As a fast-growing industry in recent years, commercial fitness clubs have become significant parts of consumer services industries. However, relatively few studies on the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs in a city have been conducted at the street and town level. In addition, there are few studies on factors influencing the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs by quantitative analysis methods. To make up for this deficiency, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs utilizing the methods of GIS spatial analysis and spatial auto-correlation on the basis of POI data of 743 commercial fitness clubs, 136 subway stations and 6 013 residential neighborhoods in Guangzhou City collected from online map. Furthermore, spatial lag model (SLM) has been adopted to explore the influential factors of the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs in Guangzhou based on the latest demographic and housing-related data from the 6th population census in 2010 in Guangzhou. The results show: 1) The spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs in Guangzhou is unbalanced and its quantity decreases generally from the central urban area to surrounding regions where small clusters exist as well, which shows a “center circle + peripheral group” structure. Specifically, 70.52% of the commercial fitness clubs are located in the central urban area, and the rest 29.48% which are located in the surrounding regions mostly gather in central towns. There is significant spatial agglomeration and correlation of commercial fitness clubs in Guangzhou. 2) Only a few commercial fitness clubs are located along main roads or near subway stations, while most of the commercial fitness clubs, accounting for 94.21%, are located near residential neighborhoods. That is to say, the distribution along city roads and subway stations is not obvious, but obvious near residential neighborhoods. 3) With regard to the influential factors on the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs, population scale and educational level play more important roles than location factors and community features. Both of these two demographic characteristics have positive impact on the quantity of commercial fitness clubs in townships. This result proves that market is a significant factor influencing the spatial distribution of consumer services industries. In this paper, it is found that the location factor is not a key factor affecting the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs in Guangzhou, which is different from previous views that location factors, especially traffic location, have essential effects on the spatial distribution of consumer services industries. The findings in this paper would enrich the research on spatial distribution of consumer services industries.

In the new era of globalization, China’s high-level openness and high-quality development led to a new round of industrial upgrading and spatial restructuring in the world under “the Belt and Road” initiative. Vietnam has become a new area of international capacity cooperation and industrial transfer and re-agglomeration. The industrial zone is the principal unit of Vietnam’s economic growth. It is also the key carrier of Sino-Vietnamese joint construction of “the Belt and Road” and deep implementation of productivity cooperation. The research on Vietnam’s industrial zones has attracted the attention of international and domestic scholars and shown rich achievements. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the spatial pattern, industrial differentiation, spatial production, and agglomeration mechanism of Vietnam’s industrial zones. By collecting and collating the basic data on Vietnam’s industrial zones using GIS, SPSS analysis technology, nuclear density analysis, exploratory spatial data analysis, correlation analysis, and other analysis methods, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of Vietnam’s industrial areas and the characteristics of industrial agglomeration types and explores its formation mechanism. The results indicate that: 1) Vietnam’s industrial zone shows a significant spatial polarization distribution, with distribution of wings and depressions. 2) The characteristics of regional transportation orientation and socio-economic development orientation distribution in Vietnam’s industrial zones, historical reasons, natural topography, regional transportation facilities, planning guidance, and socio-economic conditions are the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of Vietnam’s industrial zones. 3) The industrial characteristics of Vietnam’s industrial zones show that the south wing is dominated by light industry, the north wing is dominated by processing heavy industry, and the central region is dominated by mining-type and raw material processing heavy industries. 4) The industrialization of Vietnam is late and low, which is the main reason for the formation of labor-intensive industries. The division of the north and south and the macro guidance of the government are the main reasons for the differences in the industrial structure of the south wing, north wing, and central region.

Xishuang Banna with a total area of 19 322 km² and the forest coverage rate of 33% is the largest tropical region in China continent. Being rich of tropical will animals and many species left from the Tertiary Period, so it is an assemblage of ancient and modern animal distribution. The animals in the region have a unique and important status in the world. On the investigation and statistics in 1988, the species of the wild animals in Xishuang Banna are list as follows:fishes 9 orders, 23 families, 79 genera, 163 species;amphibia, 3 orders, 8 families, 2 subfamilies, 17 genera, 54 species; reptiles 2 orders, 2 suborders, 16 families, 2 subfamilies 43 genera, 79 species; birds, 19 orders, 61 families, 229 genera, 447 species; mammals, 9 orders, 34 families, 74 genera, 125 species. Among the mammals, 23 are the most important species of state animal protection. It is very significant to protect the resources in this treasure land of wild animals.

Pakistan is a influential country in South Asia and an important fulcrum of "The Belt and Road Initiative." The study of its urban system can promote the understanding of Pakistan and provide references for related cooperation. This paper conducts a more comprehensive empirical analysis of the scale structure, spatial structure, and functional structure characteristics of the urban system, based on existing research and on the census data, natural environment, economic industry, and traffic network and other public data. It uses the analysis methods of the urban system pyramid, Gini coefficient of urban scale and nuclear density analysis, and analyzes the endogenous and exogenous factors of the urban system. The results were as follows: 1) First, regarding scale structure, the overall distribution of the urban scale is relatively concentrated, showing characteristics of both "large urbanization" and "small urbanization." The development of intermediate-level cities is delayed, and the urban population pyramid is roughly shaped as an hourglass. Regarding spatial structure, the urban system of Pakistan embodies the coexistence of differentiation and integration, forming different urban density patterns in the East and the West and a provincial urban system with its own characteristics. However, the spatial structure of towns in the southeast-northwest region shows an integration trend. The eastern region gradually formed the urban agglomeration core areas of Karachi and Lahore, and the urban agglomeration areas of the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area, Peshawar, Multan, Sukkur, and Hyderabad, with a "seven"-axis distribution in the southeast-northwest. Regarding the functional structure, there are three national centers, two regional centers, and some important industrial and transportation node cities. 2) The urban system is formed under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. Regarding endogenous factors, natural environment factors constitute the basis of urban system evolution; the intensity of the economic industry and spatial agglomeration determine the basic pattern of the urban system. The joint effect of terrain and traffic transforms the space-time distance, resulting in the difference of urban systems between the East and the West. The relatively independent social and administrative factors of each province cause the differentiation of the urban systems in each province. This process is indirectly affected by exogenous factors such as international investment and trade, geopolitics, and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. 3) The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor will strengthen the motivational force of urbanization in Pakistan, promote the transformation of the "seven" urban development axis into the "two vertical and three horizontal" urban development axis system, and promote the development of western cities. Suggestions for the overall policy of Pakistan's urban system include: (1)promoting the industrialization process, strengthening the power of urbanization, and promoting the development of cities at all levels, especially the intermediate level cities. (2) Further, it proposes strengthening integration development with the world market, promoting the development of cities in the southern coastal areas and the transportation links with inland cities, as well as the development of cities along the line. (3) Finally, it suggests reducing the administrative and social system barriers between provinces, reducing the distance and division of factor flow, and accelerating the process of urban system integration.

