In order to provide an important theoretical basis for proper policymaking to allocate the responsibility for CO2 emission reduction at the city scale and make targeted reduction policy for urban economy, Shanghai city was used as a representative case to calculate the embodiment of local CO2 emission based on the Chinese MRIO tables of 2007. Two CO2 emission accounting approaches (production accounting principle and consumption accounting principle) were also applied, and the sources and flows of the embodied CO2 emission in domestic import by and export from Shanghai in 2007 were discussed. One finding from this study was that Shanghai’s CO2 emission embodied in domestic trade was 82.60 million tons, which accounted for approximately 50.67% of Shanghai’s CO2 emission in 2007. The lower limit and the upper limit of Shanghai’s CO2 emission embodied in international trade were 48.97 and 26.52 million tons, which accounted for approximately 30.04% and 16.27% of Shanghai’s CO2 emission in 2007, respectively. Moreover, the difference between the lower limit and the upper limit of Shanghai’s EEI was very large, indicating that Shanghai had a great potential in realizing energy-saving and emission reduction. In addition, Embodied CO2 emission in total output and final consumption differed widely between the 30 industrial sectors in Shanghai. Notably, the higher the net output of CO2 emission embodied in various sectors in international trade was, the less obviously Shanghai’s CO2 emission was affected by a production-based approach. Another important finding was that the top five contributors in terms of CO2 emission embodied in domestic import by Shanghai were Hebei, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangsu and Henan. Additionally, further calculation suggested that the CO2 emission embodied in domestic import by Shanghai from these five regions accounted for approximately 45.74% of the total and 17.05% of Shanghai’s CO2 emission respectively, suggesting that these regions provided a strong support for Shanghai’ economic growth through trade. The top five receivers in terms of CO2 emission embodied in domestic export from Shanghai were Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Hebei and Anhui. Additionally, further calculation suggested that the CO2 emission embodied in exports from Shanghai in domestic trade to these five regions made up 50.04% of the total and 6.71% of Shanghai’s CO2 emission in 2007, respectively, suggesting that the impact of CO2 emission embodied in export trade from Shanghai on these regions’ responsibilities for CO2 emission reduction may be greater than on the other regions of China.
As one of the representative art of Chinese traditional culture, folk songs are expressed as landscape culture in a specific geographical space. According to the concept of landscape-gene, we can identify the genetic structure of folk song cultural landscape from two dimensions such as ontology morphology and cultural environment. In the perspective of gene, combined with descriptive statistical analysis from Chinese folk songs Anthology, this paper derives spatial distribution characteristics of folk song cultural landscape. In addition, the paper proposes a new viewing angle to interpret the internal mechanism of the folk song landscape. In perspective of cultural geography, human, space, symbolic representation and the landscape image construct an intact system, in which any elements are connected to each other. Advocating the research and protecting the folk song cultural landscape have a very important role in cultural continuation and tourism development in China.
This paper, taking Tangxiaxiaoqu, the Guangzhou’s biggest indemnificatory housing community, as an example, examines the characteristics, reasons and driving forces of residential mobility, according to the different types of households. It reaches the following conclusions. It has significant spatial disparity in original place of residence for different types of households. For the original residents of the community, the low-rent housing residents’ original place of residence is the farthest from the community, which is located in old city centre, and the degree of spatial agglomeration of them is the highest. Affordable housing residents’ original residential space is east-west long-span. For the new residents, their residential mobility distances are comparatively shorter. Most of ordinary rental households’ original residence places are from Tianhe district, they are the most spatially disperse. Those of second-hand housing households are comparatively spatially concentrated, while they are also from Tianhe District. There are also significant differences between types of households in residential mobility reasons. The main reasons of original households moved to the community are benefited from housing security policy, short on economic ability and housing demolition. It belongs to passive type of mobility, dominated by the government or units. While, the new households moved to the community because of closer location to the work place, transportation convenient, limitation on economic condition and so on, in consideration of personal and family factors primarily. It belongs to initiative type of mobility, dominated by market mechanism. Meanwhile, they have a strong desire to move out. Small living space, seeking better educational resources, improved economic conditions and the community management problems are the main reasons to drive residents to move out. It means that high rate of residential mobility and filtering will last in the future. The difference of reasons to move out between original households and the new is seeking better educational resources for children. Meanwhile, the residents who own property pay more attention to neighborhood quality. After ten years of continuous mobility, the community’s household composition has changed dramatically. It is evolving from indemnificatory housing community to ordinary one, featured with significant transition and mobility. Moreover, filtering phenomenon appears in it.
