurrently; in the long term, it could gradually replace it as the main route for China-Myanmar trade. This study not only enhances understanding of the New China-Myanmar Indian Ocean Corridor but also provides a scientific rationale for its vigorous promotion.

"Shaping a healthy Greater Bay Area" has been positioned as a key policy agenda in the Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, issued by the central government in 2019. However, difficulties and uncertainties in accessing healthcare services have long been a major concern for Hong Kong (HK) residents wishing to work or live in mainland China. Information barriers to mainland China's healthcare services have become a primary obstacle for HK residents' cross-border healthcare utilization, while related studies remain scarce. This study aims to examine the extent of the information barrier, its variation among social groups, and its major causes, based on which we also seek potential policy responses. We conducted a large-scale survey of 3,500 HK residents in HK, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou in 2022, of which 2330 had never used mainland China's healthcare services before, and we asked them about their understanding of mainland China's healthcare quality, medical insurance schemes, and healthcare expenditures. Additionally, we conducted in-depth interviews with 129 HK residents, 42 medical professionals, and 14 officials in both HK and mainland China to gather their opinions on information barriers to cross-border healthcare utilization. Profound results were revealed through our mixed research approach: (1) HK residents generally lacked an understanding of mainland China's healthcare services. Only 4.98%, 2.26%, and 2.02% of respondents indicated that they were familiar with the hierarchy of healthcare quality, medical insurance schemes, and healthcare expenditures in mainland China, respectively, while 24.04%, 35.28%, and 37.68% stated they did not know these aspects. The understanding of medical insurance schemes and healthcare expenditures is even more limited compared to the hierarchy of healthcare quality. (2) Among others, middle-aged individuals (especially those aged 45-54 years), middle- and high-income families (with a monthly household income of more than 40,000 HK dollars), those who visit mainland China more frequently, and those with strong social networks in mainland China demonstrated a better understanding of mainland China's healthcare services. (3) These information barriers are the result of exacerbated healthcare information asymmetries amid the differences between HK and mainland healthcare systems and residents' healthcare utilization habits, which have long been unaddressed due to strict regulations on medical advertisements and social segregation between the two societies. Based on these findings, four potential policies are suggested to address these information barriers: (1) Establish a cross-sectional scheme to govern information on cross-border healthcare, with more proactive and integrated policy actions to promote various necessary healthcare information to HK residents; (2) Enrich the channels for promoting information on cross-border healthcare, such as providing an online platform compiling mainland China's healthcare information, promoting professional exchanges between HK and mainland China, and using virtual reality and other state-of-the-art technologies to enable HK residents to better understand the hospital environment and treatment procedures in mainland China; (3) Enhance policy attention to both healthcare quality and healthcare expenditures, with particular efforts to increase HK residents' healthcare affordability in mainland China; and (4) Employ different information dissemination strategies for different groups of HK residents and use those who already understand mainland China's healthcare services as proxies to accelerate information promotion.