Weathering pit is a common rock landscape in the East of China and there are a variety of explanations for its formation. In the thesis, the topography features and its morphological parameters of the weathering in the Miaowan Island are measured and recorded in detail. Also, the debris inside the weathering pits, parent rocks and weathering profile samples were collected. After that, they were analyzed by XRF(X Ray Fluorescence) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Based on the previous factors, the topography and morphological features, chemistry and its mineral features of weathering pit were put under analysis and the genetic mechanism of the development of weathering pit is explored as well. According to the results, firstly, the development of weathering pit is not relevant to its altitude. Weathering pit of various sizes and depths might appear on any rocks that are flat and exposed at any height. Secondly, the various sizes and depths of weathering pit represent different degrees of development. Thirdly, the speed of the development of the caliber in weathering pit is higher than that of its depth. Also, the speed of the development of weathering pit’s long axis is higher than that of its short axis. There are spillways in majority of weathering pits and the groove on the wall is of the same height of the spillway. Fourthly, the element migration characteristic of the debris in the weathering pits and difference of CIA value (chemical index of alteration) between the debris and the parent rocks represent the chemical weathering cause of the weathering pit. Fifthly, the difference of the ratio of quartz to feldspar between the weathering pit’s debris and parent rocks can represent the cause for weathering pit by different weathering of minerals.

Combined with the work of several generations of scientists from China who carried out scientific investigation in the South China Sea Islands in the past century, natural environment of the South China Sea Islands is comprehensively analyzed on the basis of regional geologic landforms, climate, marine hydrology, marine organism, terrestrial biota, soil, natural complex and natural regionalization. Natural resources of the South China Sea Islands are explained in detail, such as territorial resources, fishery resources, tourism resources, oil and gas resources, natural gases hydrates resources, terrestrial organism and water resources in lime-sand islets, port and navigational channel resources, and ocean-atmospheric energy resources. According to the natural endowment and importance of strategic position, suggestions about the scientific development of the South China Sea Islands are proposed. It is considered that the development of the South China Sea Islands should include tourism, fishery and aquaculture in lagoon of atoll, while more attention should be paid to the exploitation of ocean oil，gas and natural gases hydrates resources.

Soil bridge is one of the common erosional landforms in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley. It is also an important reason causing local water and soil loss, studying the morphological characteristics and evolution process of soil bridge would have important practical significance for better understanding of the evolution of regional landforms and management of local eco-geological environment. From 2009 to 2013 the authors made field investigations on the morphological characteristics, microtopography of the soil bridge, the soil bridge position, and the shape of the longitudinal profile of the gully. And the properties of soil layers were analyzed. The results showed: 1) Soil bridge mainly developed at the bottom in upper and middle reaches of the gully, less at the bottom of cliff at the edge of gully. Some soil bridges occurred continuously and some lonely. 2) There was difference among soil layers of the bridge, the resistance of the soil layer of bridge hole against disintegration and erosion was weaker than that of the top layer of the bridge. 3) There was some influence of structure joints and gully slope on the formation of soil bridge. 4) The shape and structure of soil bridge were similar to those of the natural bridge or the artificial bridge. The scale of soil bridge was generally little. The shape of the bridge hole was mainly similar to triangle and sometimes to arc. The top of the hole mainly developed along the vertical joint and collapse was more frequently observed. The influencing factors of the soil bridge development were mainly the climate environment, the tectonic setting, the formation joint and the slope of gully, etc. 5) The evolution process of soil bridge followed the general law of thing development, which could be divided into four stages: germination stage, young stage, mature stage and withered stage. 6) There was certain coupling relationship between soil bridge and sink hole and gully in Yuanmou.

The Dapeng Peninsula is located in the eastern part of Shenzhen, Guangdong. The peninsula has a wide variety of different coastal landforms. In this paper, the basic features of the coastal landforms of the Dapeng Peninsula are discussed. The results of field investigations and laboratory experiments show that the peninsula’s coastal landforms can be classified into three groups: rocky coasts, depositional coasts, and biological coasts. As lying in a fault uplift zone, the rocky coasts occupy most of the coastal line of Dapeng Peninsula. Typical costal erosion landforms such as sea cliffs, wave cut benches, sea caves, sea arches and sea stacks can always be found on the coasts. Depositional coasts of the peninsula develop in bays between rocky headlands. Generally, a barrier-lagoon system is formed in the bay which is deeply embayed with a stream flowing in. In the bay without streams, a bay head beach develops. The middle of the peninsula is narrow and shaped somewhat like a dumbbell, and muddy beaches are formed in its eastern coast because the coastline concaves deeply landwards providing shelter from wave attacks. Mangroves grow in the muddy beaches, as well as the lagoons. Coral reefs are found in the shallow water areas around the coasts of the peninsula. According to the field evidences and the dating of the sediments of the Dapeng Peninsula and its surrounding areas cited from the previous studies, the main important factors controlling the development of the peninsula’s coastal landforms were geological structures and sea-level changes during Holocene; The peninsula’s coastal landforms began to develop after middle Holocene; no strong structural uplift had happened in the areas of the peninsula since middle Holocene; The sea level had a higher standing after the middle Holocene on the coasts of the Dapeng peninsula.

The citrus orchard landscape in Jeju Island, South Korea has important cultural heritage value. It is a unique agricultural landscape shaped by local people, using the special climate, hydrology, and vegetation environment of Jeju Island. The Joseon Dynasty in the 16th century established a tribute system for citrus. The Jeju government also set up a citrus garden. Since then, the regional distribution and geographic landscape of citrus groves on Jeju Island have experienced great changes. This paper combines natural factors, such as climate and water resources, with human factors, such as Korean citrus industry policies, the market, social changes, and technological progress to study the changes in the landscape and spatial distribution of citrus orchards in Jeju Island since the 15th century, and analyzes the driving forces behind the spatial changes in citrus production on Jeju Island. The results show the following. From the 16th century to 2019, citrus production on Jeju Island experienced development-historically significant ups and downs of decline and strong revival. A large migration of production space from north to south was found. The space for citrus production has expanded gradually, and the production of citrus orchards on Jeju Island has undergone a transformation from government orchards in the Joseon period to a modern experiential farm for tourism. The driving forces for citrus production space changes and geographic landscape changes are complex. Water resources were the main natural factor affecting the distribution of citrus groves during the Joseon Dynasty. The social system, transportation, and market were the main factors influencing the expansion of citrus orchard production space from the 16th century to modern times. During the development of and changes in citrus production space over the past five hundred years, human factors have continuously strengthened and influenced the optimization and adjustment of citrus space and the geographical landscape. Since the 1970s, advances in water resource development technology have changed the spatial distribution pattern of modern citrus orchards. Research on the long-term production space and geographic landscape changes in Jeju Island, and their mechanism of citrus orchards, can create a cultural landscape of citrus orchards with local characteristics for traditional citrus cultivation areas in China. It can also provides references for folk customs, cultural products, and the upgrading and development of China's citrus industry.

