The issue of "spatial justice" has become a hot topic among urban research and planning scholars in China. An analysis of 1516 English-language documents in the Web of Science (WOS) from 2000-2021 was conducted through CiteSpace. Knowledge maps of keyword clustering, core author groups, and research institutions were mapped to reveal the hotspots and trends of foreign spatial justice research. The results reveal the following: (1) Foreign literature issuance exhibits a phased upward trend, divided into three stages of exploration (S1), stabilization (S2), and explosion (S3). The publication volume increased steadily in S1, contending and flourishing around the theme of space deprivation, exclusion and poverty. The publication volume has increased significantly in S2 compared with S1, the connotation of spatial justice is gradually clear and complete, environmental justice has received significant attention, and the influence of process and procedural justice is increasing. The spatial justice research has explosively grown in S3, focusing on the value effect and practical significance of spatial justice in the post-globalization era and stock development period. (2) A total of three hotspots emerged in foreign spatial justice research: The rise of research targeting youth and children, who have become one of the main actors and are motivated by awareness and environmental change to actively participate in the fight for justice on a global scale. Environmental justice research is booming with divergent and extended content, focusing on waste trade and climate change. The public and green spaces of the city have become research hotspots as the pursuit of spatial justice value turns to high quality and sustainability. (3) Trends in spatial justice research abroad include integration of environmental justice and urban space, as well as scale synthesis and thematic expansion driven by technological progress. In general, the maturation of foreign spatial justice research provides an important reference for the theoretical construction and practical application of spatial justice in China. How to connect with the international frontier, form research results with local characteristics, and effectively implement them in current spatial practice in the context of new urbanization is an urgent issue to be solved.

The Belt and Road Initiative aims to achieve common development and prosperity for all countries. Building a scientific and reasonable geopolitical risk assessment system is an important prerequisite for participating countries to prevent and resolve geopolitical risk. Taking 64 countries in the six economic corridors of the Belt and Road Initiative as the assessment object, this study builds a geopolitical risk assessment system based on post-transaction costs. It analyzes the geopolitical risk level, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, and influencing factors using the full array polygon graphical indicator method, Global Moran's I, and the spatial Durbin model. The research results show that: 1) From the time dimension, the geopolitical risks of participating countries show a trend of first rising and then falling, reaching a peak in 2015. 2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the Middle East and South Asia, while medium to high risk areas are concentrated in Indochina and the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the low to medium risk countries are Western Pacific island countries, while low-risk countries are mainly in Central Europe. The clustering characteristics of geopolitical risks are obvious. The results of Global Moran's I show that from 2011-2020, the geopolitical risk concentration area was initially located in the Middle East and South Asia, and then in 2015, Europe and East Asia also experienced high geopolitical risks. By 2020, it was still mainly concentrated in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, however, generally, the regions with high geopolitical risk will still be mainly concentrated in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. 3) The research results on the factors influencing geopolitical risks indicate that political stability, economic freedom, economic growth, increased education expenditure, and better natural resources have a significant inhibitory effect on geopolitical risk, while increases in the unemployment rate, population size, and oil resources, will to some extent, promote the generation of geopolitical risks. The indirect effect results show that political stability, economic freedom, and the unemployment rate of the host country have a significant impact on surrounding countries. Based on this, we believe that countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative need to improve their government governance capabilities, accelerate their modernization transformation, effectively utilize the resources, funds, and technologies brought about by the Belt and Road Initiative. Furthermore, actively integrate into the regional economic cooperation framework of the Belt and Road Initiative and improve their ability to manage geopolitical risks. This study enriched the evaluation system of geopolitical risks. During the construction of the evaluation indicators, the results emphasized the sudden and violent characteristics of geopolitical risks, further explained the violent confrontation and economic game existing in geopolitical risks, and effectively enriched the literature on the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of geopolitical risks of countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative. It should be pointed out that there are still some limitations in this study. This study is based on countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative and there are deficiencies in the discussion of geopolitical risk for countries not in the region. Future research can be based on a global perspective, further enriching the evaluation index system of geopolitical risk, and conducting more in-depth research on the spatial transmission path and geopolitical risk avoidance measures.

Suicide is a serious negative social phenomenon. In this study, we used Python technology to obtain suicide death data from a network and applied mathematical statistical and geographic spatial analyses to study the spatial-temporal characteristics of suicide deaths and the relationship between suicide rate and economic development in China from 2000 to 2018. Following conclusions were drawn from the results. (1) The number of suicide deaths in China is on the rise. Within a year, the high-incidence period of suicide deaths is from May to June, whereas the low-incidence period is from February to March. Within a month, the 1^st, 10^th, and 20^th days have the highest incidences of suicide deaths. Within a day, 77.2% of the suicide deaths occur from 06:00 to 19:00, and 09:00 and 15:00 were the peak times in which suicide deaths take place. (2) A total of 90.98% of the suicide deaths occur in southeast China. The suicide rate is higher in the southeast than in the northwest, higher in the south than in the north, and decreases gradually from east to west. At county level, a relatively high suicide rate is seen in regions spanning from Great Khingan Mountains to Yunnan Guizhou Plateau, from Qinling-Dabashan Mountains to Dabie Mountains, and from the coast of northern Jiangsu to Hainan Island. (3) Most areas in China present a low-grade suicide rate. However, low-grade areas appeared to change to high-grade areas during the period 2000–2018. The hotspots of suicide deaths spread from east to west, except for the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan area, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta, which have always been suicide hotspots. (4) The spatial and temporal characteristics of suicide deaths in China are closely related to economic development, and on a city scale, the suicide rate has a significant positive correlation with the per capita GDP and urbanization rate. The impact of economic factors on suicide rate is greater on the southeast coast than on the northwest inland. An important conclusion from this study is that the gap between the rich and poor is a key factor, leading to psychological imbalance and suicidal behavior in the poor; therefore, only the new development path based on common prosperity is the road for people to reach happiness and health. In addition, in this study, we prove that network suicide data, obtained using the web-crawler technology (Python), not only have the same consistency and credibility as sampling statistics but also have a better spatiotemporal resolution, with a temporal resolution of one hour and spatial resolution of a county. Therefore, by analyzing this spatiotemporal dataset, we can scientifically extract the time differences in suicide deaths at quarterly, monthly, daily, and hourly scales and the spatial differences in suicide deaths at regional, provincial, and county scales. In the future, network suicide data may become an important data source for suicide research, and the use of the Internet to monitor suicidal behavior may become an important method of suicide intervention.

The provision of a high-quality ecological environment is essential for the quality of life of residents. As an important component of the urban ecological environment, the relationship between urban green spaces and public health requires further investigation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the Chinese and international literature on how urban green spaces affect mental well-being. First, it introduces different approaches of measuring the use of and exposure to urban green spaces. The most commonly used indicators for measuring the use and exposure to urban green spaces include Surrounding Greenness, Access to Green Spaces, Green Viewing Rate and Green Space Quality and Usage Satisfaction. The main advantages of Surrounding Greenness are wide spatial coverage, long timespan, and low cost; however, the accuracy of measuring exposure is relatively low. Researchers have extensively used access to green spaces. Because the bird's-eye perspective cannot fully reflect resident perceptions of park green spaces, scholars have used the green view ratio, which has the advantages of wide coverage, low cost, easy access, and small data deviation. Greenspace quality and usage satisfaction are also important measurement indicators, and their main advantages are low operational difficulty and the ability to reflect residents' subjective evaluations more accurately. It then elucidates the "environmental stress reduction-restoration-instoration" mechanisms underlying the effect of urban green spaces on mental well-being. Specifically, urban green spaces can affect the mental health of residents by reducing the harm arising from heat and pollution, restoring capacity, and building capacity. Green spaces alleviate environmental pressure by purifying air, reducing noise, and alleviating the heat island effect, thereby promoting residents' mental well-being. People can alleviate their psychological stress and restore their ability to control attention by viewing green spaces, thereby protecting their mental health and providing a favorable and convenient venue for residents to conduct physical activities and socialize with their neighbors, which is beneficial to their mental wellbeing. Subsequently, it illustrates the moderating effect of opportunities to use urban green spaces, motivation to use urban green spaces, and ease of using urban green spaces on mental wellbeing from a "socio-ecological" perspective. Finally, it indicates that the current body of literature has several limitations and that future research agendas should be centered on research content, data, perspectives, and methods. Specifically, (1) for research content, the effect of green spaces on the mental well-being of different social and cultural groups is poorly understood. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the analysis of the sociocultural mechanism of the effect of urban green spaces to enrich the existing research framework. (2) Most previous studies used one method to measure the level of greenspace exposure or usage. It is advisable to use a variety of methods to measure the level of greenspace exposure or usage both subjectively and objectively. (3) From a research perspective, most previous studies have used a research paradigm based on local and static analysis, failing to solve the Uncertain Geographic Context Problem (UGCoP). Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a human-centered perspective and accurately measure the impact of green space exposure on residents' mental well-being in their residential neighborhoods, workplaces, and other activity spaces. (4) Researchers need to solve the problem of residential self-selection when investigating the effect of urban green spaces on mental well-being and explore nonlinear complex relationships using advanced methods such as machine learning.

Domestic research on the planning of the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan mainly includes evaluation and comparative research. The former involves the perspectives of planning interpretation, experience summarization, and history evolution; the latter compares and analyzes the three major urban agglomerations in China against the Tokyo metropolitan area. On the whole, most evaluation studies focus on the metropolitan area planning itself, and rarely focus on that of each prefecture and county under the metropolitan area. The relationship between these lower-level and metropolitan area planning has received relatively little attention. Comparative studies mostly cover various fields such as economy, industry, environmental protection, and so on, but the discussion paradigm is generally based on "introduction to the current situation → inspiration and reference," with rare objective comparison made under a reasonable benchmark and appropriate framework. At the same time, comparative research on urban agglomeration planning itself is also uncommon. As important spatial representations of the economic development in China and Japan, with what important planning has the Tokyo Bay Area (TBA) and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) developed to date? How do these plans relate to each other? What are the characteristics and differences? What results did these similarities and differences ultimately lead to? Answering these questions is not only related to the construction effectiveness of the GBA itself, but also has certain significance for other urban agglomerations in China. In this context, we adopt "development" and "space" as the two perspectives to analyze the planning system of the two major bay areas from the aspects of planning property, background, target area, goal, regional positioning, and main measures. On this basis, the similarities and differences between the two are summarized in six aspects: historical background and relevant system, departmental and institutional system, vertical transmission mechanism, horizontal coordination mechanism, planning system characteristics and public participation. This study argues that the following: (1) The two bay areas have played leading roles in industrialization, urban system construction, and urban agglomeration planning system construction in each country, but there are differences in the historical backgrounds and relevant social systems. (2) Under the decentralization of powers, the setting and naming of departments and institutions of TBA are relatively flexible, and they participate in the preparation process of comprehensive planning in the form of "Council." Except for Hong Kong and Macao, the departmental settings of GBA are orderly, clear, and consistent in form. (3) In terms of vertical transmission system, the central-level planning of TBA is self-contained and continuous but that at the county-level is relatively free, and the upper-level planning is not absolutely mandatory; the relationship between the upper and lower levels of GBA-related planning is relatively clear but that at the regional-level has some flexibility in execution. (4) In the horizontal coordination system, the TBA has established two major joint meeting systems to coordinate regional governance and planning formulation, while planning has weakened the positioning to each city's functions. Furthermore, GBA has also established cooperation mechanisms with different levels of cooperation for various issues, and the characteristics of planning for the positioning of urban functions are still obvious. (5) In terms of planning nature, the developmental and spatial planning of TBA have been combined into comprehensive planning, and the spatial aspect has obvious characteristics of stock planning. GBA still formulates planning from three aspects of development, space, and urban and rural areas and is in the transition from incremental to stock planning. (6) In terms of public participation, TBA has broken through the traditional planning paradigm and has begun to involve micro-fields such as personal value, with a high degree of public participation. In recent years, GBA has continuously enriched the planning content and has also made progress in the construction of public participation mechanisms and awareness training, but there is still room for improvement.

