This study responds to the current rapid increase in research on the current focus and future direction of the impact of returned overseas talent on regional development at home and abroad, which still lacks a relatively systematic literature review. The study aims to provide a scientific basis for exploring the utility of talent returning from overseas. Using CiteSpace for the literature review, we retrieved 631 relevant papers in core journals from two databases, "Web of Science" and "China National Knowledge Infrastructure." With the help of quantitative statistics, collaborative networks, and keyword hotspot evolution, we analyzed and reviewed relevant studies and drew the following conclusions: First, based on the trend of increasing of literatures, the research shows a three-stage process from to 1998-2007, to 2008-2013, and 2014-present. The studies cover a wide range of topics, including regional innovation, economic development, and social differentiation, from multiple disciplines and perspectives, such as economics, management, sociology and geography. Second, the research is constantly expanding and deepening. The research subjects were refined from returned overseas talent as a whole to returnee entrepreneurs, executives, teachers, and other returned overseas talent in different fields. Research content has gradually shifted from technological progress and innovation to economic growth and enterprise efficiency and then to social structure and social cognition. The research results within each field were systematized. Lastly, The impact of returned overseas talent on regional development mainly stems from the advantages of human capital and international social capital contributed by the overseas experience of those returning. In the context of relatively underdeveloped regions, the impact of returnees on regional innovation, economic development, and social differentiation is widespread and multiscale, from the regional, organizational, and individual levels. To conclude, the research is based on regional realities; the theoretical contributions have gradually improved and diversified, and the research methods are both qualitative and quantitative. There is scope for future research on the following aspects: exploring the impact of returned overseas talent on regional development from a spatial perspective, looking at different spatial carriers in the region, the interaction mechanism between returned overseas talent and regional development, and the data sources, and methods used to study the impact of returned overseas talent on regional development.

Under the auspices of the national strategies for urban-rural integration and rural revitalization, a focus on the functional evolution and spatial reorganization mechanisms of urban agriculture is of great theoretical and practical significance. This paper analyzes research progress in urban agriculture functional transformation and presents key scientific issues in urgent need of attention in future research. This paper aims to promote high-quality, ecologically sound development of urban agriculture and provides a scientific basis for integrated development of urban and rural areas. We have found that: 1) Research into urban agriculture functional transformation mainly focuses on evaluation and division of urban agriculture development transformation into type models, including multi-functional transformation and sustainable development of urban agriculture, spatial organization and production organization pathways of urban agriculture, land use and bidding mechanisms applied to urban agriculture development, and problems arising from urban agriculture and its multi-dimensional effects. At present, research related to the functional transformation of urban agriculture is guided by the theories of agricultural development, agricultural multi-functionality, and agricultural product demand, focusing on land alienation, ownership security, and diversification of agricultural production subjects in the process of urbanization. 2) The development of urban agriculture presents complex characteristics (i.e., it is multi-subject, multi-linkage, and multi-objective), and coordination of mixed social relations based on the demands of different stakeholders can also pose difficulties. The process and results of the cooperative game of urban agricultural space rental competition and subject interests exert crucial impacts on the restructuring of urban agricultural production system and spatial organization. The dynamic mechanisms of functional evolution and spatial reorganization of regional urban agriculture systems need to be studied. An urgent need exists to strengthen research into land bidding, land tenure, and related stakeholders in urban agriculture development from the perspective of regional systems. It is necessary to clarify the basic and dominant factors influencing the evolution of urban agriculture systems based on different scales, subjects, and perspectives and to elucidate the rent competition mechanism underlying spatial reorganization and ecological and environmental effects. 3) Future research needs to solve key scientific issues regarding three aspects of urban agriculture functional transformation. First, from the perspective of the rural-urban continuum, to clarify the interaction linkage and coupling mechanism between endogenous and external forces driving regional functional evolution in urban agricultural systems. Second, to reveal the key mechanism of spatial restructuring of regional urban agricultural systems and clarify synergies among stakeholders and the logic of land bidding. Third, based on the ecological and environmental impacts of the functional evolution of regional urban agriculture systems and spatial reorganization, comparative studies on the ecological impact of regional functional transformation of agricultural systems at different locations on urban-rural spatial gradient transects are needed.