Space is not limited to the “container” of culture, but the important force in the production of culture, that is, culture is organized on the basis of the space. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s theory on "the production of space", this article conducts a case study of Shameen Island in Guangzhou on its space production, through multiple qualitative research methods. The major findings of this research have suggested that: firstly, the spatial practice of Shameen Island is rooted in its historical and material foundation, and is affected by the social contexts of modernity and globalization; secondly, representations of space in Shameen Island represents the powers of Shameen Island which maps out the space based on its certain history and material cultures, and also their own benefits and cultural identities; finally, representational spaces of Shameen Island can be considered as the affiliation and resist of people in Shameen Island who are for their benefits and cultural identities and also greatly influenced by modernity and globalization. The conclusion not only could enrich the study of cultural space in China, but also provide further attention to the special space in the research of urban geography.
This article provides an overview of research on evolution of the urban social space in Africa. As the colonial political intervention, the existing political system in Africa has changed and African original culture has had faults, the economy is in a position of marginalization in the world economy system. Because of its special political and historical background, there is a unique spatial structure forming in urban space. However, we should also see the fact that there were few studies in characteristics and mode of development of African cities presently. Case studies in changes of the city center and different sectors of residential areas. The purpose is to explore the dual structure model for the urban social space of the Africa in the recent period and contemporary age. Several conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) Among different historical periods, there are significant differences in the structure of the dual social space within cities in Africa. Differences exist mainly in the changes of the city center and sectors of residential areas. 2) With the end of the process of European colonization, African countries had a huge change in urban social space. In the perspective of changes of the city center and different sectors of residential areas, the dual structure of urban space achieves a transition to the new. The old dual structure mainly refers to the colonial city which was newly constructed and the native city. And the new dual structure presents in the inner city. 3) The urban social space of the Africa showed a typical pattern of Twin cities in the recent period. The living space for colonists and the native was strictly separated. The former lived in the city which was constructed newly and the latter usually lived in the old city or the surrounding industrial area. In contemporary age, African cities show the coexistence of old and new centers. There was significant difference in living space for the wealthy and the poor. With the deterioration of the environment in the city center, the rich gradually move to outside the center and establish a new city center, forming a two-center structure model. 4) Political, economic, demographic and social factors were important driving forces of urban dual social spatial structure formation. Political factors mainly refer the powerful colonial system in the recent period and liberal market system in contemporary age. Economic factors include lack of foreign investment and jobs shorting desperately. Africa’s urban population was growing rapidly and the cities behave “explosive” growth. With the succession of independent of African countries, the urban social stratification is accelerated. The rural migrants become the main constituents of the lower class. Based on the above, some of the recommendations are made in order to promote the sustainable development of African urban social space.