Urban Blue-Green Spaces (UBGS) are material carriers that support public life and expand social interactions. It is also a natural place to realize the spatial publicness. In the context of the ecological civilization, China has made specific achievements in constructing a UBGS. However, optimizing its spatial structure and improving the quality of the human environment is only the beginning. Enhancing its publicness and thus strengthening social cohesion, enriching cultural diversity, cultivating the public spirit, and realizing the well-being of humankind on a broader scale is the ultimate goal of UBGS. Drawing on the theories of the human-land relationship and landscape ecology, we established an evaluation system for UBGS publicness based on the "element-function-structure" framework. We used Changsha as an example to explore the UBGS publicness pattern characteristics and influencing factors. The study results are as follows: 1) A UBGS with high publicness should have three significant characteristics: accessible elements, selectable functions, and shared structures, which promote and expand public life and support other social connections. 2) The comprehensive indicator of UBGS publicness in Changsha showed a circular pattern, decreasing from the core to the periphery and a fan-shaped expansion relying on the water system. Regarding element accessibility, spatial accessibility was high in the core area and low in the suburbs. In contrast, quantity adequacy was low in the core area and high in the suburbs. In terms of functional selectivity, group inclusiveness was low along the Xiangjiang River in the core and center areas and lower on the east bank than on the west bank, whereas functional diversity was high in the core area and low in the suburban areas. In terms of structural connectivity and shareability, interactive connectivity shows a high core area, a low peri-urban area, and a wedge-shaped interlocking circle pattern in the transition zone between the core area and the peri-urban area, accompanied by a high belt characteristic along the scenic belt; the landscape connectivity shows a low core area, a high peri-urban area, and a pattern characteristic of the west bank of the Xiangjiang River that is higher than that of the east bank. 3) Social demand, economic boosts, and environmental support promote the spatial heterogeneity of the UBGS publicness. Based on the research results, improving the publicness of the UBGS in Changsha can be approached from the following aspects: first, increasing funding and policy support for the construction of the UBGS, expanding its scale, and improving its quality. Second, respecting the spatial distribution characteristics and activity patterns of the public and optimize the functional organization of the UBGS and the surrounding environment. Third, when constructing urban ecosystems, road systems, greenway systems, and public service facility systems, the construction of the UBGS should be considered comprehensively, and the coupling relationship between the UBGS and other urban subsystems should be enhanced. This study constructed a theoretical framework and evaluation system for assessing UBGS publicness and evaluated UBGS publicness on an urban scale. The results of this evaluation will promote the construction of livable cities and the implementation of the concept of sustainable urban development.

Owing to their low technological relevance and high dependence on policies, agricultural industry clusters are more likely to fall into inefficient locking-ins in the process of evolutionary development. Based on the perspective of evolutionary economic geography, this study analyzes the formation of path dependence and the locking-in and breakthrough of agricultural industrial clusters, and summarizes the main characteristics of industrial clusters in the dynamic evolution process. First, the study examines the three major elements of market, technology and institution, and presents an evolutionary analysis framework of agricultural industrial clusters from path selection, path reinforcement to path locking and path breakthrough. Second, it combines field research and semi-structured interviews to conduct qualitative research on the flower and plant industries in Jiangdu District, Yangzhou City. The evolution of this industry could be divided into four stages: industrial agglomeration in the initial period, cluster development in the expansion period, inefficient locking in the bottleneck period, and the creation of new paths in the transition period. Third, the research analyzes the evolutionary mechanisms of agricultural clusters. The results show that market demand is the fundamental driving force for the evolution of agricultural clusters, and the process could be regarded as a cycle of "demand feedback-supply adjustment-demand re-feedback" based on the basic principle of "market supply and demand matching." Furthermore, institutional support is a basic guarantee of the evolution of agricultural clusters. The creation of a new path requires innovative institutional supply, while adjusting the old path requires an appropriate policy to guide the exit of inefficient industries. Additionally, knowledge innovation is the key driving force for the evolution of agricultural clusters, including the exchange of experience based on geographical ties, the exchange of scientific knowledge and technology with greater professional depth, and the construction of more diversified knowledge networks in the mobile-Internet era. They contributed significantly to the self-reinforcement of industrial clusters. Above all, it is identified that the life cycle of the industry cluster theory continues to have explanatory power for the evolution process and mechanism of agricultural industry clusters. The three interrelated elements of market demand, institutional support, and knowledge innovation promote cluster evolution. When it meets market demand and exhibits growth, support measures such as space guarantees, infrastructure, communication activities, and industry organization tend to follow the trend, and the cluster is pushed forward to deeper levels of the industrial chain and knowledge network. When there is a structural mismatch between market supply and demand, limited resources (including land, capital, policy, and manpower) may be gradually withdrawn and turned to industries with greater growth potential. If there are no new growth opportunities or market demands, industrial clusters are likely to enter the trap of inefficient development or even disintegration. When the new format of the industry meets market demand again, industrial metamorphosis will occur in the new knowledge network, which will also lead to a more accurate institutional supply and a breakthrough from the old path.