With the rapid advancement of China's urbanization, industrialization, and marketization, and the in-depth implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the response of the territorial system of human-environment interaction in rural areas is intense, and the agricultural industry has shown a diversified development trend. Sorting and summarizing the existing research on domestic agricultural functions is important for promoting sustainable agricultural development in the new era, accelerating agricultural transformation and upgrading, and comprehensively revitalizing rural areas. Domestic scholars attach great importance to agricultural development and the services that the agricultural industry provides to society. Geographers have used their disciplinary advantages and have gradually integrated multidisciplinary theories and methods to conduct numerous studies on the conceptual connotations, theoretical bases, classification systems, measurements and evaluations, spatiotemporal processes, influencing factors, and optimization paths of agricultural functions. The academic circle has initially formed the geographical research paradigm of "theoretical basis-spatial pattern- evolution process-influence mechanism-optimal regulation." This study reviews the research progress of agricultural function in China from the perspective of geography and draws the following conclusions: 1) Based on the sorting of the definition of agricultural function in China, this paper defines agricultural function as the role or utility of agriculture, that is, the services and responsibilities that the whole agricultural industry chain renders to the whole society at different times and spaces, including providing products, solving employment problems, inheriting culture, maintaining social stability, and providing ecological services. Furthermore, it has comprehensive, cross-sectional, and regional characteristics. 2) The theoretical basis of agricultural function research includes the territorial system of human-environment interaction, agricultural multifunction, agricultural location, and agricultural function stage theories. Geographers can further improve and enrich relevant theories of agricultural functions through continuous research. 3) Considering the contribution and support of agricultural development to regional socioeconomic development and residents' lives, the researchers divided agricultural functions into product supply, economic development, social security, ecological maintenance, cultural leisure, and so on, and the spatial changes and regional characteristics of agricultural functions were further studied using GIS and RS technology and a geographic mathematical model. 4) The development of agricultural functions is affected by regional natural conditions, economic level, science, and technology. Scholars systematically integrate natural, social, economic, and other factors; scientifically diagnose each factor's mode, direction, and intensity of action in different geographical environments; and perform functional zoning and optimization based on the regional geographical environment and main influencing factors, thus promoting the transformation and development of agricultural functions toward specialization and diversification. 5) Based on summarizing the achievements of agricultural function research conducted by domestic scholars, the shortcomings of existing research in fundamental theory, method and data innovation, scale correlation, and multidisciplinary integration are discussed, and the need to improve the theoretical framework system of research in the future to promote multi-factor, multi-scale, and multi-objective systematic research is proposed. In addition, it is necessary to focus on the transforming of agricultural functions, and strengthening the integration of multidisciplinary, big data and new technological means.

National influence pertains to the encompassing evaluation and general impression of a given nation. As the Belt and Road Initiative celebrates its 10th anniversary, it is necessary to deepen the understanding its achievements by analyzing China's national influence. Using data from the Overseas Chinese Enterprises and Employees Comprehensive Survey in Southeast Asia, this study employed the entropy method to calculate China's level of influence. Additionally, it analyzed the significant role played by multidimensional distance factors. The findings revealed that China's influence surpasses that of the United States among most Southeast Asian countries. The citizens of Singapore and Malaysia rate China's influence the highest, while those in the Philippines and Myanmar rate it the lowest. The impact disparity between China and the United States is the greatest in Malaysia, and is smallest in the Philippines. The regression analysis indicates that China's influence is impeded by economic, institutional, and social distance. Specifically, there is a negative correlation between the degree of economic gap and institutional differences with the evaluation of China's influence. Moreover, the lower the degree of acceptance of the Chinese people in Southeast Asia, the less likely they are to view China's influence positively. These findings imply similar patterns in the Southeast Asian evaluation of China's influence that is closely related to economic and institutional differences. Geographic distance and cultural proximity may enhance individuals' perception of China's influence to a limited extent. However, the effect of geographical distance within the same region is relatively negligible, and the promotion effect of cultural distance is not robust, this defies the notion that spatial and cultural proximity to China can improve the manner in which people evaluate China's influence. In contrast, enjoying Chinese film and television productions, listening to Chinese music, and accessing information about China via the internet and new media can positively alter the perception of Southeast Asians toward China's overall impact. After accounting for potential measurement errors and the endogeneity of the key explanatory variables, the impact of multidimensional distance on the assessment of China's influence evaluation remains robust. Furthermore, there is clear individual variation in the effect of multidimensional distance on the evaluation of China's influence. Research indicates that geographical, economic, and social distance have a greater impact on low-income groups, while cultural and institutional distance have a greater effect on groups with higher evaluations of the United States. Geographical distance tends to narrow the gap in respondents' evaluations of China's influence, whereas economic and social distance tends to widen it. Therefore, China's influence can be enhanced by promoting trade and establishing friendly exchanges with Southeast Asian countries, and by increasing access to film and television productions.