With the rapid socio-economic development of Chinese urban agglomeration, researches on its spatial structure and contact have achieved abundant results. Taking 30 prefecture level cities of urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta as the research units, from the dynamic perspective of element flow, establishing the mathematical models of element flows and using ArcGIS drawing software, this paper quantitatively analyzes and evaluates the intensity and direction of the economic flow, traffic flow and information flow among cities of urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta. By using the assignment method to score on the intensity of three element flows, the spatial structure of urban agglomeration can be divided into two level parts: the core area (including Shanghai, eight cities along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, and the Hangzhou Bay Rim, etc.) and the radiative zone (located in the North and the South Flanks of the Yangtze River Delta Area). Based on the spatial contact characteristics between cities and spatial hierarchy structure of urban agglomeration, this paper further proposes the spatial development layout of urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta. It is considered that Shanghai would be the core city, while Suzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Hefei and Xuzhou the regional central cities, constituting an anti “K” pattern connected by four development axes, namely, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hefei, Shanghai-Hangzhou, Shanghai-Xuzhou, and Shanghai-Wenzhou. According to the features of city location and elements contact, the urban agglomeration would be further divided into six city groups, and form a spatial interaction pattern of point-line-area in orderly development, the central city would serve as growth of node, the development axis as connecting line, and city group as developing area.
With the development of global economic integration and the gradual relaxation of world's financial controls, Chinese firms have gradually turned to foreign markets to raise capital. Hong Kong has become the first choice for Chinese companies seeking overseas listings. This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial patterns, industry structure and ownership structure of Chinese firms that have listed in the Hong Kong stock market. The results show that the number of firms listed in Hong Kong grows with fluctuations and the headquarters of firms which got listed in the Hong Kong stock market are mainly agglomerated in the eastern coastal areas. Hong Kong has become the main destination of firms in the financial and real estate sectors to go public in overseas stock exchanges. The number of state-owned enterprises listed in Hong Kong has been declining those years, while privately-owned enterprises gradually become dominant. Finally, the regression results show that the number of headquarters is highly correlated with the city's administrative level, city size, the development of financial industry, transport accessibility, information technology, communication capabilities and the distance to Hong Kong.
The radiative transfer equation simulation method is an accurate and effective way to estimate the surface solar irradiance, however, as the input data, the satellite remotely sensed atmospheric parameters have some uncertainty because of the retrieval algorithm and the sensors. The atmospheric parameters uncertainty effect brings error to the estimation of the surface solar shortwave irradiance using the radiative transfer equation method which takes the satellite remotely-sensed atmospheric parameters as input data. It is obviously more creditable to consider the combined uncertainty effect of multi atmospheric parameters than to take single atmospheric parameter uncertainty effect into consideration alone. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Aerosol optical depth (AOD) product and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) water vapor column product (WVC) uncertainty calculation formulas are derived from comparing satellite remote sensing products with the surface measured data in Hong Kong. By analyzing MISR/AOD and MODIS/WVC product values distribution in Hong Kong in the period from 2005 to 2013, the combined probability density distribution function of MISR/AOD and MODIS/WVC is obtained. Using the combined probability density distribution function as a weight function, which is multiplied with the relative error distribution function of the estimation of surface solar shortwave irradiance, the mathematical expectation of the surface solar irradiance calculation relative error under the multi remotely sensed atmospheric parameters’ combined uncertainty impact is worked out. The conclusion shows that when the solar zenith angle is 0° in the summer, the relative error mathematical expectation of the surface solar irradiance estimation is 3.17%, and with a 90% confidence that the relative error mathematical expectation will be lower than 3.53%. Besides the situation that the solar zenith angle is 0° in the summer, the relative error mathematical expectations under various solar zenith angle in different seasons are also obtained which provide the scientists and engineers a look up table for checking that if the accuracy of the surface solar shortwave irradiance estimation results satisfy their application requirements, especially for the application in the subtropical climate area.