The lagoon slopes of coral atolls, which connect reef flats to lagoon basins, are key geomorphic zones where sediments are physically sorted and transported. These areas are essential for understanding post-reef sedimentary processes and the broader evolutionary dynamics of atolls. However, the influence of the microtopographic features of lagoon slopes on sediment grain size distribution remains unclear. Sediment grain size is a sensitive indicator of environmental and climatic changes and provides valuable insights into sediment transport patterns and depositional environment reconstructions. The spatial distribution of grain size is influenced by the proximity to sediment sources, material availability, and surrounding geomorphological conditions. This study focused on the lagoon slopes of the Shuquan and Jiaojian Reefs in the Nansha Islands, where surface sediment samples were collected and analyzed for grain size, along with depth data and underwater microtopography. The results indicated the following: (1) Surface sediments in the lagoon slopes of the Shuquan and Jiaojian Reefs are predominantly composed of sand-sized particles, with minimal silt and fine gravel content. Specifically, Shuquan Reef sediments comprised 94.55% sand-sized particles, 4.18% fine gravel, and 0.61% silt; the S1-S1' transect contained 93.96% sand, 4.04% fine gravel, and 1.65% silt; and the S2-S2' transect consisted of 91.73% sand, 6.84% fine gravel, and 1.17% silt. (2) The grain size characteristics of lagoon sands were primarily governed by the proximity to sediment sources and hydrodynamic conditions. A significant negative correlation was observed between median grain size and water depth, with grain size decreasing as depth increased. Most lagoon sands originated from reef flats or lagoon slopes, reflecting the diminishing sorting capacity of oceanic wave energy as it moves toward the lagoon center. The grain size distribution curves of lagoon sands are generally unimodal or bimodal, with a trend toward negative skewness. In deeper waters, the curves became sharper, indicating a transition from low-energy to high-energy depositional environments, where finer particles were replaced by coarser ones. Geomorphological changes within the lagoon, particularly in the transition zone from the lagoon slope to the inner reef flat, played a critical role in the grain size distribution. The bimodal distribution in Shuquan Reef was mainly attributed to coarse particles from lagoon pinnacles, whereas in Jiaojian Reef, the bimodal distribution was influenced by reduced dynamic sorting due to seagrass root stabilization. By comparing these distinct reef systems, this study elucidated the impact of localized geomorphic features, such as pinnacles and seagrass beds, on sediment sorting mechanisms. Understanding the grain size characteristics and distribution patterns of sand in natural microtopographic settings on the lagoon slopes of atolls is crucial for the rational use and scientific management of resources, with significant implications for land reclamation and reef engineering projects.

Currently, tapping is the only method of obtaining natural rubber, an essential industrial raw material. The stability of the labor force supply for tapping is crucial for the sustainable development of the natural rubber industry. As China's second-largest rubber planting area, Hainan Island had a planting area of 585,800 hectares in 2020, accounting for 45% of the country's total, with over 2 million workers. Labor force shortages and the aging phenomenon in tapping have become increasingly severe and have attracted significant attention. However, the related research lacks detailed spatial information for conversion estimation, which hinders macroeconomic regulation. This study is based on the 2020 Hainan Island natural rubber distribution map, Dynamic World land use classification products, and the WorldPop population distribution dataset. It employs multiple technical operations such as temporal and spatial filtering, removal of small patches, buffer parameter settings, and masking to obtain the 2020 potential tapping labor density map for Hainan's rubber planting areas. Spatial statistical methods are used to analyze the spatial distribution and age structure characteristics of potential tapping labor force in Hainan's rubber planting areas as well as the spatial distribution of labor force shortage degrees after conversion to actual tapping labor force, including the labor force shortage levels and areas for each city and county, revealing the spatial pattern. The results reveal the following: 1) The total number of potential tapping laborers in Hainan's rubber planting areas is 1.567 4 million, with a spatial distribution pattern of high in the north and low in the south. The proportion of the population aged 45~59 years is 34%, indicating a significant aging trend. 