As urban development progresses, the complex phenomenon of city shrinkage increases. Perforated shrinkage is a leading pattern within Chinese cities. In this study, the Qingshan District in Wuhan (including its chemical industrial area) is considered as a representative case of a large metropolitan area experiencing perforated shrinkage. Through the use of methods such as spatial syntax, Point Of Interest (POI) analysis, and word frequency analysis, the study examines material and social spatial connections to verify the existence of an "island effect". The following results were obtained: 1) Analysis of the topological relationships within the Wuhan metropolitan development area and the interior regions of the Qingshan District reveals that Qingshan has low global and local integration values as well as choice metrics, indicating issues related to roadway accessibility and uneven distribution of transportation facilities. This leads to weak internal and external material spatial connections. Additional kernel density analysis of public facility POIs indicates poor and uneven infrastructure distribution in Qingshan. Additionally, questionnaire surveys and word frequency analysis suggest deficiencies in the area's external attractiveness and independent development at the policy level. These factors interact and contribute collectively to the island effect within Qingshan District. 2) Recognizing the similarities in the developmental background and policy frameworks between other domestic cities experiencing perforated shrinkage and the Qingshan District, this study infers that the island effect is a characteristic of metropolitan areas showing perforated shrinkage and is closely tied to institutional factors within Chinese urban areas. 3) The phenomenon of metropolitan perforated shrinkage and spatial connections have an interactive relationship, leading to the emergence of regional island effects. These island effects underscore the importance of coordinated internal development within the region, providing novel perspectives for managing urban shrinkage. For instance, cities should accelerate the development of transportation networks and construction of public spaces to avert feelings of isolation and closure at the spatial connection level, addressing the problem of unbalanced development with prompt promotion of policies emphasizing cooperation and talent attraction. This study's exploration and findings on the mechanisms and impacts of the isolation caused by perforated shrinkage highlight the urgency for better-coordinated development plans. This study presents innovative ways to address urban shrinkage aimed at improved urban infrastructural connectivity, equitable development, and resilient urban planning.

Since the 1990s, border security has been a pressing issue in political geography. With the increasing interactions between China and its neighboring countries, border security has increased the attention of scholars and government officials. Security issues along the China-Myanmar border are particularly eye-catching owing to Myanmar's fast-changing social and political reforms and unrest, as well as the complicated situation in Northern Myanmar that has gathered a large number of armed ethnic minorities. Tensions have resulted in prominent traditional and non-traditional security issues along the China-Myanmar border. Illegal cross-border trade is one non-traditional security problem in the region; specifically, illegal cross-border cattle trade is a particular but understudied case. This study investigates the actors, transportation, and social networks involved in illegal cross-border cattle trade. Using first-hand materials collected in the border area and secondary archives, the study analyzes the spatial and temporal features and operation mechanisms of smuggling. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) From the perspective of the time stage, the study identifies approximately three stages. Before 2004, the illegal cross-border cattle trade, relying on kin relationships, was in its embryonic stage. From 2004 to 2018, the domestic beef market was in short supply, and the illegal cross-border cattle trade, this time relying on nepotism, gradually became more frequent, reaching 1.6-2 million heads per year and entering the development stage. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2018 and 2020, owing to the enhanced border control, the volume of illegal cross-border trade has plummeted, decreasing by around tens of thousands to more than 100,000 each year, and then entering a period of extinction. (2) Spatially, illegal cross-border trade mainly comprises three routes: the northern, central, and southern routes, from northern India to China's Yunnan Province through northern Myanmar. Among the three routes, the middle route sees the largest number of cross-border cattle, among which, the cross-border flow of cattle from Myanmar through the Yunnan Ruili Nongdao channel is the largest, followed by the northern route; the southern route sees the lowest number. (3) The China-Myanmar illegal cross-border cattle trade relies on the trust bond, regulation, and enforcement mechanism provided by the natural geographical environment and cross-border nepotism, thus forming a complete social network trade chain. The study suggests methods to control illegal cross-border trade by simplifying formal trade and strengthening the construction of smart borders. The findings provide reference for the prevention and control of illegal cross-border trade. Although illegal cross-border cattle trade can be regarded as a type of illegal cross-border trade, owing to the large volume of live cattle, the transportation is more difficult, and it is easier to detect. As such, the choice of illegal cross-border routes is quite different from that of general small goods and is more obviously affected by natural geographical conditions and social and interpersonal network factors. Thus, illegal cross-border cattle trade provides a unique case study of the relations between illegal cross-border trade and human, physical, and geographical conditions.