The establishment of prefecture-level cities is a major spatial achievement of the social structure transformation in the process of modernization in China. The optimization of the layout structure of such cities is an inherent requirement for deepening supply-side structural reform and is of great significance to the construction of a scientific and reasonable urbanization pattern. Using the district similarity coefficient and standard deviation ellipse model, this study discusses the spatial characteristics and existing problems of prefecture-level city setting. The results reveal the following: 1) In terms of spatial characteristics, since the reform and opening-up, the setting of prefecture-level cities in China has been greatly affected by policy factors, exhibiting a gradual trend of advancing from east to west and from coastal to inland. 2) After reform and opening-up, the addition of prefecture-level cities is an adjustment on the basis of the original regional system, including the establishment of a city, the merger of a city, promotion of a county or county-level city to a city, and so on. 3) With the development of economy and society, the "space" problem of the prefecture-level city setting has become increasingly prominent, which is closely related to the difference in the mode of city setting, resulting in the administrative centers above prefecture-level setting too close, "small horse and big cart" and other problems to varying degrees. 4) The spatial distribution of prefecture-level cities in China is generated in regional administrative districts against the background of industrialization and urbanization, developed in the strategic transformation of urban-rural differences and cross-border cooperation, and faced with the innovative challenge of regionalization adjustment in the process of regional restructuring and scale restructuring. 5) The "space" problem leads to the increase of the system cost of economic and social development to varying degrees. Therefore, the layout of productivity should be comprehensively considered in a wider scope, and the adjustment of prefecture-level administrative divisions can be carried out when necessary. The possible contribution of this study to the literature is reflected in the application of the similarity coefficient of administrative districts to reveal that "the prefecture-level city is highly similar to the original region." Moreover, the problems existing in the current setting are related to this, such as too close distance and call for great importance to the significance of the adjustment of administrative divisions of the prefecture-level city. The possible shortcomings are that the logic of such city administrative division adjustment needs to be further explored, and the analysis of the thinking path of this adjustment is insufficient. In the future, the research on relevant issues in prefecture-level cities should be strengthened. Additionally, it is necessary to change the thinking of the adjustment of the overall construction system and the internal adjustment of prefecture-level government districts, consider the layout of productive forces from a broader perspective, consider the level of administration, the scale of government districts and the spatial structure as a whole, and take comprehensive measures to meet the actual needs of national and local development.

In response to global climate change, China has incorporated carbon peaking and carbon neutrality into its overall economic and social development. National-level new areas are critical strategic carriers for high-quality regional economic development in China, playing an essential role in promoting carbon reduction. Objectively evaluating the carbon-emission-reduction effect of national-level new areas can help accumulate and promote China's low-carbon construction experience, and thus, comprehensively facilitate greening and ecological civilization construction. In this study, the impact of the establishment of national-level new areas on carbon emissions in their respective cities were investigated using the difference-in-difference method. The findings show that: 1) the establishment of a national-level new area can significantly minimize the carbon emissions in the city in which it is located, and after three years of establishment, it will have a significant long-term inhibitory effect on the carbon emissions of the city. This conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests, such as propensity score matching + difference-in-difference; 2) The national-level new area policy mainly reduces carbon emissions in a city through technological and energy-saving effects but cannot yet reduce them by adjusting the industrial structure. 3) The impact of the establishment of national-level new areas on the carbon emissions of surrounding cities shows an "∽" trend of increasing first, then decreasing, and subsequently increasing. It has a significant carbon-reduction effect on cities within the range of 200-250 km, indicating that national-level new areas can help promote carbon-emission reduction in surrounding cities. 4) The national-level new area policy has a higher carbon-emission-reduction effect on northern cities than on southern cities. The single-city layout model of the national-level new area has a significant carbon-emission-reduction effect on the host city, whereas the dual-city layout model does not significantly reduce the carbon emissions in the host city. This study investigated the carbon-emission-reduction effect of national-level new area policies and examined carbon-emission reduction in the national-level new areas of pilot cities through technological and energy-saving effects. This study helps to improve the theoretical understanding of national-level new area policies and carbon-emission impact mechanisms and provides a policy reference for China's promotion of the "dual-carbon" strategy.

Combined with flood risk avoidance-oriented urban expansion strategies, future urban expansion spatial patterns were simulated under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios. This study compared urban expansion and expected annual damage to evaluate the flood mitigation effects of different strategies. The results show many newly expanded urban lands in the Pearl River Delta are located in floodplains, and the expected annual damage caused by floods is enormous. The most serious economic losses caused by floods were concentrated in southern Guangzhou, eastern Foshan, northern Zhongshan, and northwestern Dongguan. Under the SSP5-RCP8.5-natural expansion scenario, the newly expanded urban lands in floodplains of the Pearl River Delta in 2080 will be 1,633 square kilometers (equivalent to the built-up areas of Guangzhou, Foshan, and Zhongshan combined in 2021), accounting for 31.5% of the total newly expanded urban lands; the expected annual damage will be 2,341.3 billion yuan. If humans manage to reduce emissions in the SSP2-RCP4.5-natural expansion scenario, newly expanded urban lands located in floodplains can decrease to 1,059 square kilometers (-35.1%), accounting for 29.8 % of the total newly expanded urban lands, and the expected annual damage can be reduced to 1,416.5 billion yuan (-39.5%). If flood risk avoidance strategies are included in the urban expansion to optimize and control the spatial pattern of urban expansion, the direction of future urban expansion can change and steer away from areas with high flood risk and toward areas with low or no flood risk. Under the SSP5-RCP8.5-flood risk avoidance scenario, newly expanded urban lands located in floodplains can decrease to 1,358 square kilometers (-16.8%), accounting for 26.2 % of the total newly expanded urban lands, and the expected annual damage can be reduced to 2,001.0 billion yuan (-14.5%). According to the assessment results, emission reduction, and flood risk avoidance strategies can effectively reduce future flood risks. This study improves our understanding of flood risks under different future scenarios, provides a practical reference for developing flood mitigation and urban planning policies in the Pearl River Delta, and motivates decision-makers to formulate corresponding strategies early and e?ectively to mitigate future flood risks.

Recently, dockless bikeshare (DBS), a new bikeshare program that does not feature fixed dock stations, has been developed rapidly in China and has also offered a decent solution to the first- and last-mile problem. In addition, the integration of DBS and metro strongly promotes the transit-oriented development, particularly in the metropolitan areas of China. To achieve the seamless connection between DBS and metro transit, the spatial variation of the effects of urban built environment, particularly in high-density metropolitan areas, should be explored to advance the targeted policy interventions in different urban spaces. Using data from one of the largest DBS operators in China (ofo), this study measured the integrated use of DBS and the metro quantitatively, and it employed geographically and semiparametric geographically weighted regression (GWR and SGWR, respectively) to examine the effects of the built environment on the integrated use, using Shenzhen as a case study. The findings show that (1) The SGWR model performs better than GWR and OLS in explaining the relationship between built environment and access integrated use, whereas SGWR is not applicable for the egress integrated use. (2) Three positive determinants of population density, major road length and inbound metro ridership, and three negative determinants of metro density, secondary school, and intersection density have been examined with spatial effects on the access integration. (3) For egress integration, official land use, park, bus stops, and outbound metro ridership have positive and spatial effects, while residential land use, number of secondary school, metro density and distance to CBD (Central Business District) exert negative spatial effects. The results indicate that the built environment elements usually affect the integrated use with spatial variation. Furthermore, the access and egress integration use of DBS metro largely depends on the characteristics of built environment of the origin and destination metro catchment, respectively. This work provides insight into how the DBS-metro integration, which is divided into access and egress patterns, is spatially affected by urban built environment in the Chinese metropolitan context. The results will also provide a reference for the local government to carry out the targeted policies and planning to encourage the connection between DBS and metro transit more successfully. For DBS operators, the results also contribute to allocating the bikes more efficiently, which is adapted to the dynamic demand-supply at different urban spaces.

The Beinecke Library of Yale University owns an ancient Chinese sea atlas, Zhongguo gu hang hai tu, which has attracted considerable scholarly interest over the last three decades. In 2018, Wing-Sheung Cheng published his research monograph focusing on this atlas. However, his identification of certain geographical features is problematic; in particular, the Wailuo (外罗), depicted several times in the pages of the Zhongguo gu hang hai tu, is identified as either Robert Island or Money Island in the Paracel Islands. Based on comparison with other sources, which invariably place the Wailuo near the coast of modern Vietnam (Cù Lao Ré), it is concluded that Cheng misread the cartographic representations of the atlas. In order to better elucidate the causes of this misreading, this paper introduces the epistemological concept of "tacit knowledge," coined by the philosopher Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), into the study on the history of cartography. Tacit knowledge as a notion has developed different meanings since Polanyi, and is construed as the opposite of explicit knowledge. Matthew H. Edney has championed the investigation of the mapping process rather than simply the mapping practice in the history of cartography. It is argued that the mapping process of ancient nautical charts involved tacit knowledge, which was not fully inscribed into or depicted on the charts. Acknowledging and revitalizing such tacit knowledge is of paramount importance to the study of the history of cartography. Because modern and scientific cartography has transcended and obfuscated the mapping process of ancient sea charts, tacit knowledge is sometimes ignored or misinterpreted, which eventually results in ancient maps and charts becoming seemingly unintelligible. Therefore, the underlying cause for Cheng's misreading of the Wailuo can be attributed to his over-reliance on the explicit knowledge drawn on the pages of the atlas, and ignorance of the rich tacit knowledge that was passed down through generations of Chinese seafarers, until it was overtaken by modern sea charts. This case study also echoes recent debates regarding the progress and setbacks in the history of cartographic studies in China. It shows that theoretical exploration is capable of facilitating the improvement and long-term viability of the history of cartography in the Chinese language world.