2) There are significant spatial differences in the degree of labor shortage. The primary shortage areas are mainly concentrated in the junction areas of the central-western and central-eastern counties, with a belt-like distribution. In contrast, the secondary and tertiary shortage areas are widely distributed in the central-western, central, and some central-eastern county junctions, with shortage in the central area being particularly severe, showing a contiguous distribution. 3) The primary shortage areas in Danzhou City, Baisha County, and Qiongzhong County rank in the top three, with a cumulative area of 50,500 hectares. Baisha, Qiongzhong, Chengmai, and Ledong Counties are also prominent in the secondary and tertiary shortage areas, covering a total area of 23,300 hectares. In total, the area of labor shortage regions in Hainan Island is 141,700 hectares, necessitating a future focus. To address the labor force shortage issue in tapping, it is recommended to strengthen infrastructure construction in the rubber plantations within the shortage areas and actively promote new tapping methods (e.g., low-frequency tapping) or tools (e.g., electric tapping knives) to reduce the labor intensity of tapping and increase the number of trees tapped per capita. This will provide favorable support for the sustainable and healthy development of Hainan's natural rubber industry. By revealing the spatial distribution characteristics and degree of tapping labor shortage, this study aims to provide robust decision-making support for the Hainan provincial government in addressing employment issues of tapping labor, optimizing human resource management strategies, and promoting the sustainable development of the natural rubber industry.

The New Energy Vehicle (NEV) industry is key for the transformative development of China's automotive industry, with policy chains, market scale, and technological innovation serving as critical drivers of its innovation network. To provide scientific support for enhancing independent innovation capabilities and achieving sustainable development in China's NEV industry, this study analyzes policy portfolios and patent collaboration data using Social Network Analysis (SNA) and Vector AutoRegression (VAR) models and investigates the mechanisms through which policy chains shape the innovation network, with a focus on how policy interventions influence collaborative innovation dynamics and spatiotemporal evolution patterns. The results indicate that: (1) China's existing policy chain system exhibits short-term positive effects on enhancing the innovation capabilities of the NEV industry, primarily driven by fiscal subsidies, tax incentives, and pilot demonstration projects. However, these effects diminish over time. (2) Significant spatiotemporal disparities in innovation development have emerged due to the influence of policy chains and regional differences in resource allocation, economic foundations, and innovation environments. Developed eastern regions, supported by mature industrial clusters, were found to demonstrate higher policy responsiveness, whereas the central and western regions lagged in translating policy inputs into innovation outputs. (3) The spatial structure of the innovation network transitioned from a triangular pattern to a diamond-shaped framework with multiple core regions, reflecting the holistic evolution of collaborative relationships under policy guidance. This study makes the following key contributions: (1) systematically categorizing the major direct policies of China's NEV industry into vertical and horizontal policy chains and constructing a comprehensive policy chain framework applied to the analysis of the development of the NEV industry's innovation collaboration network; (2) contributing to theoretical discussions on innovation network research regarding knowledge flows, inter-entity collaboration, and innovation environment shaping by proposing a "policy chain–innovation network" coupling framework that links macro-level governance with micro-level collaborative behaviors. Consequently, future policy design for China's NEV policies must undergo a paradigm shift. Policymakers should prioritize a systematic, adaptive, and forward-looking approach to construct a multilevel policy chain system that balances short-term stimulation with long-term capacity building. To stimulate endogenous innovation vitality within enterprises, it is essential to accelerate the transition from government-led subsidy policies to market-oriented competition. Simultaneously, spatially differentiated policies should be implemented and tailored to local innovation environments to address regional development disparities. This includes increasing support for infrastructure investments and talent mobility programs in the central and western regions to narrow the innovation capability gap between the regions. By promoting a shift from industry-supportive to competition-driven policies, a market-friendly policy environment can be established that enhances the market's role in selecting technologies, products, and services. This approach ultimately fosters the synergistic development of policy chains and sustainable innovation ecosystems.