Music has the power to recreate place and awaken a sense of place. As a medium of communication, music combines the narrative characteristics of imagery, nostalgia, and localization. Songs named after place names and their comments have an image-based expression of the place, as well as a symbolic emotional mapping between the creator and the listener. Focusing on two music platforms, QQ Music and NetEase Cloud Music, this study considered songs related to Chengdu, used lyrics and comments as textual data, and conducted content analysis from the perspective of musical narration. It determined the degree of association between feature words through high-frequency word statistics and socio-semantic network analysis and constructed the dimensions of local imagery through rooting theory. The study also constructed a theoretical model of "local image construction based on music narration," analyzed the features of local image, and examined the relationship between music narration, local image, and city charm. The results indicate the following: (1) The local image of Chengdu in music narrative comprises three aspects: symbol presentation image, meaning-endowed image, and comprehensive expression image. Among these, symbol presentation image includes seven categories, while meaning-endowed image and comprehensive expression image each contain two categories. (2) Music narration can be categorized into the narration of songs and critical narration whereby listeners express their views under the influence of narrative transmission; narrative text has an impact on element cognition, emotional resonance and tone rendering in three aspects: narrative elements, structure and tone, so as to construct place image. The local image is specifically expressed as follows: based on narration elements such as character, time, place and environment, it connects the cognition of image elements such as character, time, space and landscape; through the narration structure of "I say to you" and "you listen to me," the emotional resonance is triggered after the individual role is substituted, forming emotional and intentional images; under the rendering of these narrative tones, combined with individual cognition and emotion, macroscopic atmosphere image and local characteristic image are formed. (3) The local image of Chengdu as narrated musically is characterized by the coexistence of tradition and modernity, the interaction between nature and humanity, and the sense of romance and "the feeling of home". 4) Music narration constructs the local image of "ideal home," "story tavern, " and "earthly life, " which become the charm of the city. This study connects music, narration, and place; addresses how music constructs local image; and introduces the perspective of narratology to expand the relationship between music and local image into a deeper mechanism. Simultaneously, the expression of the city image evolves from the spatial structure and symbolic perception to the place meaning level, conveying a sense of spatial temperature and bringing the space to life. Moreover, the model proposed in the study provides theoretical and methodological reference for the creation of charming cities, construction of local imagery, and image promotion.

As an emerging form of accommodation in the leisure and vacation era, the relation marketing of homestays is an important factor in promoting a good relation between hosts and guests and stimulating the citizenship behavior of customers. Customer citizenship behavior is necessary to enhance the customer travel experience and promote the high-quality development of the homestay industry. Stimulating customer citizenship through relation marketing is an important scientific issue that needs to be addressed for the high-quality development of homestays. Based on social exchange theory and attribution theory, this study analyzes the relation between homestay staff and customers and refines the two-dimensional structure of homestay customer citizenship behavior, confirming the mediating effect of relation quality on the influence of relation marketing on helping behavior and deepening the understanding of the moderating effect of motivational attribution on the influence of relation marketing on customer citizenship behavior. The influence mechanism of customer citizenship behavior was clarified. The research results show that customer citizenship behavior in the homestay context consists of two dimensions: helping behavior and tolerant behavior, indicating that the structure of customer citizenship behavior in different contexts is still different. Second, the main effects of relation marketing on relation quality and customer citizenship behavior are significant. That is, a homestay can improve the quality of its relation with customers through instrumental behaviors, such as information communication, and emotional behaviors, such as human investment. Customer citizenship behavior is an important behavioral response to relation marketing. Third, relation quality mediates the relation between marketing and helping behavior, indicating that relation marketing promotes customer trust in homestays and understanding the reciprocity of behavior, which in turn promotes customer helping behavior. Fourth, motivational attribution has a moderating effect on the influence of relation marketing on tolerant behavior. This shows that in altruistic motive attribution, the more customers perceive relation marketing, the more they can feel the good experience brought about by homestay staff, so they voluntarily adopt tolerant behavior in the face of service failure, based on the principle of reciprocity in social exchange theory. This study combines the social exchange and attribution theories to explain the mechanism of customer citizenship behavior in the context of homestay services. While enriching the research content of high-quality development of homestay, it constructs a discourse system with more"relation" characteristics for tourism marketing, broadens the tourism application scenarios of relation marketing theory in practice, helps homestay maintain a good relation between host and client, stimulates customer citizenship behavior, and contributes to the development of homestay tourism services and products.