Searching the key words' wave-beach-dune interactions' in Web of Science, nearly 100 domestical and overseas publications since the 1980s have been analyzed and reviewed. This stuyd summarizes major advances at different temporal-spatial scales. The issues of integration between them are clarified by sorting the conceptual models and categorizing development stages. Additionally, research opportunities and challenges are identified. Studies on wave-beach-dune interactions have been initiated since 1980s and developed through the following three stages: theory proposed and improved, expansion of study areas, and in-depth exploration. The conceptual models have been developed from simple to reliable models across a range of micro-, meso-, and macro-scales. Studies were initially conducted by taking advantage of only field survey and bathymetry maps. Nowadays, collaborated technology and methods have been applied in studying coastal landforms through in-situ field monitoring, wind tunnel trial, 3S technologies, and numerical simulation. Study areas extended and expanded from southeast Australian coasts to Europe, South and North America, and Asian coasts. Although plenty of relevant reports have been published, some issues exist. Owing to their highly temporal-spatial heterogeneity, it is difficult to find a universal conceptual model for the worldwide coastal dune systems. At the micro-scale, as the complex process of wave-tide hydrological and aeolian dynamic imposed on surfzone-beach-dune and limitation of monitoring data utility, the existing theoretical model cannot completely reveal the mechanism of the terrestrial-marine interface and beach-dune landform response and feedback to wind dynamics. At the mesoscale, many mechanisms of dune response to storm surges have been proposed, but few are from the perspective of the surfzone-beach-dune as a whole system. More case studies based on observation are needed, which will benefit in-depth exploration. Furthermore, more long-term monitoring and refined models are required to build the bridge between fundamental process-response dynamics (events scale) and medium-long-term landforms topography changes and evolution. At the macroscale, given the alongshore sediment transport and supply, sea level rise rate, and landward and seaward sediment transport, prediction models of coastal geomorphological changes induced by sea level rise should be tested and supported by multi-temporal-spatial observation and monitoring data. Future studies will continue collaborating the historical reports and site monitoring techniques with high-resolution images interpretation to comprehensively understand the relationships between dynamic-response process and landforms geomorphology evolution by integration of environmental variables and surfzone, beach, and dune landforms investigation. The numerical simulation will reveal the mechanisms of wave-beach-dune interactions across micro-, meso-, and macro-scales and redefine theoretical concepts.

The rationality of the spatial distribution of parks plays an important role in measuring cities' livability levels, promoting residents' physical and mental health, and promoting social interaction. However, with the continuous progress of urbanization and the rapid growth of the population, the contradiction between the supply of parks and the demand of people has become increasingly prominent. Moreover, the balance of the park layout did not receive enough attention when the urban population and residential spaces underwent dynamic transformations. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution pattern of park accessibility in downtown Guangzhou in 2010 and 2020 using the Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) and hot-spot analysis methods. The results show that:1) From 2010 to 2020, the average accessibility of parks in downtown Guangzhou increased. The communities with reduced park accessibility are areas with significant population increases, such as central Tianhe, eastern Haizhu, parts of Baiyun, and southern Liwan. The communities with improved park accessibility are mainly key urban development areas, such as Huangpu and Baiyun. Park accessibility has also improved in the depopulated old town within the Ring Highway. With the expansion of the travel range, the blind area of park supply is significantly reduced, and "seeing the park in 15 minutes" is realized under the bus travel mode. 2) Between 2010 and 2020, there was a spatial clustering phenomenon in the accessibility of parks under three travel modes. The impact of travel modes on the spatial clustering degree of park accessibility is obvious, and the change of spatial autocorrelation caused by time evolution is weak. With the improvement of travel range, the hot-spot and the cold-spot areas gradually expand, and the spatial agglomeration characteristics become more obvious. The hot-spot areas are mainly located in the old urban areas along the Pearl River and the Ring Highway, while the cold-spot areas are mainly located in Liwan and the outer urban areas outside the Ring Highway. 3) Under the guidance of the urban planning policy and the government, the orderly construction of parks and population flow comprehensively form the fair and unfair areas of the park's spatial distribution. The park's spatial distribution unfair area is the key area of the park's future planning, construction, and quality optimization. From the spatial and temporal dimensions, the research results complement the impact of the travel mode and urbanization process on the accessibility of parks. It makes up for the deficiency of the previous studies, which are mostly horizontal to some extent. It also helps to provide guidance and suggestions for the planning and layout of parks and policymaking in cities with the same type of high-density population.

Cultural memory is a spiritual, inner, and middle world composed of self-consciousness, memory, and behavior that expresses the cultural phenomenon, local emotions, and identity generated by human practice in the present world space. Geography pays more attention to the human-land relationship and spatial perception in the formation of cultural memory and constructs a unique cultural memory space. This space is the agglomeration of figurative cultural relics in space, as well as the spiritual representation of non-figurative places, such as art, text, and folklore in space. By systematically analyzing the theory of cultural memory, this study summarizes the process of evolution and development context of cultural memory. Based on 1,527 key domestic and international studies on geography, this study analyzes the main content and progress of global cultural memory space research from the perspective of keyword co-occurrence clustering, theme path evolution, and research trend, with the assistance of CiteSpace—the bibliometrics and visualization tool. By reviewing the frontier hot spots of cultural memory space research at home and abroad, this study aims to construct a research paradigm of cultural memory from the perspective of geography, improve the research methods of cultural memory, and provide a reference for the local application and multidisciplinary integration of cultural memory theory. The analysis results focus the research topics of foreign cultural memory space primarily on: 1) the memory representation of the landscape of daily life; and 2) political and ritual studies in memory. Domestic research topics primarily include: 1) cultural and local studies in collective and social memory; 2) research on urban and rural memory carried by space; and 3) research on heritage memory reproduction, promoted by cultural tourism. The literature on cultural memory space at home and abroad has gradually increased in recent years, as has the attention paid to memorial landscape, heritage buildings, ritual celebrations, war trauma, and national memory; however, the research on cultural memory space has not formed a specific theoretical paradigm. Most of the literature only focuses on the integration of cultural memory and other fields, and relatively few studies address the connotation of cultural memory space, media conversion mechanisms, and spatial identification methods. The perspective of the content and trends in domestic and foreign research indicates that Western scholars pay more attention to the study of migration, rights, free will, women, power politics, and war trauma. The focus on space is mainly on cities, emotions, and rights. Domestic geographers focus on deconstructing regionalized and China-seized cultural memory and local identity from the intangible carrier of memory. Most studies are based on obvious policy orientations. War sites, red tourist sites, traditional villages, characteristic folk customs, and festival ceremonies have become important themes in the study of cultural memory space. In the future, geography research should depict the practical process of text, ritual, and language through non-representational means and re-introduce memory into human research in a materialized way. Simultaneously, the connotation of urban and rural cultural memory should be clearly defined, and heritage, immigration, and tourism should be adopted as the new themes of cultural memory space research through digital images.

The change of the coastline has an extremely important impact on the safety of the wharf and port, the ecological environment of the island and the development of coastal industries. Therefore, analyzing the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of island coastlines and its driving factors is of great significance for government to strengthen coastal management, improve the environment quality of islands, and maintain sustainable development of islands. Research selected the Landsat satellite data of Zhuhai City in 7 years from 1986 to 2021, employed the MNDWI and manual visual interpretation to extract the coastal waterline of the island, and analyzes the changes in the length of the coastline and the area of the island in each time period. As a result, the research objects are divided into islands with slight coastline changes and islands with significant coastline changes. DSAS module and multi-source data are employed to explore the driving factors affecting the temporal and spatial changes of island coastlines. The conclusionsare as follows: 1) In the past 35 years, the coastline length of each island in Zhuhai City has changed significantly, and the change trend of each island area is different. 2) The island has undergone large-scale construction activities in the past 35 years, and the coastline has changed significantly. The LCI in each period is in the range of 1.1-2.2, and the ACI is in the range of 1.1-3.3; the island has a slight coastline change due to the development disadvantages and island protection policies determined by the natural conditions of the islands, the degree of island development is low, the coastline changes slightly, and the LCI and ACI in each period are within the range of 0.9-1.1. 3) Human activities are the direct driving factor affecting the change of the island coastline, and the specific manifestations are island-connecting projects, land reclamation, and construction of wharfs. The indirect drivers of shoreline change are macroscopically the development of islands as a key driver of Zhuhai's marine economy and the human activities brought about by industrial development that affect shoreline change. Microscopically, the related island has the potential to develop related industries or contains rare ecological populations that need to be protected, and the resulting construction projects such as reclamation,island linkage or urban planning policies affect the island's shoreline change.Research departs from the micro perspective of existing studies at the research scale and takes a medium to macro perspective by selecting 66 islands in Zhuhai to explore the commonalities and characteristics of shoreline changes in each island.In terms of analysis depth, study combined government planning documents at various stages of Zhuhai City to deeply explore the indirect impact of planning on shoreline changes, which was rarely discussed in existing studies. This research can provide more comprehensive data support and reference materials for Zhuhai and the GBA to formulate island development strategies, and has practical and academic value.

The comprehensive development of rail stations combining the Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concept with rail transit has been a research and practical hotspot in recent years. The functional layout within the station catchment area and between rail stations is an important basis for implementing TOD to guide the optimization of urban spatial structures, and passenger flow is a direct reflection of its functional layout effectiveness. Studying the adaptability of rail station functions through passenger flow characteristics has important practical significance for the comprehensive development of rail transit as the main body and for promoting the optimization of urban spatial structures. However, in existing research, there has been no unified conclusion on the mixed and differentiated functional layout of the station catchment area, which has often been advocated for the differentiation of functionality between stations, however, it mostly remains at the guiding ideology level. Therefore, this study categorized and assigned weights to the POI in the station catchment area and divided the Xiamen rail stations into three categories: stations with single dominant functions, stations with dual dominant functions, and stations with mixed functions. The relationship between the functional layout of stations and their corresponding spatial passenger flow was analyzed based on the OD volume of passenger flow between different functional types of stations and the distribution of OD in different distance segments. Based on the current functional layout characteristics and corresponding passenger flow characteristics of rail stations, further optimization strategies are proposed. The results show that: 1) Stations with high passenger flow are mostly those with single and dual-dominant functions, and the passenger flow of stations with mixed functions is not prominent; high-passenger flow stations are mostly those with high-level central functions, mainly distributed in urban central areas; and low-passenger flow stations are spatially concentrated, mostly concentrated near the end of the line. 2) The functional complementarities between spatial stations directly affect passenger flow OD volume, and the OD volume between stations of the same type is small. Meanwhile, that between stations of different types is large. 3) The OD ratio of each distance segment of the station is affected by the functional grade of the center and functional complementarity of the surrounding stations. The proportion of short-distance OD at stations in the central urban area is relatively large, whereas the proportion of long-distance OD at stations near the end of the line is relatively large. Finally, the causes of the current rail station functions and corresponding passenger flow characteristics were analyzed based on the internal logic of the occurrence and attraction of passenger trips with urban functions, central place theory, and the market rules of urban functional layout. Based on the requirements of urban spatial structure, the principle of comprehensive development function layout for rail stations is proposed, which includes "mixed basic functions, concentrated dominant functions" in the station influence area and "complementary differences, connecting points and forming axes" between stations.

