With the country’s increasing emphasis on the protection of traditional villages, domestic research on traditional villages has become more and more abundant since 2000. However, few studies discuss the characteristics and forming mechanisms of architecture cultural landscape of traditional villages in depth. This paper took the traditional villages in Zhaoqing as a case study to learn the characteristics and forming mechanisms of the architecture cultural landscape of traditional villages by GIS, spatial syntax, et al. The results show: 1) Influenced by the traditional landscape culture, the combinations between traditional villages and the natural geographical environment come in four types, i.e., living near waters, building around mountains, expanding on flat lands, and developing near hills and beside rivers. 2) The formation of spatial organization in some traditional villages is greatly influenced by the clan and kinship. And the spatial organization is conducive to the exchange of information among villagers and presents a multi-slice mode with the ancestral hall as the core node. 3) The streets around public places have a high degree of integration. Travelers can build up cognition for the spatial structure of the whole village on the flat terrain through the local spatial structure. 4) The architectural landscape in Zhaoqing’s traditional villages mainly includes Cantonese and Hakka, which display some significant differences in their spatial layout and internal structure. From the perspective of an architectural layout model, Cantonese and Hakka are mainly comb and enclosing houses, respectively. In terms of internal structure, Cantonese architecture emphasizes simplicity and practicality, while Hakka architecture shows the idea of “unification” and “harmony”. 5) Although there are different cultural zones in the region, their architectural culture is of a significant Lingnan cultural gene. 6) The formation of the architectural cultural landscape in Zhaoqing’s traditional villages is comprehensively affected by the natural geographical environment, social foundation, economic foundation and technical level. Among them, the geographical environment is the basement, social foundation and cultural heritage are the intrinsic power and the external power, respectively, and economic foundation and technical level are the guarantee.
In this paper, 126 traditional villages in Guangdong Province were taken as the research object. GIS spatial analysis was used in order to understand the spatial distribution pattern of traditional villages (TVs) in Guangdong, the differences in distribution pattern between in Guangdong and in other provinces, and the Han Chinese subgroup characteristics of TVs. The spatial distribution type was judged using the nearest neighbor index; the spatial distribution equilibrium was determined by the geographical concentration index and the unbalanced index; the spatial clustering region was measured by the nuclear density; the spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out using the Moran index; and the spatial link function was used to determine the relationship between the TVs and Han Chinese subgroup characteristics. The results show that: 1) the spatial distribution of TVs in Guangdong Province is condensed. From the perspective of the city scale, TV distribution is concentrated in Meizhou, Qingyuan, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang, and Zhaoqing. There are 87 TVs in these cities, accounting for 69% of the total in Guangdong, and Meizhou City is home to 40 TVs, accounting for about 32% of the total in the province. The TVs are generally unevenly distributed, mainly in northern Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta region. 2) There are significant differences in the spatial distribution density of TVs in Guangdong Province. The average distribution density of TVs in the province is 0.59 per thousand km2; the highest density of 2.14 per thousand km2 is in Meizhou; in Heyuan and Maoming, TV density is less than 0.1 per thousand km2; and there is no TV distributed in Yunfu City. There are four noticeable agglomeration areas: the Meizhou-Chaoshan Area, the Guangfo-Dongguan Area, the Zhanjiang-Leizhou Area, and the Qingyuan-Lianzhou Area. The core-edge distribution pattern is noticeable. 3) The spatial distribution of TVs in Guangdong Province shows significant global spatial autocorrelation and clustering characteristics of similar areas. As the distribution of the TVs in the province is relatively decentralized, it is of a noticeable “few-moderate-many” pyramid-like distribution. From the Moran scatter plot, most of the TVs are located in the first and third quadrants, displaying serious polarization. The overall spatial distribution pattern is of “hot spots - sub-hot spots - sub-cold spots - cold spots” in the province, with “sub cold spots - cold spots” as the major pattern. 4) The TVs in Guangdong Province are mainly distributed in the Guangfu and Hakka areas. The TVs in these two subgroups account for about 72% of the total in the province. The TVs of the highest density, 1.31 per thousand km2, are in the ethnic minority areas, followed by those of about 1.00 per thousand km2 in the Shaozhou Tuhua civil area. Although the Hakka and the Guangfu areas have the largest number of TVs, the density of TVs is only 0.59 and 0.48 per thousand km2, respectively due to wide distribution of the two ethnic groups. The distribution type of the TVs in Guangdong Province is similar to that in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Shanxi, and other provinces in the country, which is condensed with its core area and spatial autocorrelation having their own characteristics.