The dynamical conditions of transport and deposition of sedimentary materials are usually inferred from their grain size, which is a fundamental property of the materials and may tell us much about the origins and history of the materials. Moment technique and graphical technique are the two principal methods to calculate grain size parameters for sedimentary analysis. In using the moment technique, calculation of the grain size parameters can be handled automatically with the help of computers, while in using the graphical technique the probabilistic cumulative frequency curve of a sedimentary sample has to be artificially drawn in?advance to obtain percentiles of the sample’s grain size distribution that are used to calculate the grain size parameters. Thus artificial drawing is a hard and time consuming work and is not beneficial to data in large batch processing. However, the difference in the grain size characteristics of the sediment samples from different sedimentary environments could be clearly shown in the probabilistic cumulative frequency curves with sub-population linear segments and the curves are widely used in sedimentary analysis. Therefore, drawing of the probabilistic cumulative frequency curves is an essential technique in sedimentary analysis even it is a troublesome job. The general calculating software, Origin, has very powerful functions for calculation and graphic drawing. It not only can calculate the particle size parameters by opening the embedded Excel Data Sheets that contain the grain size data and operate the data in batches, but also can directly draw grain size frequency distribution curves and probabilistic cumulative grain size curves with the linear sub-population segments simultaneously. The operation process for calculating the grain size parameters and drawing the cumulative curves in Origin is very easy and the whole process is simply to execute the menu command by mouse clicks without any programming. It is very suitable for analyzers, especially for those who have no coding skills, to analyze the data of particle size in sedimentary studies and thus has great application value. In this paper, we present an example in which a step by step guide to calculating the grain size parameters and drawing probabilistic cumulative grain size curves with the linear sub-population segments using Origin was carried out. Ten loose sediment samples, which were taken from different depositional environments in China, were selected for the calculation and drawing. The samples included beach sand, coastal wind sand, inland wind sand, river sand, lagoon sediment, old red sand and loess. The values of the percentiles and the grain size parameters obtained by this way were compared with the values that were calculated by artificial drawing. The comparison showed that the results calculated using Origin were very close to those calculated by the artificial method. The difference in values (absolute value average) between the two methods calculated from a single sample or all of the samples ranged from 0.003 7 to 0.013 3 with variances from 0.004 2 to 0.018 6. The comparison indicates that we can completely replace the artificial graphic technique with the calculation using Origin in grain size analysis.

The world's population is growing older, with people over the age of 65 being the fastest-growing age group. In China, population aging significantly affects the building of a moderately prosperous society, while the emergence of the urban-rural inversion phenomenon for population aging increases the difficulty of this challenge. To provide further scientific evidence for the optimal allocation of elderly care resources and the welfare improvement of the elderly population, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving mechanism of the urban-rural inversion phenomenon for population aging in China at the provincial scale. To this end, it used GIS spatial clustering and multiple stepwise regression models. The results indicated that first, along with the continuous increase in population aging, the urban-rural inversion phenomenon for population aging is becoming evident in China. Before 2000, the aging rate of the urban population was higher than that of the rural population in China. In 2018, the percentages of people over the age of 65 in the total population for urban and rural areas were 10.65% and 13.84%, respectively. Hence, the urban-rural inversion phenomenon for population aging is indeed very obvious. Second, generally speaking, the spatial concentration intensity of the urban-rural inversion phenomenon for population aging presented a "low-high-low" inverted U-shaped variation tendency from 1995 to 2018. The urban-rural inversion phenomenon first appeared in the eastern coastal area. It then gradually expanded to the central and western regions, and eventually evolved into a universal phenomenon nationwide. Additionally, this phenomenon has an obvious characteristic of regional differentiation. The level of urban-rural inversion is high in the eastern coastal area, while it is relatively low in the northeast region. The eastern coastal area is the most economically developed region in China, and it can provide more jobs with higher income to laborers than other regions. Consequently, a large number of young laborers from other regions flocked to cities in the eastern coastal areas to find a better job, which greatly reduced the aging rates of these cities and triggered the urban-rural inversion phenomenon for population aging. In contrast, the economic development of Northeast China has been relatively slow since 2000. It is difficult for the cities of Northeast China to attract immigrants and retain the local young population, which leads to a continuous increase in the aging rate of its urban population. Third, there is a complex, multi-dimensional, and non-linear interaction mechanism behind the urban-rural inversion phenomenon for population aging in China. Population and economic factors are the major driving factors of this phenomenon. The imbalance of social and economic development has formed a geographical difference between regions as well as between urban and rural areas, triggered mass migration movements, affected the demographic structure of urban and rural areas, and led to the urban-rural inversion phenomenon for population aging in China. For western provinces with underdeveloped economies, severe population outflows, and higher levels of rural aging, the phenomenon of "old and poor" in rural areas has become a serious challenge for the successful implementation of rural revitalization and targeted poverty reduction strategies. Further, it has become the key step for building a society that is moderately well-off, with regard to all aspects, in China.

Much attention in the world has been paid to study of Carbon emission. The reliability of carbon emission data depends on the reasonability of estimating method. In recent years progress has been made in research of carbon emission estimating methods. This paper discussed different carbon emission inventories of IPCC and China in theory, analyzed the pros and cons of three main approaches of estimating carbon emission as well as their appropriate objects, which are emission-factor approach, mass-balance approach, and experiment approach. Then in practice, the paper set out the inventories of carbon emission and the estimating approaches based on five spatial scales of units, which are country/province, city, settlement, individual building and family. Summarizing the existing research results, the paper put up a frame and a paradigm of carbon emission research. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: 1) such a situation has been formed that IPCC leads the examination of carbon emission with many other agencies taking part in. The research area has had now much clearer framework, better approaches and broader appropriate scope. 2) The inventory and estimating approaches given by IPCC have been used in studying different spatial scales of units. Some new branches of learning are generated when they are used in city unit. 3) The study of carbon emission estimation still has problems, such as the disequilibrium of the studies on different spatial scale units that leads to less attention to be paid to the study of meso-scale units, the defects of the estimation methods themselves, and the external limitation of data acquisition, etc. 4) China has produced the inventory which is suitable for her own situation. In addition, a lot of progress in China have been made in the examinations of historic carbon emissions, regional differences of carbon emissions, and carbon emissions from natural ecosystems. But the problems of lacking in innovation of theory, less improvement of research methods and limitation in data obtaining still exist.