Given the real-world challenges in implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is important to study and formulate a localized assessment indicator system for each SDGs to monitor the current status of sustainable development at different scales, identify problems, and develop countermeasures. Based on the "economy-society-environment" three-dimensional theoretical framework for sustainable development, this study deconstructs the connotation of SDG11 at the community level, and constructs an urban community sustainability assessment indicator system containing 7 goals and 13 indexes. In addition, by taking 602 sample communities in the built-up regions of Changsha as an example, this study utilizes multi-source big data to comprehensively assess community sustainability as well as the coupling coordination degree of the communities' economic-social-environmental systems. It is found that: (1) During the period 2010-2020, the degree of achievement of community SDG in Changsha falls in the "relative closeness" range, with a "core-periphery" spatial distribution from the high sections to the low ones. (2) Of the 7 goals, housing guarantee, disaster prevention and relief, and environmental governance are progressing well; public transportation and heritage protection are improving significantly; public space is rising slowly; however, planning management is less than ideal. (3) Based on the assessment results of the coupling coordination degree of the communities' economic-social-environmental systems, the sample communities are classified into three types: coordinated development, transitional development, and dysfunctional decline communities. Then, in addition to the zoning results of core, central urban, and suburban areas, a differentiated governance path is proposed. (4) The assessment indicator system has high validity and needs to be further enhanced with a larger number of empirical cases in the future. The research results enrich the theoretical system of community sustainability and technical means of assessment. The empirical part of the study takes the statutory communities in the built-up area of Changsha as the research object and carries out the assessment of community sustainability at three time points: 2010, 2015, and 2020. This help in grasping the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of community sustainability and its law of evolution at the city level and provide scientific support for carrying out refined urban planning and community governance. The data used in the indicator system mainly come from objective big data with temporal continuity, which is conducive for conducting longitudinal continuous tracking research and horizontal comparison research with other cities.

A short overview of the history of academic geography since the 19th century shows that there has never been a unity of physical and human geography in the past, at least in the form that is strived for today to justify the relevance of geography in coping with the present problems faced by humanity. But the fact that the limits of positivism start to be recognized in physical geography opens a way to collaboration for addressing the pressing problems affecting our planet today. The paper ends with some examples of how such a collaboration might look like and advocates greater attention to a political chorological approach, concentrating on the diversity of regions in the world, by taking both their internal and external relationships in terms of power structures into account.

Traditional village culture is an important part of rural culture as well as a precious heritage and historical memory of the Chinese nation, and its effective inheritance and sustainable development have attracted much attention. However, traditional village culture is often in a disadvantaged position in the process of urban-rural cultural exchanges, and the cultural adaptation problem of traditional village residents creates difficulties for the integration of urban-rural culture and the development of traditional cultural inheritance in China. In the context of traditional village conservation and tourism development, the cultural adaptation of traditional village residents is related to the resolution of the contradiction among traditional village development and conservation, the realization of the residents' good life, and the realization of the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional culture. Based on the literature on cultural adaptation, case summaries, and long-term field research experiences, this study clarifies the practical objectives of the cultural adaptation of tourism-driven traditional village residents, refines the process mechanism of their cultural adaptation by combining dimensions and processes, and explores the integration path of cultural adaptation based on positive psychology. The results show that first, the process mechanism of cultural adaptation of the residents of tourism-driven traditional villages can be investigated by combining the context of the evolution of urban-rural relationships in China and the U-curve theory of cultural adaptation. During the period of foreign culture entry, residents' external actions are actively cooperative, although their internal perceptions show foreign culture biases and development opportunity expectations. During the period of cultural clash and adjustment, conflicts and contradictions in daily life and behavioral expressions of residents are frequent, causing negative internal psychological emotions and cultural assimilation. The goal of the cultural integration period is that after a series of conflicts, residents will actively cooperate in their external behavior, and will be able to pass on their culture and seek progress. In terms of internal perceptions, residents will have increased psychological satisfaction, cultural confidence, and positive and open cultural perceptions. Further, borrowing from the research concept of positive psychology, we created a positive social organization system with three aspects: government macro-control, coordination of multiple groups, and a preventive supervision mechanism; a positive personality trait system with three aspects: cross-cultural interaction skills, ownership concept, and flexible and open cultural cognition; and a positive emotional experience system with three aspects: cultural identity, positive gaze of visitors, and community care. Based on the above systems, corresponding countermeasures to be taken at different stages of the cultural adaptation process are proposed to construct an integrated path of cultural adaptation for residents of traditional villages. This study explores the process mechanism and integration path of cultural adaptation of traditional village residents to deepen the interactive logic of locality and cultural adaptation, and provides a scientific reference for community governance and conservation practices in traditional villages, supporting traditional village locality protection and urban-rural integration.