Research on sense of place in the field of geography is mostly focused on adults, with relatively little research on children's sense of place, ignoring changes in human perceptions, experiences, and attitudes toward the environment from childhood onward. In the field of psychology, child studies tend to focus on the temporal dimension of childhood growth and are relatively inadequate in the spatial dimension, lacking attention to interactions and actual experiences of children with place and space. This study focuses on the human-place relationship of children in daily life against the background of the new turn in cultural geography. Among children, animation, as the main medium through which they perceive the external world, contributes to their cognitive and emotional connections with families, communities, schools, and even cities, and plays an important role in fostering their sense of place. Therefore, based on the perspective of new cultural geography, this study takes Peppa Pig as an example and uses text analysis and other methods to analyze the mechanism through which animation builds children's sense of place by analyzing the scenes and plot elements of the animated series. This study finds that this mechanism contains the following four main dimensions: (1) Aesthetics and familiarity: This dimension includes small-scale and symbolic scene restoration of Peppa Pig; simple, caring, calm, and with the use of warm colors; and childish and awkward drawing styles that meet children's cognition, which can resonate with children and create a sense of familiarity. (2) Sense of belonging: In the social space that the protagonist is exposed to, the animation depicts an ideal family space, including the care of elders and the harmony of family relations; children thus form a sense of "home space" through Paige's "home." Through Paige's "home," children form a sense of belonging to "home." (3) Social bonding and social interaction: In this dimension, the "stress-free" "non-tame" and "low-control" school space implicitly influences children's cognitive and emotional connections to school; in addition, the richness and variety of social scenarios build bridges between children and the real social environment. (4) Nature bonding: The large proportion of nature scenes in the animation effectively compensates for the lack of nature experience of many urban children; the interaction mode between the protagonist and nature panpsychism, embodiment and parent-child interaction enriches their cognition and experience of the natural environment. Overall, through the interactive experience between the protagonist and the place, the animated series "Peppa Pig" shows preschool children the "non-controlled" locality of family space and the "non-regulated" locality of school space, constructing their sense of beauty, familiarity and a sense belonging to the place. In this sense, animation, as a "virtual buffer zone" that expands children's cognitive space, can stimulate their geographical imagination of the real world and is an important medium for developing their sense of place. The interpretation of this mechanism in this study helps to enrich the current research on children's geography and sense of place in China.

Based on a literature review and policy analysis, this study investigates the evolution of China's railway investment and financing, planning, and development in the context of its market-oriented reform. The relationship between railway and multi-level spatial development is divided into specific periods. The features of different stages are summarized from the perspective of railway financing structure, route arrangement, station location, and their spatial effects. This study contributes to our understanding of the changing multi-level governance of railway development in China in the long run and the rationale of the pattern of high-speed rail network development in the country. With the establishment of China's market-oriented economy and its integration into economic globalization, the central and local governments have different interests and objectives in railway development, which have affected railway investment and financing structure, route arrangement, and station location, and finally resulted in different spatial effects of railway development. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the relationship could be divided into four periods: i) railway services adapted to national economic and spatial development (1949-1978), ii) railway services lagged behind national economic and spatial development (1978-2004), iii) railway construction followed national economic and spatial development (2004-2013), and iv) railway construction led national economic and spatial development (2013-present). The main body of railway development, construction mode, and spatial effects were significantly varied across different periods. In the planned economy period, railway planning construction adapted to national strategic policies and social and economic needs. As China's institution of the market economy was established and urbanization and industrialization developed rapidly, railway construction was hindered by funding constraints, resulting in a significant gap between railway services supply and the increasing national transportation demand. Consequently, railway construction has gradually fallen behind national economic and spatial development. However, there are differences in the national and local interests between the central and local governments in planning and developing railway networks, which have driven the evolution of railway construction toward a multi-level construction mode. This mode centers around the national backbone network, dominated by the central government, and aims to promote the construction of national development corridors and urban agglomerations. The planning for metropolitan areas has been facilitated via inter-city rail networks, led by provincial and municipal governments. In this process, conventional railways are gradually being replaced by high-speed railways (HSR), which have become the priority of railway development. Subsequently, development has shifted from the construction of conventional railways to meet regional transportation and population flow needs toward the planning and construction of HSR that lead multiscale spatial restructuring. In the context of rapid expansion of high-speed rail development, some spatial problems emerged, such as negative impacts of HSR development on small and middle-sized cities, low land use efficiency in station areas, and weak functional connections between station areas and central cities. Therefore, to promote the coordinated development of urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas, it is necessary to develop station areas based on local and regional conditions and enhance the interaction of high-speed rail effects at different scales.

As the new crown epidemic ravaged the world, China's grain production has been greatly impacted and challenged. Studying the current situation of grain production in Yunnan Province is of great guiding significance for its future grain production structure adjustment and optimization layout. In this study, the spatiotemporal changes in grain production in This paper mainly uses the logarithmic method to calculate the contribution rate of the influencing factors, the decomposition and calculation method of the contributing factors of the change of grain total output, the gravity shift model and the grain yield volatility coefficient to analyze the spatio-temporal changes of grain production in Yunnan Province.Through the analysis of data, the following results were obtained: (1) In the past 30 years, the grain planting area and yield in Yunnan Province have shown a significant upward trend. In particular, the total output growth rate has reached 97% and the increase in the single yield of each crop and adjustment of the planting structure are the main contributors to the increase in the total grain output of the province. The planting area of rice and wheat has decreased by 16% and 36%, respectively, over 30 years, and the total and single yields have not changed substantially. The growth rate of the planting area, total yield, and single yield of maize is most obvious. The changes in the total yield of potatoes during the study period were all caused by changes in planting area, with contribution rates of 85%, 78%, and 206%, respectively, in the three periods. (2) The grain planting area and output in Yunnan Province generally show the distribution law of more east and less west. The most abundant area is Qujing City and the least is the Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The center of gravity of grain production has a tendency to migrate to the northeast. Rice production is decreasing from southeast to northwest, and the high-value areas of wheat yield are gathered from all sides to the middle. Corn production is the fastest, and potato high-yield areas are mainly distributed in northeast Yunnan. (3) In the past 30 years, the per capita grain in Yunnan Province has increased by 111.56 kg/person, and the grain production capacity has improved and is currently of the self-sufficient type. However, the fluctuation coefficient of more than 70% of the years exceeds the national average, grain supply is relatively unstable, and contradiction between grain supply and demand remains prominent. It is concluded that the grain planting area and yield in Yunnan Province have gradually increased, the current situation of grain production is mainly self-sufficient, and the differences between the main grain crop-producing areas are quite large, and it is extremely important to pay attention to the optimization of the grain planting structure and promote the stable increase of grain production. At the same time, according to the analysis results, this study proposes that the main problems of grain production in Yunnan Province are (1) the decline in the amount of cultivated land; (2) the high number of medium and low yield fields; and (3) the phenomenon of "non-grainization" is more serious. In the face of the development status of grain production in Yunnan Province, relevant departments still need to pay attention to the quantity and quality of cultivated land, adjust the agricultural planting structure, and comprehensively improve grain production capacity in the future. It is necessary to (1) increase subsidy policies and adhere to the red line of cultivated land; (2) invest in relevant technologies to increase grain yields; and (3) coordinate the process of urbanization development and adjust the planting structure according to local conditions. This study investigated the spatiotemporal changes in major crop production in Yunnan Province over the past 30 years; obtained corresponding conclusions on timing changes, spatial distribution, and contributing factors; analyzed the current grain production security situation in Yunnan Province; summarized the main problems in its development process; and put forward targeted suggestions, so as to further develop a deeper understanding of the current situation of grain production in Yunnan Province to play a certain guiding and reference role in its future development and planning direction.

Children are the hope of the future, but they are also the most vulnerable to poverty. Gender differences in children have been a major concern in society, and research on gender differences in multidimensional child poverty and their causes has important theoretical value and practical significance for child poverty reduction. Based on spatio-temporal analysis, we selected five dimensions of nutrition, health, education, individual growth, living conditions and 16 corresponding evaluation indicators to construct an evaluation index system of multidimensional poverty among children in China. The multidimensional poverty index of Chinese boys and girls from 2010 to 2018 was measured using the Alkire-Foster (A-F)method. Additionally, the spatio-temporal variations of gender differences in multidimensional child poverty during the period was analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and other methods, and a binary logistic regression model was applied to explore the influencing factors of gender differences. The results reveal the following: 1) The multidimensional poverty index of Chinese children decreased year by year during the study period, and the gender gap tended to narrow, with the poverty level of boys being higher from 2010 to 2012, while that of girls exceeded that of boys after 2014. Moreover, the gender difference in child poverty is mainly reflected in nutrition and living conditions. In terms of the contribution rate of indicators, the gender difference in the contribution rate of weight indicators is the largest, followed by height, family companionship, and enrollment at an appropriate age. 2) The multidimensional poverty index of boys and girls reveals the spatial distribution characteristics of "East-Central-West" stepwise increase. Compared with boys, the spatial clustering effect of multidimensional poverty among girls is more obvious. In 2018, the regions with significant gender differences in multidimensional child poverty are mainly concentrated in the five provinces of Fujian, Hunan, Jilin, Shaanxi, and Hubei. Additionally, the overall situation of multidimensional poverty among girls is more serious. 3) Since 2010, the gender differences in multidimensional poverty among children in China's urban and rural areas have displayed a decreasing trend; the gender gap is generally higher among urban children than rural children. In 2018, the gender gap in poverty among urban children is very significant in the four provinces and cities of Fujian, Chongqing, Hunan, and Guizhou, while that among rural children is more serious in Heilongjiang and Shaanxi provinces. These six provinces exhibit more poverty among girls, indicating that this is a priority for future improvement. 4) Urban-rural attributes, parental marital status, household income, and the highest level of education among parents are important factors influencing the gender differences in multidimensional poverty among children. Among these, household income has a deeper impact on girls, while urban-rural attributes, parental marital status, and the highest level of education among parents have a more significant impact on boys.