Remote sensing image processing technology based on deep learning can prospectively be used to determine the characteristics of large numbers of remote sensing image data and complex scenes. However, deep-learning algorithms in remote sensing image processing have certain shortcomings, e.g., the popular DeepLabv3+ network has slow fitting speeds, inaccurate edge target segmentation, inconsistencies, and holes in large-scale target segmentation. We therefore proposed a method for introducing a Dual Attention Mechanism Module (DAMM) to DeepLabv3+ to address the above deficiencies. We designed two different network models that connected the DAMM structure to the Atous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) layer in series or parallel. In the serial connection method, the feature map was first sent to the DAMM and then passed through the ASPP structure. Furthermore, the feature map was defused with middle-low layer feature information through the decoder layer and restored to the original image resolution. In the parallel connection method, the DAMM and ASPP layers processed the feature map extracted from the backbone network in parallel and subsequently fused the processed feature map information. The mixed feature map was restored to its original resolution by the decoder. The two improved methods were verified by the INRIA Aerial Image high-resolution remote sensing dataset. The results showed that both the series and parallel methods could effectively improve the shortcomings of Deeplabv3+. The experimental results showed that the parallel network had superior performance, and improvements in the original network defects were more obvious. The parallel method achieved a higher score [85.44% Mean Intersection Over Union (MIOU)] in the test dataset, which was 1.8% higher than Deeplabv3+. And the serial network increased by 1.12% compared to Deeplabv3+. The effects of the position and channel attention mechanisms in the DAMM structure were also determined. The ablation study results showed that the channel and position attention mechanisms improved the performance of the Deeplabv3+ model. In the test set, the channel and position attention mechanism mIoU increased by 0.95 and 1.32%, respectively. The experiments revealed that the position attention mechanism had a greater effect on edge target segmentation, the channel attention mechanism had a greater effect on large-scale hole phenomena, and the channel and position attention mechanism promoted network fitting speed in training. The proposed improved DeepLabv3+ algorithm can provide a scientific basis and reference for semantic segmentation of big data remote sensing images.

在地理学“文化和空间转向”背景下,城市社会文化的关注渐渐成为城市研究和文化地理学研究中的热点.文中选择以茶楼为代表的传统茶文化消费和以星巴克为代表的新兴咖啡文化消费空间的冲突与变化为视角,结合问卷调查和深度访谈对以星巴克为代表的外来消费文化现象进行分析,从文化行为与心态层面归纳总结广州城市文化消费空间的重构及其内在机制.研究表明:在全球化影响下,星巴克咖啡消费空间的兴起,在广州培育了以中产阶级和学生为主的一批忠实的消费群体,对传统茶文化空间产生一定的冲击,伴随的是消费者“符号化”消费心理的膨胀及追求生活第

Since “One Belt and One Road” became the national strategy, the economic and trade contacts between China and the countries along the line have been the focus of attentions. Export trade is an important measure to stimulate economic growth and promote national influence. Guangdong Province has the highest export trade value in China and its export trade with the countries and regions along “One Belt and One Road” has been increasing. In this paper, the spatial and temporal changes in the pattern of export trade between Guangdong and the countries and regions along “One Belt and One Road” were studied using data during 2000-2014 provided by China Customs. The results showed that the export trade of Guangdong concentrated on the countries and regions (e.g., HMT, Southeast Asia, South Asia and West Asia/Middle East) along the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road Economic Belt” with a lower-than-national-average weight in export trade with the countries and regions along the “Silk Road Economic Belt”, including Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Mongolia-Russia region; the export trade between Guangdong Province and the countries and regions along “One Belt and One Road” had been growing and the export trade pattern had changed a lot. The emerging economies had been taking up a larger proportion in the import trade of Guangdong Province while the developed countries (regions) and the developing countries with a small economic aggregate had been taking up a smaller proportion and stepping down in ranking; the major exported commodities of Guangdong were equipment manufacturing products, textiles and garments, and general equipment and instruments. Influenced by the demand structure of the countries (regions) along the line, the export commodity structures differed greatly between regions.

After the US resumed official relationship with Myanmar, the nation has become the key area of Sino-US East Asia strategy. The Myanmar government and its local minority ethnic military forces have made any effort to fulfill their political goals. Thus, the political situation of North Myanmar is subject to many parts, and the current situation is reflecting the complicated relationship among different parts, including US, China, Myanmar government and local ethnic military forces. From the perspective of inter-subjectivity, along with global geopolitical changes, we analyzed the actions of main parts and their inter-relationships in the North Myanmar situation. Based on the interview and the investigation data, we inferred the future situation in Myanmar. The conclusion is as follows: in the short run, before the presidential election, the situation will be unstable and with lasting intense tensions; in the long run, after the election, the situation will tends to be pacified but with temporary tensions. It suggests that China should strengthen inter-governmental cooperation to prevent the US intervention in the future, and change its investments, maintain the national image in Myanmar. China can also attempt to keep contact with local military forces and other parties, as an impressive nation, creatively involving the regional affairs to properly solve the conflicts in the North Myanmar.

Maritime Silk Road, with peace, friendship, economic equality, culture, and diplomacy communication as its purpose, has had a long history in China and a widespread impact on the world. Maritime Silk Road originated before the Qin Dynasty and officially opened in the Qin and Han dynasties, when Xuwen and Hepu became the departure ports. Merchant ships sailed over the Indian Ocean, generating the first great cultural exchange in the world with the dissemination of Buddhism and new crop varieties as its main contents. The period of Sui, Tang and the Five Dynasties was a prosperous period of Maritime Silk Road, when Guangzhou port became a worldwide port where domestic and foreign merchants gathered. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Maritime Silk Road had further development and prosperity, Guangzhou and Quanzhou gained the position of principal port and established close business relations with the Arab world. The worship of Mazu produced, who is thought to be the Goddess of Sea in China. The incoming of Champa rice, etc., profoundly changed the land use pattern of China. In the Ming dynasty marked by Zhenghe’s seven expeditions to the western seas, Maritime Silk Road began to decline. As some new crops such as sweet potato and corn were introduced, and Matteo Ricci did missionary work and brought western science, technology to China, Macao and Zhaoqing became two cultural exchange centers, forming a bridge between eastern and western civilization, thus causing a revolution in China's grain production and cultural changes of some ideas. In the early stage of the Qing dynasty, the policy of secluding China from the outside world was carried out, Guangzhou (Canton) became the only foreign trade port in China. The newly developed sea routes brought about the rise of Thirteen Hongs (the thirteen commercial firms) in Guangzhou. The two-way communication between Chinese and western culture was active and the maritime silk road reached its height. However, after the Opium War of 1840, the nature of the trade between China and West was completely changed, the maritime Silk Road, which had lasted for more than 2000 years, had a full stop.