Objective changes in people's lifestyles at different times of the day lead to changes in metro travel with respect to space and mode. Distinguishing the spatiotemporal heterogeneity characteristics of subway passenger flows at different times of the day can help guide urban functional renewal and intensive growth. Taking Shenzhen as a case study, this study examines the spatiotemporal dynamic fluctuation characteristics of subway passenger flow in terms of volume, direction, connection, and structure on weekdays, weekends, and holidays through spatiotemporal data mining and geospatial analysis from the network, station, and OD(Origin and Destination) perspectives. The results indicate the following: (1) From an overall perspective, three different types of subway passenger flow patterns exist on weekdays, holidays, and weekends: bimodal, flat peak, and small bimodal and flat peak composite patterns, respectively. Weekday subway ridership is significantly higher compared with weekends and holidays. The proportion of short-distance short-time and long-distance long-time trips increases slightly on holidays and weekends, conforming to the beta distribution. By contrast, commuter traffic remains the focus of the current subway operating system service. (2) From the station perspective, Shenzhen has only a few stations with significant differences in weekday and non-weekday patronage and sharing rates. Weekday passenger traffic is highly concentrated in residential and employment-oriented stations. Non-weekday passenger traffic is concentrated in transportation hubs and integrated stations. The high mix of land use around stations helps disperse passenger traffic and resist disturbance at different times. (3) From the OD perspective, OD passenger flow on the subway network has a power law distribution and significant hierarchical differentiation. On weekdays, subway OD passenger flow forms groups with business offices, higher education institutions, and popular business districts. On weekends, the intensity of subway OD passenger flow linkages shows varying degrees of attenuation, and the OD linkage for short-distance travel is more intense. On holidays, subway OD passenger flows form spatial linkage groups with external transportation hubs, popular scenic spots, and commercial centers as the core stations. The center of the metro topological network and that of passenger flow under different time periods are all characterized by spatial coupling. The diversification of travel on weekends and holidays, as well as the high-density mixed-development pattern in urban centers, has weakened the dependence of passenger flows on specific routes, showing a tendency to transition from the linear and multi-block on weekdays to the linear and whole block structure on holidays. This study is expected to provide a reference for the fine operation and organization of subways and the improvement of the quality of urban activity spaces.

In the context of globalization, the reconstruction of material spaces and the evolution of social relations have accelerated the loss of emotions in traditional villages. Intangible heritage can play an important role in the emotional maintenance of traditional villages as an emotional carrier for its residents. Previous studies have been less involved in the synergistic relationship between the interactive game of power subjects and the evolution of emotions in the practice of intangible heritage. Particularly, research on the evolution of the emotional exchange mode is insufficient. Taking the Dong minority chorus of Huangdu Village as an example, this study adopts qualitative research methods, such as semi-structured interviews and participant observation, to construct an analytical framework of "daily life practice-emotional exchange", and to deeply explore the evolution process and motivational mechanism of the emotional exchange mode in the daily life practice of traditional village residents. The study found that: 1) According to the changes in the subject and relationship, motive and mode, resource and situation, perception and experience of emotional exchange in the natural, livelihood, institutional, and spiritual dimensions, the daily life practice of Huangdu Village can be divided into four stages: primitive equilibrium, passive compromising, active resisting, and regenerating. 2) In the process of intangible cultural heritage practices, the manipulation of capital and the suppression of power have broken the original balance of Huangdu Village, and the division of power and status among subjects has squeezed the living spaces of local residents, forcing them to become involved in power struggles. They resist the control of the "other" by means of physical empowerment and restatement of the local subjectivity, and ultimately strike a balance of power within the village. In the daily practice of intangible cultural heritage, the mode of residents' emotional exchange changes from reciprocity to general negotiation and production modes. 3) Emotional exchanges in traditional villages are produced during power struggles between residents and other subjects. When power is balanced, residents master the discourse of intangible cultural heritage and produce positive emotions such as attachment and belonging. When residents are suppressed by power and capital, they gradually lose discourse and produce negative emotions, such as a sense of crisis and separation. 4) The evolution of emotional exchange modes in the daily practices of traditional village residents is systematic. The evolution of the outer system pushes the kernel system to adapt, and the driving, pulling, and supporting forces promote the synergistic evolution of "daily life―emotional exchange―intangible cultural heritage practice" in Huangdu village. The evolution of emotional exchange patterns during the practice of the Dong minority chorus in Huangdu Village was an inevitable process for reconstructing the cultural subjectivity of local residents in the context of tourism development. Exploring emotional exchange patterns at different stages of daily life practices can help understand the developmental law of traditional villages and provide useful references for its emotional governance and sustainable development.