The urban thermal environment problem, represented by the urban heat island effect, has recently attracted increasing attention. However, planning practitioners lack a method to fine-tune the control and management of urban thermal environments. An accurate, rapid, and quantitative urban heat island intensity (UHII) assessment tool is required that is fully integrated into the early planning process. Commonly used remote sensing and computational fluid dynamics methods have temporal and spatial limitations in the rapid and accurate quantitative evaluation and optimization of the urban thermal environment at the early stages of planning. In contrast, simplified numerical simulation methods are better choices considering computational cost and efficiency. In this study, the association between planning control elements and the urban thermal environment was determined, and the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of the UHII in the central area of Guangzhou were quantitatively analyzed based on the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification system. UHIIs are distinct from LCZs, and the open LCZ types (LCZ 4, LCZ 5, LCZ 8) have a lower average daily UHII of 0.41 °C than the compact LCZ types (LCZ 1, LCZ2, LCZ 3). The UHIIs were affected at different levels by adjusting the urban morphological parameters. The applicability of the simplified numerical simulation method Urban Weather Generator (UWG) was validated by comparing it with the measured data in the central area of Guangzhou. The results showed that the accuracy of the method was good (R²= 0.956, RMSE = 1.10 ℃, MBE = -0.28 ℃), the calculation speed was fast, the daily cycle variation of air temperature in the study area was roughly reflected, and the UWG model was suitable for fine-grained prediction with UHII. Eleven parameters related to the planning control elements were selected for global sensitivity analysis, and the average building density and average building height related to environmental capacity and building construction were observed to be the dominant factors of UHII. Building function and occupancy were secondary factors, whereas urban design guiding elements had less influence on UHII. Hence, combining the LCZ and UWG models not only simplifies the workflow of urban practitioners while analyzing and optimizing the urban thermal environment but also broadens the potential for analyzing the thermal environment in the early planning stage. In evaluating the planning design and implementation of operations and management, the pioneering role of planning control elements in regulating the urban heat environment must be fully considered. With proper planning of land use, environmental capacity, building construction, and guiding urban design, the UHII can effectively mitigate and optimize the urban thermal environment.

Quaternary Xiashu loess deposits are widely distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The Xiashu loess deposits provide an important archive for studying the area's paleoclimate. We analyzed the magnetic susceptibility of 239 bulk samples from two newly excavated Xiashu loess profiles: the Puwulu and Pancheng. Based on a comparison with previously studied profiles in this region, our new record shows a good correlation in the stratigraphy, with three well-developed paleosols (layers S1, S2, and S3) as the marked layers. This correlation was observed in the Taishanxincun, Laohushan, and Dagang profiles. Despite the good spatial correlation in stratigraphy, the well-developed paleosol layers were thicker than the underlying loess layers. The average sediment accumulation rates in the paleosol layers (6.2 cm/ka, n=19) were higher than those in the loess layers (5.1 cm/ka, n=17). This stratigraphic feature of the Xiashu loess deposits differs from that of the Chinese loess plateau in North China. Combined with previous studies on the origin of the Xiashu loess deposits, the new records suggest a proximal origin; however, the dominant contribution of sediment materials from the floodplains at the foot of Laoshan Mountain. Increased material flux through the primary stream runoff on the floodplain resulted in higher sediment accumulation rates in the paleosols. Based on sedimentary model analysis, the paleosol and loess layers in the Xiashu deposits are continuous sedimentary records on glacial-interglacial scales. After adjusting for fluctuating sediment deposition rates, the revised magnetic susceptibility displayed a clear cyclic variation pattern, which was interpreted as the intensity of pedogenesis. Power spectral analysis suggests that the cyclic pattern of variations shows a strong frequency in the 100 kyr band for both the Pancheng and Puwulu profiles. This may explain the paleoclimatic dynamics of the paleosols that formed. The most developed paleosol layers (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) correlated well with the orbital parameter eccentricity with clear 100-kyr ice cycles. Ice age terminations suggest sea-level changes and a far-reaching influence on precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. These observations indicate the relationship between the glacial cycle and soil development is closer than previously believed. The coincidence with eccentricity may largely support the idea that changes in global ice volume have promoted the formation of strongly developed paleosols along the incised valleys of the Yangtze River.

Coral growth rate is a physical index that is particularly closely associated with climatic factors such as Sea Surface Temperature (SST). The growth rate is minimally affected by environmental changes and serves as a high-resolution indicator in the study of climatic and environmental variation, making it a useful tool in paleoclimatic coral research. However, previous research on coral growth rate has primarily focused on the modern period, with limited investigation of the Mid-Holocene, which shares similar climatic characteristics with the current warm period. It is especially important to understand the climate and environmental conditions during the Mid-Holocene to gain insight into contemporary climate change processes and mechanisms. To address this gap, we first collected a modern Porites coral core and 23 Mid-Holocene subfossil coral cores from Tanmen, located on the eastern coast of Hainan Island. Using X-ray radiography and image processing methods, we measured and analyzed the coral growth rates of all cores, resulting in the identification of growth rate patterns during the Mid-Holocene. Additionally, by analyzing the environmental factors that impact modern coral (2005-2021 AD), we established a linear relationship between coral growth rate (L) and SST in Tanmen, expressed as \mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}=\left(\mathrm{2.945}\pm \mathrm{0.237}\right)\times L+\mathrm{22.481}\pm \mathrm{0.301}(\mathrm{1}\text{?}\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{e}.). By applying this equation, we reconstructed an annual average SST sequence of 406 years during the Mid-Holocene (6,143-4,356 a BP). The results indicate that the average coral growth rate during the Mid-Holocene was 1.079 cm/a, ranging from 0.607 to 1.670 cm/a, with noticeable fluctuations. The coral growth rate sequence also revealed three consecutive periods of low growth rate, accompanied by a significant increase in interannual variability after 4,515 a BP, resulting in more complex fluctuations. Moreover, the reconstructed SST sequence based on coral growth rate data shows that the mean SST of the Mid-Holocene was 25.7±0.54 ℃, which is comparable to the modern SST in the context of global warming. The average annual SST varied from 24.7 to 26.8℃ in the Mid-Holocene, exhibiting considerable fluctuations between warm and cold periods, and with three distinct periods of low SST at 5,860, 5,660, and 5,160 a BP. This provides detailed insights into the temperature variations during the Mid-Holocene. In addition, a comparison of the spectral cycles of coral growth rates between the modern and Mid-Holocene periods (5,427-5,394, 5,243-5,209, 4,515-4,456, and 4,404-4,356 a BP) revealed significant ENSO cycles of three to seven years, observed in both modern and Mid-Holocene corals. During the Mid-Holocene, the primary ENSO cycle changed: its frequency decreased considerably, indicating that ENSO activity was weaker than that observed in the modern period. However, further statistical analysis utilizing the Probability Density Function (PDF) demonstrated a gradual increase in ENSO variability during this period. The results of this study offer novel insights into tropical climate characteristics of the Mid-Holocene.

The Maritime Power strategy is of great and far-reaching significance for the high-quality development of China. With the development of this strategy in recent years, academics and the government have been increasingly focusing on marine and national defense issues. It is of great theoretical value and practical significance to clarify the destination images of China's marine national defense tourism and its mode of communication to enhance tourists' national identity. Using data from 15 marine national defense tourist attractions, this study analyzes the official projections and tourist perceptions of marine national defense tourism in China. Key elements were identified using social semantic network and image depth analyses. The Jaccard distance score and Stuart Hall's encoding and decoding theory were applied to explore the internal differences in projections and perceptions in different regions and propagation modes. The results are as follows: (1) China's marine national defense tourism destination images have distinct regional characteristics. The cultural and military images of the northern coastal region were more distinct than the other two regions, the maritime and educational significance of the eastern coastal region was more prominent than the other two regions, and the historical and international characteristics of the southern coastal region were more significant than the other two regions. (2) The projected and perceived destination images of China's marine national defense tourism are focused on tourism. Each scenic spot emphasizes its own social and educational value, while tourists are more impressed by interactive and experiential events than by those ornamental events. 3) The dominant and consultative modes are the main dissemination modes of China's marine national defense tourism destination images, and the dominant mode is mainly embodied in national identity, which is presented through concrete cultural resources, educational activities, and so on. The negotiation model is more significant on tourism activities and tourism infrastructure, while no evident manifestations were observed in the oppositional model. Finally, this study provides recommendations for the construction and promotion of China's marine national defense tourism destination images, such as improving the infrastructure and services to enhance the tourism image, playing an active role in education to strengthen the national identity, broadening the channels of image dissemination, and paying attention to the management of guest-host co-construction.

The Wuyi Mountains preserve the most complete central subtropical forest ecosystem in the subtropical zone, where the vegetation and soil have a distinct vertical distribution with elevation. To investigate the relationships between surface pollen assemblages and vegetation in this area, 76 samples of modern surface pollen with minimal human interference were collected from various elevations in the Wuyi Mountains. Based on the results of cluster analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA), this study indicates the connections between the distribution of pollen taxa at different elevations and under different climatic factors. The primary findings are outlined as follows: 1) Pinus, Castanopsis/Lithocarpus, Cyclobalanopsi, Quercus (evergreen), Taxodiaceae, Schima, Rutaceae, Ilex, Rosaceae, Poaceae, and Artemisia were the dominant pollen taxa, generally corresponding to the modern subtropical broadleaved evergreen forest. The pollen assemblages showed clear changes with variation in altitude; the relationships between pollen taxa and elevation were divided into three patterns: The low altitude areas (0-450 m) had a high percentage of Castanopsis/Lithocarpus, Quercus (evergreen), Theaceae, Schima, Ilex, Poaceae, and Dicranopranis. In the middle elevation area (450-1,850 m), Castanopsis/Lithocarpus, Pinus, Taxodiaceae, Tsuga, and Quercus (evergreen) were common. The higher altitude area, at approximately 1,850-2,200 m, was characterized by the dominance of Pinus, Poaceae, and Dicranopteris. 2) The results of RDA and cluster analysis divided surface pollen samples into different communities. RDA results also showed that the mean annual temperature, mean annual relative humidity, mean annual precipitation, mean precipitation of the coldest season, and mean precipitation of the warmest season were the main climatic factors that controlled the distribution of modern pollen. 3) The results of the representative analysis of pollen showed that Castanopsis/Lithocarpus, Pinus, Quercus (evergreen), and Artemisia were over-represented, and the genera Tsuga and Poaceae were represented less; 4) lower elevations had a significant presence of Poaceae, Artemisia, and Pinus. The pollen content of Quercus (evergreen) was low and the pollen type was relatively simple; it was related to the development of artificial pinewood in the foothills and the high spore content in the secondary forest, which indicated heavy human activity in the low altitude area. Therefore, these results revealed that the surface pollen assemblage varied significantly through the vertical vegetation zones in Wuyi Mountains of south subtropical China. The characteristics of surface pollen distribution were mainly affected by vegetation composition, habitat, and human activities, which is a crucial reference for reconstructing the paleovegetation and paleoenvironment in this region and similar areas.