In this paper the coastal zone to be studied is defined as the area along the shoreline at mean high tide level with a width of 2 km. The present situation of land use of the coastal zone and its problems are analyzed. The results show that：1) there are 228 166.44 hm2 of land resources in 12 coastal cities and counties， accounting for 6.63% of the total of the province; 2) both coastal land area and the farmland area in Wenchang rank first on the list of the 12 coastal cities and counties，while Sanya has the largest construction land area in coastal zone，Haikou the second; 3) the density of the construction land in coastal zone is high，which is 4.5 times the average of the province; 4) the land utilization efficiency of coastal zone is high，but contradiction between man and land becomes more and more prominent．And the land use structure needs to be optimized; 5) the intensive land use of coastal zone has led to obviously ecological degeneration， and this is particularly prominent in Wenchang，Wanning and Haikou．Aiming at those problems，the paper brings forward some countermeasures or suggestions for coastal zone on land use manner，land use degree，land use structure，land use distribution and land use benefit．

The paper studies the villagers’ participation in the process of reconstruction of Urban Villages through a case study of Liede Village which is the first urban village to be reconstructed in Guangzhou. The authors empirically investigate the organization and participation of the villagers in the whole process of reconstruction of the village，and make conclusions on the villagers’ participation and analysis from the perspective of New Institution Economics. It is found that there exists serious imbalance of information between the Village Committee and normal villagers, and the normal villgers have seldom decision power. The normal villagers play a rather passive role of “being informed”.The main problem lies on the huge gap between the official institution arrangement and villagers’ demand and interest in participation in reconstruction of Liede Village. Therefore all kinds of informal participation means are created through internet and local network, and it directly leads to transition of institution. This article put forward some suggestions on the institution construction that would help to enhance the villagers’ participation according to the local resources, in order to promote the successful transition of the community governance.

Coastal sandy land is located in the sensitive area of global change. More and more attention has been paid to coastal land use change and connected environmental effects. In this paper, the literature concerning the study on coastal sandy land use is reviewed, the definition, distribution and area of coastal sandy land are introduced. The process of coastal sandy land research is divided into three stages: 1) the stage of aeolian geomorphology research (early stage), 2) that of coastal land resources investigation (mid stage), and 3) that of coasral land use change research (recent stage). Progress in technology of coastal land use change study at home and abroad, and the effects of the change on atmospheric environment, water environment, soil environment and biological environment are summarized. Some directions for future study of coastal land use change are suggested: scene simulation of coastal sandy land change in future, quantitative study on the driving mechanism of the coastal sandy land, overall effects of coastal sandy land use change on ecological environment, and rational exploitation and layout of forest shelter on coastal sandy land, etc.

In this paper, an isobath bathygram (200 m interval) of the South China Sea and 11 sea charts (Scale 1﹕250 000, 1﹕800 000) of the Chinese Nansha Islands were vectorized to extract the information of depth, area and locations of the islands and reefs by using Mercator projection and CGCS 2000 coordinates with ArcGIS 10.1. It comes to the conclusion that the islands and reefs invaded by Vietnam in the Chinese Nansha Islands concentrate in two lines (one is Vertical, the other is Horizontal). Nánzǐ Dǎo (The Southwest Cay in Western sea charts), Jǐnghóng Dǎo (Sin Cowe Island), Nánwēi Dǎo (Spratly Island, Storm Island), Lìumén Jiāo (Alison Reef and Prince of Wales Bank) constitute a pattern of four primary cores and one secondary core from north to south. The islands and reefs were classified into 5 types according to their area sizes. Overlaying and reclassificating analysis was made on the acreage of the islands and reefs invaded by Vietnam in Chinese Nansha Islands. It reveals that seven islands and reefs would have more potential for land reclamation. Those are: Hóngxīu Dǎo (Namyit Island), Jǐnghóng Dǎo (Sin Cowe Island), Xī Jiāo (West Reef), Zhōng Jiāo (Central Reef), Bìshēng Jiāo (Pearson Reef), Lìumén Jīao (Alison Reef and Prince of Wales Bank) and Bó jiāo (Barque Canada Reef).

Since the 1980s, China has begun its direct investment in Africa. Economic and trade cooperation has been strengthened under the joint efforts of both sides. China has established six economic and trade cooperation zones in Africa according to the successful experiences of Chinese special economic zones, and the establishment and operation of these economic and trade cooperation zones are in line with the interests of both sides and have a huge potential for development. Up till now, research by experts in China and abroad has mainly focused on the establishment background, development process and status, influencing factors, and measures and suggestions for sustainable development of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation zones without in-depth investigation of a single economic and trade cooperation zone. Therefore, using Zambia-China Economic and Cooperation Zone in southern Africa as an example, the present paper analyzes the advantages of and challenges faced by the cooperation zone based on its establishment background and development process. One advantage is a mature political and economic environment in Zambia. Zambia has a mature national system and maintains friendly relations with many countries. Its GDP has achieved continuous positive growth for years now, and its macro-economy is stable. Another advantage is reflected in the protection and incentive policies made by the two governments: the Chinese government set up an economic and trade cooperation zone development fund and provides policy support for investment and financing; Zambia provides work permit and tax incentives. In addition, Zambia has a large market radiation circle; it is not only a founding member of the World Trade Organization, but also a member of the East African Common Market and the Southern African Development Community. Last but not least, the cooperation zone provides a full range of "one-stop" services for enterprises, and Zambia’s mature management experience has provided favorable conditions for the development of the cooperative zone. However, the cooperation zone is also facing some difficulties and challenges in its development process. The infrastructure outside the zone lags behind, especially transportation and power, which has become a bottleneck restricting the development of the cooperative zone; Zambia’s presidential election in every 5 years easily leads to legal and policy changes; the initial big investment but low profitability leads to financial shortage; additionally, Zambia’s prominent disease problems are questioned by the Western countries. According to the existing problems in the cooperation zone, the present paper discusses the experience and implications of its construction. The cooperation zone should rely on the Chinese government to set up a SME Development Fund and help Chinese financial institutions to set up branches in Africa to provide financing consulting, financial management and other aspects of services timely for enterprises; enterprises should play their roles in investment, focus on creating a complete industrial chain, make job-division and collaboration, reduce production costs and achieve economies of scale and agglomeration effect, and enhance cooperation competitiveness and ability to resist risks; enterprises should strictly abide by local laws and regulations, respect local culture and customs, and pay attention to the protection of local ecological environment; enterprises should focus on local people's livelihood, share achievements with local people, and actively fulfill their social responsibilities so as to obtain long-term sustainable development; last, exchanges between China and Africa should be strengthened and negative public opinion should be dealt with.