To evaluate the performance of BMA (Bayesian Model Averaging) in forecasting precipitation in the Dongjiang basin and to provide the theoretical basis for the storm early warning system, the BMA-based prediction method is applied into precipitation forecast in the Dongjiang Basin. The evaluation is conducted for different lead time (i.e., 1-day, 3-days, 5-days, and 10-days) and different regions (i.e. up, mid and downstream) by using the TIGGE (The THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble) multi-model products. Conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) The forecasting skill of BMA is fairly good in forecasting accuracy for almost all regions and lead time. 2) The forecasting accuracy is improved by using BMA as compared with the original ensemble means, and the improvement is more significant for short lead time. 3) If the 95% percentile rainfall exceeds the disastrous rainfall amount, the early warning system and the preventive work should be initiated; however, the BMA forecasting results should be used with caution as the false warning would occasionally happen. 4) According to the results from our study, together with findings from other studies over different areas, we suggest that BMA would be suitable for precipitation forecasting and worth recommending.
By using the regular meteorological data and the CINRAD data, an analysis on a classical and persistent hailstorm process was made, which happened in Baise region from 12-14, March, 2013. The result shows that: 1) Circulation that was in favor of the hailstorm occurring in Baise region was as follows: the surface temperature soared as the southwest warm low controlled the region; the southwest jet stream existed at low level over the Baise region, accumulating enough unstable energy. Turbulent of the shear line and the south-branch trough at middle high triggered the releasing of unstable energy. 2) The characteristics of the physical field that lead to happening of hail weather were as follows: the Showalter Index (SI) ＜-2℃; CAPE＞500 J/Kg; unstable potential existed in middle high, as well as Δθse 850-500＞10℃; moisture condition was “dry at high level and wet at low level”; vertical velocity in the circumstance reached (-30~-10)×10-3 hPa/s；wind shear between 0~6 km was bigger than 20 m/s; 3) Characteristics of echo for the hailstorm were: in the PPI display, reflectivity of the core was bigger than 60 dBz, with the TBSS and hook shape echo nearby the core; in the RHI display, echo top exceeded the level of -20℃, with the occurrence of WER or vault. Some properties of the echo would also help to estimate the hailstorm weather, such as: the VIL soared rapidly when the hailstorm was coming. 4）For the hailstorm prediction and identification, the nowcast technics of CINRAD should be applied, based on the traditional mid-scale synoptic analysis, as to improve the service level.
Based on the China topographic maps compiled by US Army Map Service in 1954, maps made by Japanese Military Headquarters from 1930 to 1934, hydrology chronicles of Guangdong and local records of every counties in research area, by reconstructing river network models of research area in the 1930s and with high precision recovering the plain river network and river systems during the last phase of traditional agriculture, its max channel storage capacity was to be calculated and preliminary analysis about regional characteristics could be obtained. Results indicate that: 1)The max storage capacity of the Pearl River Delta (excluding the main river channel) in the 1930s was ranging from 6.78×108 m3 to 20.75×108 m3, with an extremum being 20.75×108 m3 and average value being 13.38×104 m3/km2. Accounting for 33.5%~49.1% of the total channel storage capacity, the first grade watercourse had a far greater impact on flood capacity of the entire river and scheduling ability of water resources. Different from the present stage, the channel storage capacity of the Pearl River Delta at the last phase of traditional agricultural era (the 1930s) was positively correlated with drainage density. And it is obvious that the size of the channel storage capacity was affected by drainage density. 2) The formation of the Pearl River Delta in the 1930s had a close relationship with the agricultural development in traditional period. The river water system at that time was an outcome of natural development and diked field in traditional era. Building bunds, digging and dredging rivers and other ways of field development objectively promote the expansion of the river and increase in the max channel storage capacity.
The research situation of historical climate change research in South China is summarized and analyzed based on the representative archives according to the proxy of historical documents. Temperature change, precipitation and dry/wet change are the main research content. Although plentiful achievements have been gained in the research of historical climate change in South China, there also exist a lot of problems that need to be further studied, such as lower temporal and spatial resolution as compared with that in North China, lower reliability for reconstructed data, lack of research on the related mechanism and variation cycles in climate change, and so on. We suggest that more attention should be paid to improvement of the temporal and spatial resolution, enhancement of the reliability of the data series, increase of the periodicity and trend analysis in historical climate change research in South China by proxy of historical documents with high resolution.