The autonomy and travel conditions for older adult tourists have significantly improved, leading to a diversification of their tourism activities. Among these, the concept of a free and comfortable sojourn has gained popularity. Despite the complex concept of older adult sojourns being established in related research, the concepts often overlap and are fragmented, leading to a disjointed understanding of the phenomenon. This study aims to incorporate the life-span theory of control and its optimization strategy framework from a life-span development perspective in older adults. By deeply connecting research on older adults with tourism research through life-span development thinking, we aim to explore methods of coordinating and analyzing older adult sojourns. This approach will allow us to systematically reshape existing conceptual knowledge. Based on the results of this coordinated analysis, we aim to gain a systematic understanding of older adult sojourns and propose future research directions. The study revealed that older adult tourism exhibits strategic traits consistent with the life-span theory of control, where resource allocation and willpower investment are crucial elements. This forms a resource-willpower investment framework that categorizes 16 different older adult tourism behavior patterns. Using this framework, by comparing the characteristics of older adult travel with the 16 classification results, the resource and willpower investment framework is focused on the amount of resources invested in the destination and the distance of the trip. This further refines the corresponding older adult travel patterns into four types: relatively high investment in travel to distant areas, relatively high investment in travel to nearby areas, relatively low investment in travel to distant areas, and relatively low investment in travel to nearby areas. The study reveals that the four categories represent varying lifestyle demands and participation limitations for older adults. Those who invest more and travel longer distances tend to face greater participation challenges, have fewer companions, require more from their destinations, and have limited choices. Conversely, those who invest less and travel shorter distances experience the opposite. The four categories of older adult travel display different scene transitions and state changes, each with unique participation challenges, social choices, and destination requirements. Overall, the categorization of older adult tourism types and the comprehensive analysis of older adult travel types constitute a process of knowledge creation. The research employs deductive methods for progressive exploration, building a comprehensive classification framework. This framework lays a cognitive foundation for future research and provides key directions. The innovative research approach, in conjunction with the life-span theory of control, provides a method for pattern analysis to understand ongoing tourism behaviors and phenomena that are constantly evolving and enriching. Older adult sojourn is one of the few forms of tourism that is notably age-friendly. The prospects for research and industrial development of this phenomenon are promising, but there is currently a lack of discussion about the phenomenon itself. Future research can build upon this initial understanding to further investigate behavioral characteristics, values related to aging, and local response needs. By examining behavior, subject, and space, a study can be conducted on behavior, motivation, space, and their interactive results, leading to more systematic findings and enhancing the practical value of the guidance.

In the era of the knowledge economy, with the increasing role of knowledge and entrepreneurship in cities, the impact of the urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship has become an important research topic. Cities are the primary carriers of knowledge and entrepreneurship. However, few studies examine the impact of an urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship. The impact of the urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship in China remains unclear. Therefore, this study constructs an urban knowledge environment index from the two aspects of urban knowledge stock and knowledge infrastructure, measures the spatial distribution characteristics of the knowledge environment index of 275 cities at the prefecture level and above in China, and analyzes its impact using a spatial regression model. The results show that: (1) The urban knowledge environment index in the eastern coastal areas is relatively high, while that in the central and western areas is relatively low. Cities in major urban agglomerations, such as the Beijing Tianjin Hebei, Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu Chongqing urban agglomerations, have a high urban knowledge environment. The level of urban knowledge environment in provincial capitals and above is relatively high, whereas it is relatively low in general, prefecture-level cities. (2) Urban knowledge environments promote entrepreneurship. When other factors are controlled, entrepreneurship increases by 0.239% for every 1% increase in the urban knowledge environment index. (3) Spatial heterogeneity exists in the influence of the urban knowledge environment on entrepreneurship, and its marginal effect differs among cities in different regions and levels. Cities in the east had higher values than those in the central and western regions, and cities at or above the provincial capital level in the same region had higher values than ordinary prefecture-level cities. Among these, the increase in entrepreneurship caused by improving the knowledge environment index of cities at the provincial capital level and above is the largest, nearly three times higher than that of the eastern, central, western, and general cities. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the development of urban entrepreneurship in China in the new era by revealing the internal laws and impact mechanisms of the urban knowledge environment.

Informal sectors and the production of space are two popular topics in academic research in the 21st century. However, the production and reshaping of space due to the everyday life force of street vendors have been neglected in previous studies, as have relevant studies on university boundaries. Street vendor spaces around colleges have several characteristics that make them an ideal place for space research. A provider of midnight snack services enriches students' lives in college and creates a special atmosphere to promote relationships among students. Nanting Avenue and Guoyi East Road, known as the fifth canteen at the Guangdong University of Technology in the Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, were used as case studies. Qualitative research methods, such as semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, and literature analysis, were used to determine the space formation process at three levels: power, physical, and social. By reenacting slices of street vendors' everyday lives, this study analyzed the features, processes, and mechanisms of street vendors' anti-discipline and the social forces of relevant stakeholders in the production of space. Street vendors' everyday life practices, which reshape the boundary spaces of universities, are further discussed. The findings were as follows: 1) The flow of street vendors around universities shows special spatiotemporal regularity and provides dynamic changes in multi-subject powers hidden in the production of space. 2) Street vendors fought for the right to utilize public space through anti-disciplinary strategies such as withdrawal, hiding, and informal cooperation. Meanwhile, the social relationship between street vendors and student support promoted the long-term collaboration of the resistance force. 3) The confrontation and support of multiple subjects formed a delicate balance, and the continuous reconstruction of the spatial order around universities was demonstrated. Simultaneously, the cultural attributes of street vendors were embedded in students' original social spaces. The process of the production of space showed the dynamic change of power in street vendor spaces around universities, which implied the abundance of everyday life. This study attempts to extend the theory of everyday life practice dialectically on a microscopic scale. The initiative and enthusiasm of street vendors in daily life can be guided and utilized in urban management, which provides a new way to alleviate the problems left by the construction history of the Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center.

With the acceleration of agricultural modernization, problems such as agricultural nonpoint source pollution and the proliferation of agricultural carbon emissions have become increasingly prominent. In this context, promoting sustainable agricultural development; ensuring national food, resource, and ecological security, and accelerating high-quality agricultural development have become inevitable trends. Promoting the green development of agriculture is one of the core tasks of high-quality agricultural development, and the implementation of green production behavior is the key to promoting the green transformation of agriculture. Farmers are not only the main bodies of agricultural production, but also the main implementers of green production. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to clarify the factors influencing farmers' green production behavior and the relative importance of each influencing factor. Based on the perspective of the entire industry chain and survey data of 360 lychee growers in major lychee-producing areas of Guangzhou City from May to August 2022, this study uses an ordered logistic regression model to explore and analyze the influencing factors of the green production behavior of lychee growers. The importance of these results is then ranked using the random forest model. The organic combination of these two methods overcomes the limitations of a single statistical method. The results show that 1) the age and part-time employment of lychee growers and the lychee planting area significantly negatively affect the implementation of their green production behavior; 2) production safety, environmental, and policy cognition can effectively promote the adoption of lychee growers' green production behaviors; 3) village rules and regulations, increasing green production subsidies, identifying geographical indication product brands, government satisfaction, participating in training and increasing agricultural income all significantly positively affect the lychee growers' green production behavior; and 4) the relative importance of explanatory variables ranks from high to low as follows: policy cognition, formulating village rules and regulations, production safety cognition, identifying geographical indication product brands, environmental cognition, increasing agricultural income, age, the planting area of lychee, participating in training, increasing green production subsidies, government satisfaction, and part-time employment. The four influencing factors are also ranked in order of importance: cognitive characteristics, external environment, family business characteristics, and personal characteristics. Accordingly, this study suggests that the government should first, based on respecting the subjectivity of lychee growers, formulate relevant policies according to local conditions to stimulate the internal power of their sustainable development, stimulate their consciousness, and improve their responsibility toward green production by increasing green production subsidies by realizing the visualization of income and benefits, building a diversified publicity and training system, and other means. A supervision mechanism should be established to standardize the behavior of lychee growers, and measures such as market supervision, village rules, and regulations should be adopted to constrain them. Finally, governments must create an external environment conducive to green development by appropriately expanding the planting scale to reduce the proportion of part-time lychee growers; building a high-quality brand image; promoting cooperation among research institutes, universities, and lychee growers; and comprehensively improving their green production levels.

The completion of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge makes the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Bay Area a closed-loop traffic system that provides the basis and possibility for tourism integration. From the spatial perspective of tourism supply and demand, this study examines the pattern of tourism competitiveness and residents' travel potential of cities in the Bay Area before and after the opening of the bridge, using the Geographic Information System and an improved gravity model of the tourism system. The development trend of regional tourism integration under bridge impact was also analyzed. The results show that: (1) the opening of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge has facilitated a more balanced distribution of tourist flows on the east and west sides of the Pearl River Estuary, which will benefit balanced development and promote the integrated development of regional tourism in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. (2) The bridge impact index on tourism competitiveness and residents' travel potential in 11 cities in the Greater Bay Area was significantly correlated with traffic accessibility change following the opening of the bridge, presenting an obvious attenuation effect of the bridge's impact on tourism with distance to the bridge. The opening of the bridge has reduced tourism resistance between the two sides of the estuary and greatly strengthened tourism cooperation between cities on both sides of the estuary, especially the complementary resource advantages between the east and west bank city clusters (Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Macao, and Zhuhai). (3) The impact on tourism competitiveness and residents' travel potential in the Greater Bay Area shows a significant spatial clustering pattern. The high-value clustering areas are mainly located in Hong Kong, Macao, and Zhuhai, which are directly connected by the bridge. Some areas of Zhongshan and Zhuhai are surrounded by high-value neighbors and are more likely to be diffused. Some areas of Guangzhou-Foshan and Shenzhen-Dongguan are low-value clustering areas, showing a marginalization trend. The bridge significantly strengthens the advantages of the core city agglomerations of Hong Kong and Macao. The relative status of Guangzhou and nearby areas has been weakened; however, the bridge does not affect Guangzhou's leading position in the tourism industry in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