With the rapid development, shared bicycles have gradually become an important part of slow urban traffic in China and have played an important role in satisfying the travel needs and facilitating the transfer of residents. Exploring the spatial and temporal characteristics of the impact of the built environment on shared bike travel is of practical importance to reshape the construction of low-carbon transportation and an urban-friendly cycling environment dominated by slow traffic and public transportation. We analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of shared bicycle travel through multi-source big data including Shenzhen's shared bicycle OD data, OSM road network data, Baidu Street View, and POIs and used a multi-scale geographical weighted regression model (MGWR) based on the "5D" index of the built environment to analyze the spatial difference characteristics of the impact of different built environment on shared bicycle flow. The findings of the research indicate that: (1) In terms of time, the shared bicycle flow in the morning and evening peaks of both working and rest days is more significant than that of other periods, and the peak period of the remaining days lags behind that of the working days. (2) In terms of space, the spatial distribution characteristics of the traffic flow of shared bicycles during each peak period exhibit a spatial pattern of "multiple aggregation cores and several extended belts." (3) Significant differences were observed in the impact of various built environmental factors on the flow of shared bicycle travel, among which, employment facility density, enclosure degree and population density had a positive effect in each period; their influences were globally significant; and the remaining factors demonstrated varied characteristics in each period. (4) Factors with significant influence showed different spatial scales in different periods. The spatial changes of employment facility density and enclosure in each period were generally flat; the spatial changes of proximity, density of shopping facilities, and the nearest distance to subway stations in some periods were generally flat; the spatial changes of building continuity and relative walking width were obvious in some periods. Moreover, population density and green vision rate had different spatial characteristics in different periods. This study restores the travel track of shared bicycles, analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of shared bicycle travel in multiple periods of working days and rest days and long-term series, and increases micro-built environment factors of subjective perception of people and experience dimension based on existing objective material space environment variables, to explore the spatiotemporal differences of the impact of different built environments on the travel flow of shared bicycles which compensate for the existing shared-bike travel time and space characteristics, build a shortage of environmental impact research, and provide references for the construction of an urban-friendly cycling environment and the creation of a slow walking space.

The urban-rural fringe is located between the central urban built-up area and the rural hinterland, which is a transition zone for land use, economic development, and population structure. It is the most dynamic area between urban and rural areas and has become the focus of academic research in terms of geography, sociology, and urban planning. Boundary definition is the most fundamental and primary task for urban research and is particularly important for the spatial definition of the urban-rural fringe. However, a literature review reveals that an unclear spatial definition hinders in-depth scientific research on the urban-rural fringe. The absence of a spatial scope also results in a lack of targeted spatial governance policies attuned to the unique characteristics of urban, non-urban, rural, and both urban and rural areas. Existing policy instruments that exclusively focus on urban or rural areas face significant challenges in fringe regions. Recently, the establishment of a national land spatial planning system has created favorable conditions for studying the spatial definition of urban-rural junction areas. The simultaneous implementation of Territorial and Spatial Planning surveys as part of the construction of this planning system also provides technical support for accurately defining these junction areas. High precision "three adjustments" data allows for an accurate representation of the current state of urban and rural land use, enabling the precise identification of the physical geographical extent of cities. In the context of this study, a reasonable and widely accepted method for spatially defining the urban-rural fringe is essential. To address these issues, this study proposes a spatial definition method based on the urban entity regions identified in three land spatial planning surveys. The approach relies on mature territorial planning technology and addresses three key questions: indicators, thresholds, and units for defining the urban-rural fringe. 1) These indicators were derived from the precise identification of physical urban areas by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China. The research units were administrative villages and neighborhood committees from previous government policies. It can effectively connect with the territorial spatial planning technology system; 2) Adopt the 25% to 75% ideal value and cluster analysis method recognized based on a comprehensive review of relevant literature and practices in spatially defining the urban-rural fringe domestically and internationally. At the end of the paper, Guangzhou is taken as a typical case study to test the effectiveness of the proposed method in defining the spatial boundaries of the urban-rural fringe. It was determined that a threshold of 10%-75% is reasonable for the spatial definition of the urban-rural fringe in Guangzhou. 3) Through the literature review and practice of government on the spatial definition of urban-rural fringe, as well as the urban-rural fringe identification and examination in Guangzhou. This study proposes a definitive approach based on the physical urban areas of territorial and spatial planning. Finally, accurate measurement indicators, clear research units and highly operable definition methods has an effective integration into the process of Territorial and Spatial Planning, which could provide a solid foundation for further spatial research and the implementation of effective governance strategies.