Typhoon gales can lead to accidents such as the breakage and collapse of transmission line towers, affecting the operational safety of power systems. Therefore, the risk assessment of transmission line towers during typhoon disasters is important. Taking all transmission towers in Zhejiang Province as an example, a typhoon disaster vulnerability assessment model for transmission line towers based on "excess loss" for both continuous and discrete variables was proposed based on tower attributes, geographical information, and typhoon disaster data. Utilizing the reanalysis data of typhoon parameters and wind fields from the past 68 years, a typhoon gale hazard assessment model was established based on the extreme value theory, and the statistical parameters of wind speed intensity under typical scenarios were analyzed. Furthermore, based on the regional disaster system theory and through a coupling analysis between typhoon gales and tower vulnerability, a risk assessment model for typhoon transmission line towers was developed. The results indicate the following: (1) the hazard of typhoon gales decreases from southeast to northwest, with differentiated distributions due to the local terrain and other factors. As the return period increased, a nonlinear increasing trend was observed. Taking the maximum wind speeds with a return period of 20 years and 100 years as examples, the wind speed intensities across Zhejiang Province range from 23.5-50.9 m/s and 32.6-68.9 m/s, respectively. Therefore, different wind resistance strategies should be adopted based on specific prevention requirements. Notably, the typhoon parameter wind field model used in this study had certain errors compared to the actual measured wind speeds. Therefore, in practical applications, particularly in complex terrain areas, it is necessary to combine local observational data for model calibration and application. (2) The comprehensive vulnerability of towers under the influence of typhoons generally exhibits a distribution pattern that is high in the south and low in the north, which is closely related to the terrain. Regions with high vulnerability (>1) were mainly located in central and southern Zhejiang and the coastal areas. Moderate vulnerability (0.5-1) is distributed in the Jinqu Basin and the offshore areas from Taizhou to Ningbo. The northeastern plain of Zhejiang had a relatively low tower vulnerability (<0.5). (3) The risk of transmission line towers generally exhibits a pattern of being high in the south and low in the north, with higher risks along the coast and lower risks in inland areas. There are significant local differences. In southeastern Wenzhou, Taizhou, and southern Lishui, the risk level of the towers was the highest. The southern part of Ningbo, Zhoushan, western Quzhou, and eastern Jinhua had the second highest risk. Additionally, some areas in Shaoxing, Huzhou, and Hangzhou have towers with higher risks that need to be addressed, which is consistent with the actual investigation findings. These results provide the necessary technical support for disaster risk assessments. Risk management plans should be adopted based on regional differences.