In the context of globalization, cross-boundary regions have become strategic areas for improving national competitiveness and promoting local development. Moreover, cross-boundary governance has gradually become a key issue in regional integration research. Recently, with the increasing trend of anti-globalization, exploring regional governance transformation is crucial for national development. This article conceptualizes a research framework that is a cross-boundary governing network based on policy network theory. It is believed that in cross-boundary governance, various state actors based on common development goals form multi-level and systematic state communities under the restructuring of state capacity while working together to promote cross-boundary regional development. Among them, economic territorialization and state capacity are the key to understanding this concept. Furthermore, under the institutional framework of "one country, two systems," an empirical study was conducted using the Shenzhen Hong Kong cross-boundary region as an example, highlighting the close relationship between the process of economic territorialization and the construction of the cross-boundary governing network. This study explored the operational methods of cross-boundary governing network, and further analyzed the impact of state-society paradigms on the operation of cross-boundary governing network under asymmetric governance. Research has proven that the cross-boundary governing network is a resilient governance mechanism for understanding the process of government-led institutional integration in cross-boundary areas. The new framework also contributes to the policy network as follows: First, the new conceptual framework is more likely to be understood as a complex, multi-type mixed network that is used to overcome the problem of the limited applicability and oversimplification of ideal policy network typologies in practice. It helps to understand the connection between the state-led decision-making process and the state-society interaction process. Second, it is configured on a logical need to contextualize the policy network to the broader and everchanging meso-level territorial scales within which state actors are defined and located within different state-society relations. Third, the factors of "resource" and "power," which are the functional core of the policy network, have yet to be fully defined with little consensus. The "new" will be centered on the configuration and realization of the state capacity of involved state actors as the bridging role of both meso-level networks. Furthermore, the "general-purpose" and "task-specific" components inherent in the multilevel governance approach are adopted to describe different systematic state communities. Meanwhile, the inter-actor idea of an "advocacy coalition" is also incorporated to understand the consensus-forming process within the intra-territorial network. Under the dynamic construction of the cross-boundary governing network, this multi-level and systematic governance approach will continuously deepen the development of Shenzhen Hong Kong cross-boundary cooperation, to make a theoretical contribution to cross-boundary synergistic development in other regions.

Industrial coordination constitutes a crucial aspect of regional integration, and evaluation of industrial collaboration holds significant practical importance in elucidating industrial processes and advancing industrial development. In this study, a variety of data sources, including enterprise big data and mobile signaling data, were used to construct an evaluation framework for assessing regional collaborative development of intercity industry clusters across two dimensions: latent associations and actual associations. Incorporating factors such as the industrial chain, industrial homogenization, capital, and personnel mobility into a unified framework to assess industrial collaboration, we comprehensively explored collaborative relationships within the electronic information industry in the Pearl River Delta. The Following results were obtained: 1) The Pearl River Delta city cluster, with Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Guangzhou as its core, has established a highly integrated network within the next-generation electronic information industry chain. Examining latent associations reveals a significant level of specialization, particularly within individual metropolitan areas. When considering actual associations, core cities demonstrate close interactions in financial interactions, and strong interconnectedness is also apparent when commuting between these metropolitan areas. 2) Notable collaborative development is evident within the Pearl River Delta's new-generation electronic information industry cluster, particularly involving Shenzhen and Dongguan, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Zhongshan, and Zhongshan and Jiangmen. Of particular interest is the strong differentiated cooperation between Shenzhen and Dongguan. While collaboration among core cities is robust, there is room for improvement in collaboration levels that include peripheral cities,and we suggest maximizing the central leadership roles of Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Guangzhou to nurture diverse industrial clusters in peripheral cities. Our evaluation system proposed our article can be used to measure the collaborative development of intercity industry clusters. It aids in urban planning and policymaking, promotes sustainable economic growth in the region, and offers reference and insights for the industrial collaborative development of other city clusters.

China has entered a critical period of economic transformation and rapid development. In this context, it is important to promote the coordinated emission reduction of carbon dioxide and environmental pollutants, transformation of the economic growth model, realization of the "double carbon" goal, and high-quality economic development. Within the framework of the synergy of pollution and carbon reduction, we constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system and used the improved TOPSIS model to measure the synergy index of pollution and carbon reduction in urban agglomerations within the period from from 2010 to 2019. Combined with spatial autocorrelation analysis, a composite system synergy model, and a regression model, the spatial and temporal evolution laws and collaborative development level of the synergy of pollution and carbon reduction in urban agglomerations were analyzed, and the factors influencing the synergy between pollution and carbon reduction were explored. Following conclusions were drawn from the results. (1) From 2010 to 2019, the synergistic effect of pollution and carbon reduction in three major urban agglomerations showed a steady growth trend, with different spatial distribution patterns. The synergistic index of pollution and carbon reduction in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration shows an overall upward trend, that in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration shows a steady fluctuation, and that in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration shows a slow growth trend. (2) The spatial correlation characteristics of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration change from random to regular distributions, and the synergistic cooperation mechanism of pollution and carbon reduction among cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration needs to be strengthened. The radiation and driving effect of the cities in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration on the surrounding cities is gradually increasing, and the local spatial agglomeration of these three major urban agglomerations is not evident. (3) From 2010 to 2019, the order degree of the synergistic system of pollution and carbon reduction showed a significant growth trend; the overall synergy degree of the composite system is low, and the growth order of the urban agglomerations is as follows: Yangtze River Delta > Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei > Pearl River Delta. Different evolution and correlation characteristics are observed in space, and no internal coordination of urban agglomerations is seen. (4) Economic development, environmental pollution, environmental governance, ecological protection, and resource utilization are important factors affecting the synergistic evolution of pollution and carbon reduction in the three aforementioned major urban agglomerations. This study analyzed the connotation requirements and specific characteristics of the synergy between pollution and carbon reduction in such agglomerations in the coastal areas of China. Based on the analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution and influencing factors of the synergy of pollution and carbon reduction in these agglomerations, we aim to address the problems existing in the synergy of pollution and carbon reduction in urban agglomerations. Corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to provide an empirical reference for the realization of comprehensive green and low-carbon transformation and high-quality green development of urban economies and societies.

Quantitative studies of mangrove leaf functional traits will help us understand the adaptive evolutionary strategies of mangrove plants and the relationship between mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Because of the special environment of the intertidal zone where mangroves are located, it is very difficult to obtain the functional traits of mangrove canopies from the ground, and relevant studies are lacking. The maturity of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral remote sensing technology provides a new means of conducting such research. This study considered mangroves on Qi'ao Island, Zhuhai, as the research object. Based on UAV hyperspectral data, two UAV hyperspectral data processing methods, which combined Partial Least Squares Regression with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (PLSR+NDVI) and Partial Least Squares Regression with Continuous Wavelet Transform (PLSR+CWT), were used to estimate the 10 canopy leaf functional traits of mangroves on Qi'ao Island. The results showed that the PLSR + NDVI method was more suitable for the inversion of mangrove canopy-specific leaf weight (LMA), phosphorus content per unit mass (P_mass), and nitrogen content per unit area (N_area), whereas the PLSR + CWT method was more suitable for the estimation of the nitrogen/phosphorus ratio (N/P), chlorophyll content (C_ab), and carotenoid content (C_xc). However, the results of the above two methods for retrieving the nitrogen content per unit mass (N_mass), potassium content per unit mass (K_mass), phosphorus content per unit area (P_area),and potassium content per unit area (K_area) were not ideal (R²<0.3). The optimal method established in this study was used to estimate the contents of LMA, P_mass, N_area, N/P, C_ab, and C_xc of the mangrove canopy leaves in the study area and map their spatial distribution. Mangrove canopy leaf functional traits obtained using UAV hyperspectral data inversion better reflect the horizontal structure and function of the mangrove community. Regarding the spatial distribution patterns of canopy leaf functional traits, the spatial distribution patterns of N_area, C_ab, C_xc, and N/Pwere relatively consistent with higher values in the middle region and lower values in the edge region. The spatial distribution patterns of the LMA and P_mass were similar, and the distribution was relatively uniform throughout the study area. Combined with ground survey data, the internal relationship between species composition and spatial patterns of functional traits, as well as ecosystem functions and processes, can be deeply explored, and rapid investigation and assessment of mangrove forests can be realized at the community and ecosystem scales. The spatial distribution pattern of functional traits was closely related to the spatial distribution pattern of canopy structure and species. The inversion model of hyperspectral functional traits was constructed by separating mangrove species with different life types, which is expected to further improve the inversion accuracy of the model. Constructing a specific functional trait inversion model for each mangrove species, combined with the species identification results of visible-light images, will effectively improve the inversion accuracy of mangrove canopy leaf functional traits.

The monsoon climate in southern China is characterized by hot summers and cold winters. These extreme conditions have caught the attention of researchers because of the importance of designing cities so as to strengthen natural ventilation in summer and reduce exposure to cold winds during winter. Not only do the design and construction of urban ventilation corridors lead to the mitigation of the urban heat island effect in summer, the corridors also contribute to reducing atmospheric pollution and the invasion of winter monsoons. This study is specifically concerned with an analytical method that can be used, especially during the planning and design of cities, to improve the urban wind environment. Currently, most urban wind environment studies generally adopt numerical simulations as the investigation method. To some extent, this approach can be helpful with urban wind environment analyses under different planning and design scenarios. Many existing studies indicate that this technique has the advantage of rendering urban wind environment predictions with reliable accuracy. Numerical wind environmental simulations—especially, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation models—have been used for urban planning and design optimization. However, these models have certain limitations about the planning and workflow that the numerical simulation techniques require. For instance, in the early stages of urban design schemes, such as the master planning stage, the workload and amount of time required to perform the necessary repetitive simulations become enormous (not only in terms of time and energy but also with regard to expertise). The thorough and exhaustive numerical simulation task sometimes becomes impossible because of the limitations of computer performance, particularly for large city-scale areas. In this study, Hengyang County, Hunan Province, was selected as the study area. A new method was proposed to reduce the workload, time, and computational equipment requirements for analyzing the wind environment of a large city-scale area during the early stages of urban planning and design. The proposed method starts with the construction of a 3D model of the city using rule-based modeling, followed by a comprehensive evaluation model implemented in ArcGIS to assess the urban spatial enclosure and its influence on urban ventilation corridors. We used the least-cost path to generate ventilation corridors under different wind directions. The measurement points in the ventilation corridors of the city were selected to validate the wind speed cloud map simulated by PHOENICS. The simulation results were basically consistent with the site-measurements, thus demonstrating the validity of the evaluation model proposed in this study. Several findings are derived from this study. First, changes in the urban wind environment should be considered at the early stage of urban design. Second, the choice of rule-based modeling is not only beneficial to the quick modeling of the design scheme but is also efficient for a quick modeling of ventilation corridors. Third, the construction of urban ventilation corridors needs to consider several urban elements. The 8 primary ventilation corridors and 14 secondary ventilation corridors are constructed in the planning scheme according to the different action spaces of the wind corridors. Comparing the wind speed map of PHOENICS and the comprehensive evaluation results, it is proved that the urban ventilation corridor system constructed by buildings, road networks, water, and greenery systems can be quite overlapped with the ventilation corridors, and it also proved that the optimization measures based on wind openings, open space, water, roads, and buildings can effectively improve the ventilation capacity of the planning scheme. The study further demonstrates the limitation of single-criteria evaluation compared to multi-criteria evaluation which is more suitable for the complex urban wind environment. In addition to terrain height differences, the urban spatial enclosure model reflects consideration for building environment factors, such as the sky view factor, absolute roughness, frontal area density, average height, and building density. Thus, we propose a more convenient and effective method for the design of urban ventilation corridors that can be beneficial for achieving green and low-carbon urban planning.