On the basis of four TM remote sensing imageries in 1996, 2000, 2005 and 2011, this paper studied the temporary and spatial changes of Guangzhou construction lands during the past 15 years by using ArcGIS spatial analysis tools. Results showed that the construction lands of Guangzhou city expanded about 413.44km2 during the past 15 years. The expansion speeds became faster and faster, belonging to the rapid expansion phase. The plaque number, average patch area, largest patch index and compactness of Guangzhou construction lands also increased year by year. The expansion types of construction lands in Zengcheng and Conghua Districts mainly belonged to sporadic and spread models, while the expansion type of construction lands in Guangzhou urban regions, Panyu, Nansha and Huadu District mainly belonged to filled and sprawl models. The main expansion directions of Guangzhou construction lands were toward Panyu and Nansha Districts in southeast and Huadu District in Northwest. Population growth, economic development, planning and policies, and traffic constructions were four major driving factors determining construction land expansion of Guangzhou city.

Liuxihe Model is a physically based distributed hydrological model proposed for river basin flood forecasting，which has 12 different model parameters in every cell．Due to the huge model parameters，it is difficult to optimize all the model parameters，and the parameter sensitivity analysis is needed for simplifying the parameter numbers．This paper，based on the E-FAST algorithm that has been widely used in quantitative sensitivity analysis，presented a parameter sensitivity analysis framework for Liuxihe model，which has 4 steps including parameter simplification and ranging，parameter sampling，sensitivity analysis evaluation function determination and sensitivity index calculation．Four river basins in Southern China including Huanglongdai River Basin，Liuxihe River Basin，Changhu River Basin and Xinanjiang River basin with basin areas ranging from several hundred to several thousand square kilometers were chosen as the study cases to validate this method，and 4 different evaluation functions were tested．The results showed that the water content at saturation condition and water content at field condition are highly sensitive model parameters，soil hydraulic conductivity，soil thickness，soil porosity characteristics，hill slope Manning’s coefficient and river channel Manning’s coefficient are sensitive parameters，while the other parameters including potential evaporation，evaporation coefficient，underground water recession coefficient and water content at wilting condition are less sensitive parameters．

过去十年来，教育地理学逐渐受到研究者的广泛关注。从地理学视角来关注教育问题，不同的研究动机催生了不同的研究方法。首先，通过宏观的政治经济或“外向视角”研究方法来考察教育体制，展现的是更广泛的社会、经济和政治进程；其次，微观的社会文化或“内向视角”研究方法则强调校内空间的社会差异以及家庭和教育空间之间的联系。后者在对教育经验的理解方面，承认孩子和年轻人心声的重要性。本文基于已有的教育地理学研究，以地理学关注较少或尚未关注的国际学校和宗教学校作为考察案例，提出构建一个多尺度框架来分析前者，构建一个关联式框架来解释后者。

With the rapid socio-economic development of Chinese urban agglomeration, researches on its spatial structure and contact have achieved abundant results. Taking 30 prefecture level cities of urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta as the research units, from the dynamic perspective of element flow, establishing the mathematical models of element flows and using ArcGIS drawing software, this paper quantitatively analyzes and evaluates the intensity and direction of the economic flow, traffic flow and information flow among cities of urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta. By using the assignment method to score on the intensity of three element flows, the spatial structure of urban agglomeration can be divided into two level parts: the core area (including Shanghai, eight cities along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, and the Hangzhou Bay Rim, etc.) and the radiative zone (located in the North and the South Flanks of the Yangtze River Delta Area). Based on the spatial contact characteristics between cities and spatial hierarchy structure of urban agglomeration, this paper further proposes the spatial development layout of urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta. It is considered that Shanghai would be the core city, while Suzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Hefei and Xuzhou the regional central cities, constituting an anti “K” pattern connected by four development axes, namely, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hefei, Shanghai-Hangzhou, Shanghai-Xuzhou, and Shanghai-Wenzhou. According to the features of city location and elements contact, the urban agglomeration would be further divided into six city groups, and form a spatial interaction pattern of point-line-area in orderly development, the central city would serve as growth of node, the development axis as connecting line, and city group as developing area.

This study explores the trade pattern and influencing factors between China and countries along “ the Belt and Road” route using the gravity model of trade. With the implementation of China’s “the Belt and Road” initiative, the growing trade between China and countries along “the Belt and Road” route gradually became the principal measured standard of the achievements of the “the Belt and Road” initiative and an essential sign of implementing the concept of “the Belt and Road” initiative. Based on the five types of connectivity of “the Belt and Road” initiative, including connectivity of policy, infrastructure, trade, finance, and people, we unravel the factors influencing the trade between China and countries along “the Belt and Road” route and conduct a quantitative analysis of the factors. This study found that the total trade volume in the total import and export between China and countries along “the Belt and Road” route is influenced by the level of economic development, the size of each country’s market, the political system, accessibility and convenience of trade, and China’s foreign direct investment and non-governmental exchange and cooperation. Among these, China’s foreign direct investment shows hysteresis in promoting trade development between China and countries along “the Belt and Road” route. Because of each country’s different economic policies, trade policies, and international relations, the delay period between China’s foreign direct investment and trade development could differ. China’s foreign direct investment in countries along “the Belt and Road” route, however, has the most positive effect two years after the investment flowing into the host country. This study also found that China’s foreign direct investment has various effects on the total trade volume in the total import and export between China and countries along “the Belt and Road” route. They can be divided into four types: strong driving, driving, general, and insufficient driving. The countries in the strong driving type and driving type are in Southeast Asia, western Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. This study enriches the domestic empirical research on the influencing factors of foreign trade between China and countries along “the Belt and Road” route, helps to improve the efficiency of Chinese enterprises’ overseas investment, and contributes to promoting the communication on economics and trade between China and countries along “the Belt and Road” route. This study also puts forward the view that China’s foreign direct investment shows hysteresis in promoting trade development. Future research could focus on the differences of the delay period in different industries between China’s foreign direct investment and the economic and trade development in the host country, exploring ways to shorten the delay period from the policy perspective and better promote the implementation of “the Belt and Road” initiative.