Using the method of literature metrology, this paper collects the papers on Benggang from Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese Journal Full-text Database, China Masters’ Theses Full-text Database and China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database. It statistically analyzes these research papers on Benggang during the 31 years (1984-2014) in China from the publishing years, journal types, author groups, study areas, and research contents. The paper reveals the history of Benggang research in China, showing that the research in the country began early but has developed slowly, and at present it is characterized by more qualitative descriptions while fewer dynamic monitoring, the number of the research papers on Benggang changes from fluctuating development to stable growth. Besides, it can be imagined that Benggang erosion process monitoring and the mechanism of Water and Soil coupling would be the research focus in the next few years. Meanwhile Benggang research combined with modern technology such as remote sensing dynamic monitoring technology and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle technology would become the new trend. In addition, the studies of Benggang process simulation experiment and new treatment technologies in Benggang would also become the main aspects of further research
There are various opinions in academia on the formation of the Hakka ethnic group. In this paper, we propose a new theory - Evolution Theory of Diversity - for the formation of the Hakka ethnic group by the study of medical outcomes, historical data and typical cases. “Evolution Theory of Diversity” here means that, Hakka ethnic groups not only hold on the Central Plains culture, but also pragmatically align multiple elements, then evolve into a unique ethnic group step by step. With this theory, we study the relationship between Hakka ethnic group and the environment around. Then we build a model- multiple evolution model- to get more understanding of Hakka ethnic group and its culture.
Through literature review, field observation, construction analysis, in-depth interview and other research methods, the evolution and classification of 86 cases of square enclosure clan settlements in Guangdong Province were analyzed. The results showed that: square enclosure clan settlements in Guangdong had experienced an evolution of initial construction, secondary intensive construction, intensive construction and stagnant stages. The form of clan settlements had changed from a mixture of large and small scales in the early stage to a stable balance between large and small sales in the middle stage and then to small scales in the later stage. The clan settlement formation mechanism was mainly influenced by geographical conditions, sub-ethnicity migration, territory advantages and political factors. The square enclosure clan settlements were restricted by geographical conditions, and they were distributed along migration routes. Territory advantages played a major role in their formation while political factors had played a leading role. Using turrets, clan halls with central axes and numbers as criteria, the square enclosure clan settlements in Guangdong Province were classified into 8 types, i.e., Gan, Dui, Li, Zhen, Xun, Kan, Gen and Kun, using mathematical permutation and combination and the Eight Diagrams. The square enclosure clan settlements concentrated in the four areas of the south, north, east and west with Hakka sub-ethnicity scattering between them in a major Xun type and with two blank areas of the southwest and northwest.
The relationship between landscape beauty and ecological beauty is an important scientific problem reflecting the essence of the relationship between human and place. By far most of the study has been based on a single view. Selecting Confucius Temple-Qinhuai River Scenic Area in Nanjing as the typical case of urban traditional and cultural tourism destination, this paper made an empirical analysis of the characteristics and law of the coupling between the landscape pattern and landscape aesthetic by using the landscape pattern index as the criterion of ecological beauty as well as the Balanced Incomplete Block-Law of Comparative Judgement as the criterion of landscape beauty. The results displayed: 1) The overall landscape fragmentation of the studied area was rather high, but different parts of landscape were influenced differently by artificial factors. The diversity and heterogeneity of landscape patches were moderate, but there were structural differences of the area of patch, spatial distribution and spatial agglomeration degree. 2) The tourists and local residents had good perception of landscape aesthetic of the scenic area, however, they had preference forthe historical architecture and cultural landscape with abundant elements of city memory. 3) As a whole, the relationship between the landscape pattern and landscape aesthetic was coupled and complementary. Confucius Temple-Qinhuai River Scenic Area had profound history and culture, however, under the background of the rapid development of urbanization, cultural characteristics were missing constantly and the process of delocalization was speeded up. Hence, it would be a long way to go to protect city memory and inherit local culture for the scenic area, which is an important traditional and cultural tourism destination of the city.