The eastern coastal zone of Hainan Island is an important scenic belt and concentrated area of tourism resources in Hainan Province. Due to natural factors such as sea level rise and human factors such as coastal reclamation, the ecosystem in this area is highly sensitive. Water depth data are crucial for the protection and management of the coastal ecosystem. Satellite remote sensing data combined with machine learning algorithms have become an important means of shallow water depth inversion. However, few studies evaluate shallow water depth inversion for different remote sensing data, water environmental conditions, and algorithms. Taking the Wanning Sea area as an example, three scenes of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 data with different water environmental conditions were selected to apply water depth inversion. The Sentinel-2 data were collected on February 11^th, 2022, with some suspended matter and poor water transparency in the nearshore water, and the image exhibited band-like reflectance anomalies caused by waves. The Landsat-8 data were collected on July 16, 2019, and June 28^th, 2021. Both scenes had better water transparency than the Sentinel-2 data, and relatively less suspended matter in the nearshore water. Compared to the Landsat-8 data collected on June 28^th, 2021, the image of Landsat-8 data collected on July 16^th, 2019, showed stronger wave features in the nearshore water. A 1:25,000 maritime chart of the Potou Port and Dazhou Island (C1516171) area released by the China Maritime Safety Administration was collected to obtain 588 measured water depth data points in the study area. Among these, 295 randomly selected data points were used as training data for the remote sensing water depth inversion, and the remaining 293 data points were used as testing data to evaluate the accuracy of the inversion models. A total of three machine learning methods, including Random Forest regression, Support Vector Machine, and Partial Least Squares Regression, were used for water depth inversion experiments, and their accuracy was evaluated. The results indicated that the Landsat-8 data (20190716) with the best water transparency and weakest wave effect achieved the highest accuracy in water depth inversion. In the water depth range of 0-40 m, the R² was 0.814, and the MAE, RMSE, and MAPE were 3.39 m, 4.31 m, and 0.366, respectively. In the water depth range of 0-20 m, the R² was 0.874, and the MAE, RMSE, and MAPE were 2.24 m, 3.24 m, and 0.449, respectively. The RF algorithm obtained relatively high accuracy in the entire water depth range, while the SVM and PLSR algorithms displayed advantages in some shallow water depth inversions. The spatial resolution of optical remote sensing images is not an absolute positive correlation with the accuracy of water depth inversion. The hydrological characteristics of the water bodies in the remote sensing images have a significant impact on water depth inversion accuracy. Factors such as water transparency, suspended matter concentration, and seawater waves will affect the inversion accuracy. In the process of using optical remote sensing data for shallow water depth inversion, data with high water transparency and calm water conditions should be selected for modeling and inversion. The results have certain reference value for data source and algorithm selection in shallow water depth inversion based on multispectral remote sensing data.

The "enclave economy" is an important governance tool for promoting regional integration. Guangdong Province occupies the leading position in exploring the "enclave economy" model in China, which has effectively promoted the development of the east and northwest of Guangdong Province through the "point to area" approach. However, certain problems that are associated with the "enclave economy" concept, including a weak level of industrial relatedness, disconnection with the development of the local urban system, and inadequate interest driving mechanisms, need to be urgently addressed. The article aims to explore the high-quality development path of the "enclave economy" in the new era, taking advantage of the symbiosis theory. Based on field research and semi-structured interview methods, the present study attempts to not only probe into the cooperative relationship and mutually beneficial symbiosis mechanism among different actors in the "enclave economy" but also explore a more sustainable and mutually beneficial development "enclave economy" model. With respect to theoretical contribution, based on the symbiosis theory and the characteristics of the "enclave economy", this study facilitates a better understanding of the high-quality development logic of the "enclave economy" from the perspective of symbiosis in particular and establishes a theoretical framework comprising the "industrial symbiosis network-industrial symbiosis unit-interest symbiosis mechanism" components. Empirically, this study takes the Guangqing Economic Cooperation Zone (Guangde Park) as the case study; reveals the development process and problems of the "enclave economy", including the isolation of industry transplantation, fragmentation of industry-city units, and locking of interests and mismatch between rights and responsibilities; and proposes high-quality development strategies, such as establishing a cross-regional "enclave economic circle", a resource-linking platform between industry and city, and a community of interests in industrial parks and towns, to form a more sustainable symmetric and mutually beneficial symbiotic mechanism. The key contribution of this study lies in the theoretical framework for the high-quality development of the "enclave economy" through the lens of symbiosis, which enriches the ways of analysis and cognitive logic of the "enclave economy" and advances cross-regional cooperation and "enclave economy" research. It enhances the cross-territorial geographic thinking of regional cooperation and "enclave economy" research, holding the potential to provide decision-making references for the promotion of regional coordinated development in Guangdong Province in the new period. It also has practical application value for relieving the pressure of unbalanced and insufficient regional development in China by promoting cross-municipal and cross-provincial cooperation.

With the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta as a national strategy, urban development in the Nanjing metropolitan area has entered a new stage. However, facing the large differences between the newly joined districts and counties are the key issues of ensuring the driving role of Nanjing as a central city and guiding future high-quality development of the metropolitan area by planning the industrial layout. In this study, enterprise big data and impervious surface data were used as the sources to employ fractal theory, GIS spatial analysis, and other techniques to study the historical evolution characteristics of the built-up areas in the Nanjing metropolitan area. The spatial pattern changes of their expansion intensity have gone through three periods: 1990-2000, 2000-2010, and 2010-2017. The following stages were observed:1) In the first stage, the expansion intensity varied widely across the area with the overall pattern being unclear to date. 2) In the second stage, a circular structure emerged gradually with high-value cores located in the main downtown area of Nanjing and the intensity of expansion decreasing from the core to periphery. 3) In the third stage, the number of cores within the circle gradually increased to include Chuzhou Langya District, Huaian Qingjiangpu District, and the border area between Zhenjiang and Changzhou. Based on these stages, the spatial correlation between industrial agglomeration and spatial evolution of built-up areas in the Nanjing metropolitan circle were further analyzed using quantitative indicators such as the Moran index and locational entropy. The following results were obtained. 1) A global positive correlation was observed between the agglomeration degree of manufacturing industries in the metropolitan circle and the spatial evolution intensity of built-up areas during 1990-2015; however, this global-level correlation has decreased in recent years owing to the slower development of manufacturing industries in some regions than the expansion of built-up areas. 2) The structural differences between the manufacturing industries in each region directly influenced the intensity and speed of built-up area expansion. Additionally, different types of manufacturing transfers caused differences in the speed and intensity of expansion of built-up areas in the hinterland of metropolitan circles, affected by the general trend of industrial division of labor in metropolitan circles. 3) The mineral processing industry showed the widest spread among all labor-intensive and low value-added industries. It also possessed the widest diffusion range and played a driving role in the development of built-up areas in each district and county in the long term, whereas for the remaining industries, the initially strong development of built-up areas weakened thereafter. Therefore, it could be argued that the Nanjing metropolitan circle is in a critical period of coordinated regional development, and the initiatives to transfer low-end manufacturing industries to other regions in the circle must be taken in Nanjing while continuously improving its own supremacy by means of collaborative development and innovation. Simultaneously, the sloppy land resource investments in other regions must be altered to improve efficiency.

Street vendors are an indispensable part of the urban social ecosystem, but due to a lack of comprehensive understanding, many cities have adopted simple eviction policies, resulting in the gradual marginalization and stigmatization of the street economy. The efficient governance of street vendors requires the comprehensive investigation of their business scale and spatial distribution information. However, traditional methods have limitations in terms of automatically surveying large-scale street vendor information, particularly spatial distribution. This paper proposes a method for the automatic investigation spatial distribution of street vendors based on street-view images and a deep-learning object recognition model. Street-view images were collected at fixed intervals according to the urban road network, and 1,957 images containing one or more vendors were selected through human-machine interaction to establish street vendor label data. To achieve high recognition model accuracy, the category labels were subdivided into four categories: ground stalls, table stalls, tricycle stalls, and small truck stalls, based on the goods carriers used by street vendors. A deep neural-network-based image object detection model based on YOLO v4 was constructed to identify street vendors in the street-view image library, with an average F₁ value of 0.77 and an mAP of 0.67. The accuracy of the model was satisfactory for investigating the number and location of street vendors covering the main roads in the city and then applying a kernel density distribution model to evaluate the spatial distribution pattern of street vendors. Using street vendors in Guangzhou as a case study, the proposed automatic investigation model identified 26,119 street vendors from 3,339,062 street-view images. The results showed that the street vendors were distributed in a multicenter aggregation pattern in the central urban area, mainly concentrated in areas with high pedestrian traffic, such as subway stations and urban villages; their numbers increased as road grades decreases. Street vendors were mainly distributed in areas with medium rents. The proposed method is helpful for performing the efficient, low-cost, and city-scale mapping of street vendors; the results obtained provide suggestions for formulating and implementing spatial governance policies for the informal economy and further provide suggestions for improving and implementing spatial governance policies for open and diverse urban street-view images. The results can be used as a reference for the location preference analysis of practitioners, the exploration of NIMBY syndrome, and the determination of the formalization zone. Although street-view images have an insufficient spatiotemporal coverage, using them to perform street vendor investigations is a low-cost and efficient method compared with the use of traditional investigation methods and data sources. In addition, the method proposed in this article can be coupled with multitask deep learning algorithms to investigate additional dimensions of street vendor information, such as the sex, age, and type of business of street vendors. Relevant research needs to be conducted in the future.