Based on analysis of related literature, the paper introduces the connotation of “One Belt and One Road” Initiative, analyzes the relationship between “One Belt and One Road” Initiative and the development of tourism industry in Hainan, and researches comprehensively the present situation, connotation, background, internal conditions and external factors, and vision of the development of “China Tourism Special Zone” in Hainan Province. The study finds that: the exploration and innovation of “China Tourism Special Zone” in Hainan province mainly are reflected in development concept, development content, development form, operation mechanism and system mechanisms. The development of “China Tourism Special Zone” will benefit seizing opportunities of “One Belt and One Road” Initiative, solving existing problems of tourism industry development, and improving the overall level of tourism industry development in Hainan Province. The internal and external influencing factors of “China Tourism Special Zone” mainly display in political aspect, economic aspect, social aspect, and technology aspect, etc. Among them, advantages and opportunities are the development mainstream of “China Tourism Special Zone”. The vision development of “China Tourism Special Zone” in Hainan Province mainly is reflected in the specifications and grades, internationalization and product diversification level of the overall tourism destination in Hainan Province. Finally, according to the requirements of “One Belt and One Road” Initiative and the actual development of the tourism industry in Hainan province, the paper proposes some measures including establishing the development concepts, improving the supporting policies, advancing regional tourism cooperation, and creating the special tourism product system. The paper expands the research field of “One Belt and One Road” Initiative, and provides some references for the international development of tourism industry in Hainan Province.

The emerging unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing is an important supplement to traditional aerial and satellite remote sensing due to its flexible, fast and cost-effective capability for acquiring very high spatial resolution imagery. In this study, we explored the application of UAV to monitoring mangrove forests. The study area is located in the Yingluo Bay, on the borders between Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces. Using the UAV, we collected aerial photos of the coastal zones of Yingluo Bay, covering an area of 25.29 km² with three flight missions totaling 2.5 hours. The high-resolution aerial images were first mosaicked and then used for interpretation and classification of mangrove forests. A typical sample plot of the study area was selected to conduct classification of mangrove species using object-oriented classification method with the nearest neighbor classifier. The classification accuracy of visual interpretation of mangrove forests extraction and that of object-oriented nearest neighbor analysis for mangrove species classification were both higher than 90%. We also compared our approach to conventional technology of aerial and satellite remote sensing for monitoring mangrove wetlands. Results suggested that UAV would be a good choice for mangrove research. It is promised that UAV would become a popular and useful tool for researchers and government agencies to contribute to mangrove reservation and management.

“One Belt & One Road” (B&R) strategy which was firstly proposed by China, can be considered as the provision of public goods to the world. What is more, green and environmental protection requirements have been one of the most important content. Recent studies about this strategy have tended to focus on the strategic and institutional frame design by qualitative discussion, and almost no discussion about carbon emission and environmental issues. Based on the differences of low-carbon economy in B&R countries, how to choose the investment projects and countries will be very important to make “B&R” strategy green. Thus, this paper constructs a carbon emission driving factor decomposition model by extending the classic Kaya model. Then, we analyze the drivers of the carbon emission in 50 countries along the Belt and Road from 1992 to 2011 by adopting the approaches of the ordinary regression analysis and quantile regression. At last, we evaluate the historical contribution and potential of those countries to carbon emission reduction by constructing indicators. The results of mean regression analysis show that the effects of population, the urbanization level, the proportion of industrial output, the rate of non-renewable energy and the per capita GDP on the increase of the carbon emission successively weaken. From the quantile regression analysis, we find that the increase of population and industrialization degree has the greatest effect on the carbon emission for medium-emission countries; GDP per capita has the minimal impact on high emission countries. Emission contribution analysis shows that the carbon emission output effects, carbon emission reduction effects and decoupling index in those countries are all less than 1, the carbon emission reduction effect is less than the output effect index and decoupling indicators in most years are even less than 0. This indicates that the relation between economics and carbon emission in those countries do not have any decoupling effect. Judging from the carbon emission reduction potential analysis, we find that 28% of those countries have not reached the world average reduction level, and most countries would have great potential for emission reduction in the future. Thus, more investment in those countries will be helpful for a green “B&R” strategy.

Coral reefs are the most productive and diverse of all marine ecosystems. In recent years, coral reefs are in degradation under the threats of natural events and human activities, such as climate change, sea-level rising, ocean acidification, over-fishing, sedimentation, contamination and regional development. How to protect coral reefs so that they can produce ecosystem goods and services sustainably to meet the needs of today and future is focused on in recent years. Related concepts and approaches of sustainable development of coral reefs are introduced in this paper. The potential of sustainable development of and the pressure faced by the coral reefs in the South China Sea Islands are also analyzed. Finally, several sustainable development methods for the coral reefs in the South China Sea Islands are proposed, such as MPA, ICZM, and EBM.

In order to provide an important theoretical basis for proper policymaking to allocate the responsibility for CO₂ emission reduction at the city scale and make targeted reduction policy for urban economy, Shanghai city was used as a representative case to calculate the embodiment of local CO₂ emission based on the Chinese MRIO tables of 2007. Two CO₂ emission accounting approaches (production accounting principle and consumption accounting principle) were also applied, and the sources and flows of the embodied CO₂ emission in domestic import by and export from Shanghai in 2007 were discussed. One finding from this study was that Shanghai’s CO₂ emission embodied in domestic trade was 82.60 million tons, which accounted for approximately 50.67% of Shanghai’s CO2 emission in 2007. The lower limit and the upper limit of Shanghai’s CO₂ emission embodied in international trade were 48.97 and 26.52 million tons, which accounted for approximately 30.04% and 16.27% of Shanghai’s CO₂ emission in 2007, respectively. Moreover, the difference between the lower limit and the upper limit of Shanghai’s EEI was very large, indicating that Shanghai had a great potential in realizing energy-saving and emission reduction. In addition, Embodied CO2 emission in total output and final consumption differed widely between the 30 industrial sectors in Shanghai. Notably, the higher the net output of CO₂ emission embodied in various sectors in international trade was, the less obviously Shanghai’s CO₂ emission was affected by a production-based approach. Another important finding was that the top five contributors in terms of CO₂ emission embodied in domestic import by Shanghai were Hebei, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangsu and Henan. Additionally, further calculation suggested that the CO₂ emission embodied in domestic import by Shanghai from these five regions accounted for approximately 45.74% of the total and 17.05% of Shanghai’s CO₂ emission respectively, suggesting that these regions provided a strong support for Shanghai’ economic growth through trade. The top five receivers in terms of CO₂ emission embodied in domestic export from Shanghai were Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Hebei and Anhui. Additionally, further calculation suggested that the CO₂ emission embodied in exports from Shanghai in domestic trade to these five regions made up 50.04% of the total and 6.71% of Shanghai’s CO₂ emission in 2007, respectively, suggesting that the impact of CO₂ emission embodied in export trade from Shanghai on these regions’ responsibilities for CO₂ emission reduction may be greater than on the other regions of China.