On the basis of survey on tourism resources in the Xisha Islands, an evaluation was made on the tourism resources by using the comprehensive evaluation system of island tourism resources of Li Yuezheng. According to the characteristics of the island tourism resources, an index system for evaluation of island tourism resources was built, 58 indicators were selected as representatives on four levels, namely, the overall target level, the comprehensive evaluation level, the evaluation item level and the evaluation factor level, the Likert five grade scale was used to standardize the evaluation indexes, the principal component analysis was used to endow each index with corresponding weight, and then a comprehensive evaluation model was established by making rating standards and determining the evaluation index weights. The results show that the score on overall target level in the tourism resources evaluation system of the Xisha Islands is 3.088 points, which indicate that the overall evaluation of island tourism resources in the Xisha Islands is medium. The results also show that the Xisha Islands have rich tourism resources, medium regional conditions, poor geographical features, favorable natural resources, prominent tropical island features, and distinct environmental restrictions. In short, the tourism resources of the islands have obviously both advantages and disadvantages.
As more and more greenways are constructed in cities, greenway leisure has gradually become an important part of people’s daily life. However, related researches are lacking in the study of supply mechanism. From the angle of greenway leisure service’s attributes, supply subject and modes, the paper puts forward greenway leisure service’s composite supply mechanism “government, market and society”, and points out that it may be different composite supply mechanism according to the different combination of the three kinds of main body. Then it takes Zengcheng District of Guangzhou for empirical research. It is concluded that urban greenway is suited for government-led supply mode, suburb greenway is suited for the “government-market” supply mode, and exurb greenway, which relies on the scenic spot, is suited for the market-led supply mode. On the basis of theoretical and empirical research, the paper points out that the driving force of greenway leisure service’s supply mechanism is the greenway consumers’ demand structure, and puts forward some suggestions about the effective supply mechanism: 1) clarify the user's demand structure; 2) analyze properties of suppliers; 3) use appropriate supply mode.
Understanding destination perceived attractiveness and their influencing factors has important implications for enhancing attractiveness of tourist destination and market competitiveness. In order to identify the relationship between dimensions of destination image and destination perceived attractiveness, taking Xiamen City as an example, this study empirically examines the effects of 4 cognitive image factors, effective image, and overall image on destination perceived attractiveness by logistic regression model using data obtained from a visitor questionnaire survey with 563 valid questionnaires. The results show that: Firstly, destination brand, nature and culture have significant positive effects on destination perceived attractiveness, while entertainment and reception environment do not have. Secondly, both effective image and overall image have significant positive effects on destination perceived attractiveness. Thirdly, effective image has much stronger effects on destination perceived attractiveness than cognitive image. The study results would help to provide guidance for enhancing attractiveness of tourist destination from the angle of destination image.
Based on the connotation of the ecological civilization, this paper establishes a comprehensive appraisal indicator system of ecological civilization, and uses statistical data from 2000 to 2012 to make an overall merit to Guangdong’s 21 prefecture-level cities by entropy method, and analyzes the way of the changes of Guangdong economy gravity center and ecological civilization gravity center between the years of 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012 from different aspects such as the barycentric coordinates, shift direction and distance. The following three conclusions have been obtained: As for economic aggregation, the ecological civilization gravity center and GDP gravity center of Guangdong province moved respectively to north-east and south-west, but there was a far distance between them. As for industrial structure, the primary industry always moved to south-west, ecological civilization gravity center seemed not to get any influence from it, and the two centers were nothing related to each other over space, the gravity center of secondary industry showed its apparently deviation trend to ecological civilization, the tertiary industry showed its positive correlationship to ecological civilization. Those outcomes would have significance to Guangdong province for its coordinated regional development, the adjustment of industrial structure and the way of economic development under the condition of ecological civilization.