The Construction Land Securities (Dipiao in Chinese) in Chongqing has been created under the background of the increasingly intense use of urban construction land as well as the sharp decline of farmland quantity, aiming at resolving the current situation of intense use of urban construction land and guaranteeing the quantity and quality of cultivated land. It is an important way to realize the overall development of urban and rural areas and promote the newly-typed urbanization. However, due to the immaturity of the system itself, there are some risks in the operating process of Dipiao. Based on the summary of the six potential risk factors, by using the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis, many risk sub-factors have been studied so as to not only get a comprehensive and specific understanding of overall risk probability of the Dipiao system but also find out several major risk sub-factors existing in the system. The risk factors and corresponding risk sub-factors are graded and given weigh values by Fuzzy AHP. Afterwards, set-valued analysis is used to get the risk value of each risk sub-factor. Results showed that the overall risk probability reached 0.670 7, which highlights a relatively high risk existing in Dipiao system. Furthermore, 7 major risk sub-factors have been presented as follows: rent seeking in the reclamation led by the local government, potential risk of higher land prices passing to housing price, the Dipiao holders’ failure in finding a proper receiving area, the effect of fallow on cultivated land quality after reclamation, the risk of famers’ social security, the impact of Dipiao on the land expropriation policy, the lack of legal supervision and management between Dipiao and planned land indicators. To avoid the risks, the Dipiao system needs to ensure the quality of reclamation for cultivated land, monitor the dynamic balance of cultivated land quantity and quality, ensure the rights and interests of the farmers and Dipiao holders in the reclamation and acceptance, transaction and using section. In the application of reclamation, the Dipiao policy should be propagated fully before the reclamation, so that the farmers could understand the advantages and disadvantages of reclamation. Besides, it is necessary to consider the housing problems of the farmers who reclaimed their homestead land and would reside in the rural area years later. In the acceptance of reclaimed land, the Bureau of the Land Resources of Chongqing and the Rural Land Exchange Centre in Chongqing are expected to be involved in the check before acceptance and strictly monitor the quantity and quality of reclaimed land. The local land resource management department would make efforts to prevent land abandonment and stimulate farmers' enthusiasm on cultivating. In Dipiao trading process, the scale of Dipiao should be refined to meet the need not only of the large enterprises, but also the small and medium-sized enterprise or individuals. In the using phase of Dipiao, it is recommended to conduct a study of the withdrawal mechanism of Dipiao and explore secondary market, including the way of transfer, the subject and the object of transfer, the frequency limit of transfer and the time limit of using Dipiao after the transfer. Considering the differential land rent and the loss of land use rights, the landless peasants' compensation standards are expected to be improved. In addition, Dipiao would be incorporated into the land use master plan to prevent the negative impact of the demand of Dipiao because of the existing double way of acquiring construction land.