城市空间结构对碳排放的影响是低碳城市规划建设中一项重要的科学命题.其中,城市空间结构对于城市交通及其能源消耗和碳排放的影响是学者们普遍关注的焦点.国外学者围绕影响城市交通及其碳排放的城市空间结构因素及其作用机制展开了大量细致深入的实证研究,并据此提出了利于节能减排的空间结构模式与调控策略.研究方法上,国外学者多采用定量研究的方法,通过建立空间结构要素与交通能耗的综合关系模型来说明二者的关系,并且越来越倾向于在模型中引入一系列社会经济变量,以便更好理解城市空间结构对于交通的影响.相比之下,国内的相关研究起步

通过对广州城市交通现状尤其是结合对地铁交通的土地利用与居民出行情况进行调查,指出地铁实施TOD战略具有诱导城市空间结构重组、加快城区更新与土地置换的步伐、推进对地下空间开发、吸引居民出行等作用.同时发现广州地铁尚存在如下问题:地铁与常规公交衔接不畅;地铁沿线预留地太少,地下空间没有有效利用;地铁票价过高,通勤出行率低;线路规划缺乏全面考虑,站点布置不合理,换乘繁琐.据此提出规划建设地铁环线的设想与具体措施,希望能为未来广州地铁TOD的顺利实施提供借鉴与参考.

Topography of the Ganquan Plateau in the Xisha area of the South China Sea was studied using multibeam bathymetric data. The top of the Ganquan Plateau was flat with slopes generally less than 1°, but the topography was a three-level terrace tilting toward the southwest with water depth ranging from 550–700 m. At water depth of 600–850 m, submarine terraces commonly developed with up to 5 levels recognized, and the terraces in the west were more developed than those in the east of the Ganquan Plateau. It is preliminarily believed that the top and peripheral terrace topography of the Ganquan Plateau was a result of the combined effects of the global sea level change at the time scale of glacial-interglacial cycle and the crust subsidence of the South China Sea. These two influencing factors might control the development of the other coral reefs in the South China Sea as well. Talus topography developed at the periphery of the Ganquan Plateau at water depth between 850 and 1 300 m, which is speculated to result from deposits of coral fragments transported from the top of reefs. The more developed talus topography in the northwest compared to that in the southeast might be directly related to the southwest tilt of the top of the Ganquan Plateau.

As an important ecological boundary, the pseudo-timberline is the product of multiple environmental factors, and widely distributed in subtropical regions, but the distribution characteristics and influencing factors are poorly understood. In this paper, spatial-temporal characteristics of the pseudo-timberline in Shimentai National Nature Reserve and its adjacent areas were studied with the 3S technology according to the high resolution QuickBird images and DEM data from two phases in 2011 and 2015. The results showed that: the pseudo-timberline was distributed at altitudes between 317 m and 1 569 m, of which 80% was from 700 m to 1200 m. Considering the distribution frequency of the pseudo-timberline at different altitudes, the overall trend firstly showed an increase, then followed by a decrease with increasing altitude, and the maximum frequency was found at the altitudes from 1 000 to 1 100 m, accounting for 18.33%. Meanwhile, the average altitude of the pseudo-timberline distributed in different slopes and aspects all showed a rising trend, but it was not very significant (P>0.1). The pseudo-timberline was mainly distributed on the slopes from 5° to 35°, while few was on the flat ground of less than 2°, and the vertical slope with gradient over 55°. The highest average altitude and the maximum altitude of pseudo-timberline were both concentrated on the slopes from 5° to 15°, while the lowest values all occured on the vertical slope, and the proportion of the pseudo-timberline was only 0.03%. The altitude of timberline indicated obvious variations in different aspects of the study area (P<0.001), in which the altitude on the north slope was significantly higher than that on the south, and that on the east slightly higher than that on the west. The highest altitude of timberline was on the northwest slope while the lowest was on the south slope. As for the distribution frequency of the pseudo-timberline on different slopes, the largest was on the west slope, reaching 22.65%, while the lowest on the northeast slope, only 6%, and that on the east slope and the west slope was far greater than that on the south slope and the north slope. The habitat of the plant communities near the pseudo-timberline is special, and the environmental factors that affect its distribution are also complicated. In the future, we need to further combine the high precision remote sensing image with the ground long-term field observation, so as to further study the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the pseudo-timberline and its influencing factors.

With the breakdown of the Danwei (work unit) system and the deepening of social restructuring, housing structure in Chinese cities has undergone a profound transformation after more than two decades’ housing reform. Commodity housing estates become the predominant form of residential neighbourhoods, and give rise to a multiplex power relation entangling multiple stakeholders including the residents committee, property management company, and homeowner association (HOA). The current studies on HOA are mainly centered in the field of sociology, law and management sciences, and few is from geographical perspective, moreover, discussions on the institution are more than empirical studies, especially, qualitative analysis is highlighted and quantitative analysis is seldom used. Based on a large-scale household survey and in-depth interviews in Guangzhou in 2012, in combination of collective action, multi-center governance, community governance, we studied the gated community development characteristics and governance efficacy in Guangzhou, and analyzed the influence factors of governance efficacy by means of linear regression. We found that the current development of HOA in China is facing the problems such as imperfect legal environment, shortage of operation funds, lack of participation of the property owners, which is not good for the growth and promotion of “civil society” and ‘collective action’, and difficult to form an effective “multi-center governance order”. The governance efficacy of HOA is affected by a number of factors, including individual characteristics such as household registration, awareness and understanding of property management regulations, neighbourhood characteristics such as neighbourhood size, housing price, and neighbourhood disputes and public participation.