The digital economy, an important driving force for high-quality development in China, has great potential in empowering the cultural-tourism industry and promoting the high-quality development of digital culture tourism, which is key to scientifically examining the coordinated and adaptive relationship between the digital economy and cultural-tourism industry integration. This study constructed a comprehensive evaluation system based on the framework of coordinated development between the two systems. It used a coordinated relationship measurement model and exploratory spatial data analysis to characterize the spatiotemporal evolution of the coordinated digital economy and cultural-tourism industry integration between 2011 and 2020 in China. This study also identified its influencing factors using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR). First, in terms of temporal evolution, the coordination index of China's digital economy and cultural tourism industry has maintained an upward trend, increasing from extremely low coordination (0.180) in 2011 to low-level coordination (0.279) in 2020. However, provincial differences still exist. Second, in terms of spatial distribution, there is a stable "east-central-west" decreasing gradient structure, with significant spatial coordination and agglomeration characteristics; hotspots and sub hotspots of the coordinated relationship are mainly concentrated in eastern and central China, while sub cold spots and cold spots mostly come from western and northeastern China. Third, each explanatory variable has a positive effect on the coordinated relationship between the digital economy and cultural-tourism industry integration. The high-value areas of government regulation and human capital showed a trend of spreading from east to west at the end of the research period. This indicated a significant promoting effect on the level of coordination development, while the urbanization level, technical capabilities, and Internet supply capacity showed a more significant driving effect in central and western China, with greater advantages in cultural and tourism resource endowment and more potential for development. This study constructed an analytical framework based on a collaborative development perspective for the coordinated relationship between the digital economy and cultural-tourism industry integration; it conducted empirical research to compensate for the limitations of the current research. This study also incorporated spatial analysis methods to examine the spatial correlation characteristics of the coordination relationship regarding the integration of the digital economy and cultural tourism industries, thereby expanding the conclusions of previous research based on econometric methods. Additionally, the regional heterogeneity of factors influencing the coordination relationship between the digital economy and cultural tourism industry integration was analyzed, and customized policy implications were proposed based on the research conclusions. Overall, this study provides an essential reference value for grasping the coordination relationship between the digital economy and cultural-tourism industry integration and for achieving high-quality development of digital cultural tourism.

Microbes have consistently coexisted with humans and have profoundly influenced their daily practices. Accompanied by the new materialists' rethinking of the ontology and epistemology of nonhuman matter, and based on the 'Object Oriented Ontology' proposed by Harman, this paper attempt to reinterpret the dynamic relationship between viruses, human bodies, and cities in the process of movement. By reinterpreting the communication patterns between human bodies and viruses, as well as the topological networks between human bodies and cities, this study aimed to reveal the biosocial attributes of cities from the perspective of transcending anthropocentrism." The findings indicate that (1) symptoms and attitudes towards viruses are embodied communication processes between the human body and the virus and that the outcome of embodied communication is influenced by temporal and spatial dimensions. This finding contributes to the reshaping of the humanity-virus relationship, prompting humanity to value the agency of viruses and to confront how viruses coexist and cohabit in the human body and urban spaces; (2) The mobilities of viruses cross boundaries and scales between a human body and cities. By focusing on the mobilities of viruses between extended bodies to explore the interactions between bodies and cities, this study reveals the mobilities and biosocial properties of the city; that is, the city is viewed as a topological biosocial network that transcends boundaries. Using the mask as an example, this study reveals how the extended body affects and alters material connections–that is, how social, policy, and cultural meanings are embedded in the construction and reconstruction of urban topological networks–and how the network of relationships attached to the body creates connections to better cope with the impacts of viral mobilities. Overall, based on the concepts of embodied communication' and an extended body, the results of this study provide new perspectives on micro-mobilities in human geography, enriching the dynamics of the relationship between cities and bodies. First, it re-examines the dichotomy between health and disease as a dynamic relational process by understanding the relationship between humans and viruses from a geographic perspective so that health study pays attention to the dynamics of other elements in the relational network. Second, the findings also expand the connotation and application of the concept of the 'extended body,' enriching the understanding of the dynamic relationship between the body and the city, and revealing the interactions between macro-socio-cultural politics and micro-body behavioral practices in the context of viral pandemics. Viewing the relational nature and attributes of the city through the prism of microbial mobility, draws our attention towards how a city is formed through connections between human and nonhuman matter and exhibits that this relational space is constantly fluid. This turn of thinking, which reflects the connotations and extents of space in a network-nested manner, has inspired geographers to pay attention to the complex network of relationships between people and spaces, where humans, microbes, and cities are seen as a collection of complex relationships. Therefore, the object of urban governance is not limited to humanity but should also be concerned with other nonhuman matters, and the relationships generated between people and nonhuman matters.