The various effects caused by climate change are the main focus of different fields of current scientific research. Recent developments in climate change research have found that the assessment of residents’ perceptions of climate change and their adaptation intention can help us understand how to convey appropriate information about climate change to them to prepare for their travel, work, or living. Several researchers have indicated the nature of perception of climate change, which depends on the specific groups or study context. The study on climate change in the context of tourism and travel is needed, especially the exploration on different geographic areas or regions. However, few researches attempt to explore residents’ perceptions and their adaptation intention to climate change. Furthermore, the explanations of the way in which residents’ climate change perceptions impact generating more adaptation intention are not provided. The purpose of this article is to detect the urban residents’ and coastal destination residents’ perceptions of climate change in Taiwan. In addition, the relationship between perceptions of climate change and adaptation intention for both urban residents and coastal destination residents are examined. Therefore, a better understanding of exploring local residents’ perceptions and adaptation intention to climate change would help management organizations plan the spaces and places for residents. The sample of this study consisted of Taichung (urban) residents and Kenting (costal destination) local residents, who were 18 years of age and older. Data were collected more than a 4-week timeframe at different periods of time, which were chosen randomly from July through September 2014. The experienced interviewers with a student ID marker used a convenient sampling method to select and intercept Taichung and Kenting residents to be involved in an on-site self-administrated survey. A total of 597 Taichung surveys and 675 Kenting surveys were usable. By conducting independent samples t-test, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences in many climate change perceptions between Taichung and Kenting residents. Namely, the Kenting residents’ perceptions of climate change about tourist attractions were higher than Taichung residents’ perceptions of climate change. In addition, the results, obtained by performing the logistic regression analysis of the impact of climate change perceptions on adaptation intention, indicated that the effect of climate change perception on adaptation intention for the costal destination residents was higher than that for urban residents. Namely, coastal destination residents were highly sensitive to climate changes, which even directly linked to their economics and household income. Thus, the more psychological attention of coastal destination residents is specific (i.e., lower psychological distance), the more the occurrence of an adaptive behavior will be possible. On the contrary, climate change is a part of life for urban residents, who may use a gear to adjust personal micro-climate. Thus, the psychological attention of urban residents is so abstract (i.e., higher psychological distance) that the occurrence of an adaptive behavior is less. The findings suggest that in addition to further strengthening the climate change perceptions of residents, the future efforts of management organizations to understand residents’ adaptation intention to climate change should consider the geographic areas of residents.
Self-thinning is a hot issue in ecological theoretical research, however, because of the long growth period and complex process in self-thing, relative research in woody plants’ self-thinning rule is very few and still no consensus has been reached up to the present. The research used natural phytocoenosium quadrat in different altitudes in Nanling nature protection area as the material to study the woody phytocoenosium’s self-thinning rule by means of spatial-temporal substitution and to analyze the relationship between space size and density, in addition, we discuss how their crown diameter and plant height response to the altitude change. The results showed that: 1) The self-thinning rule is also suitable to the natural woody phytocoenosium. The self-thinning exponent of arbor phytocoenosium is -1.305 6 and that of shrub phytocoenosium is -1.298 9, which are in accord with Enquist’s -4/3 self-thinning rule. The main reason may be that, Enquist put forward the -4/3 self-thinning rule at the point of the relationship between plants’ growth’s resource need and density. In this research we regard the plants’ living room as the biomass, which reflects how much resource that the plants gain. 2) Woody plants’ size and density have close correlation. When the density increases, both the average crown diameter and tree height reduce obviously in arbor quadrat, similarly, in Shrub quadrat the average crown diameter reduces, whereas, the plants’ height does not change obviously. In this research, it is shown that the crown diameter in the arbor phytocoenosium that live under altitude 900 m plays an important role in self-thinning process, in the phytocoenosium living between altitude 900 and 1 300 m, the plant height plays an important role in self-thinning process, and when the altitude is over 1 300 m, survival pressure plays a leading role in self-thinning process. Differently, in shrub communities, crown diameter plays a leading role in self-thinning process in different altitudes. 3) Arbor and shrub phytocoenosiums make a different response to habitat change caused by the change of altitude. In the equation of self-thinning, the coefficient k changes with the altitude. The higher the altitude is, the smaller the coefficient k will be. At the altitudes of ＜900 m, 900~1 300 m and 1 300~1 462 m, the arbor quadrats’ log k are 2.056 5, 1.372 6, 1.194 7, and the corresponding k values are 113.89, 23.58, 15.66 respectively, that means that the arbor’s largest living room reduces with the increase of altitude obviously. At the altitudes of ＜950 m and 950~1 800 m, the shrub quadrats’ log k are 0.050 3 and 0.016 8, and the corresponding k values are 1.12 and 1.04 respectively, meaning that the shrub ’s largest living room reduces with the increase of altitude, but it is not so obvious as that of arbor quadrats, showing that the altitude change has greater impact on arbor size.