Coastal cities are highly vulnerable to compound flooding in which multiple flood drivers interact via complex nonlinear mechanisms under climate change. Although numerous studies have focused on individual flood drivers, integrated analyses of the spatiotemporal variations and compound effects remain limited. This study applied a high-resolution MRI-AGCM3-2-S climate model and the TempestExtremes tracking algorithm to construct a 6-hourly Tropical Cyclone (TC) track dataset affecting Haikou from 1960 to 2099. Storm tides during the TCs were simulated using the D-Flow FM model, whereas upstream river discharges were modeled with CaMa-Flood, incorporating climate-model-derived runoff data. Using rainfall data from the climate model, we applied the peak-over-threshold method and extreme value analysis to systematically assess changes in storm tides, rainfall, and upstream discharge under climate change. These analyses guided the construction of compound flood scenarios for simulating extreme events. Using a compound flood simulation model, we assessed the hazards under 10-year and 50-year Return Periods (RPs) for historical (1960–2014) and future (2015–2099) periods. Results indicate that significant differences exist in the compound flood characteristics between historical and future periods. In the 90^th percentile scenario, all three flood drivers exhibited higher future thresholds, suggesting an increased risk of compound extreme flood events. The probability of concurrent heavy rainfall and high discharge events increased by 40.9%, whereas the probability of simultaneous high storm surge and high discharge events increased by 58.3%. Despite the potential reduction in extreme event intensity, the frequency of compounding events has increased significantly. Extreme value analysis revealed that extreme storm surges and upstream discharge events became more severe and extreme rainfall events showed a decreasing trend. For high RPs (e.g., 50-year events), the projected storm tides and upstream discharges significantly exceeded historical levels. Specifically, projected increases in storm surge levels (+0.24 m under 50-year RP) and upstream discharge (+1,271.13 m³/s) are offset by a 16.5% decline in 100-year accumulated rainfall for Haikou when compared to historical period. Third, compound flood simulations showed that under the 10-year RP scenario, the total inundation area slightly increased, but the flood volume and maximum depth decreased, indicating the stabilization of the flood hazard. However, under the 50-year RP scenario, both the inundation area and flood volume increased substantially, with the area experiencing flood depths greater than 3 m expanding by 56.5%. The most severe flooding occurred along the northern coastal areas and banks of the Nandu River, where the inundation extent and flood severity increased markedly. These findings provide valuable insights for flood risk assessments and adaptive planning in coastal cities facing intensifying climate-induced hazards.

Ecological restoration zoning is the concept of carrying out ecological restoration scientifically. In existing zoning studies, an effective technical solution is to use ecosystem service supply and ecological security pattern analysis as starting points. These studies have mostly focused on the negative ecological effects of high-intensity human activities and are still essentially focused on at-risk areas. Zoning is used for identification, the potential for effective regional ecological restoration is not considered systematically, and there is insufficient support for the theory and practice of ecological restoration. However, ecological restoration is a product of human society and economic processes of input and output. In addition to accurately identifying ecological risk areas, research on restoration zones should also consider regional ecological protection policies and economic differences to increase investment in environmental protection and improve the effectiveness of ecological protection in a targeted manner. Based on the current paradigm, the spatio-temporal matching of social economy and natural resources is taken into consideration, to realize the optimization of an ecological restoration zoning technical scheme. Taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as an example, a regional framework for the ecological restoration of land space based on ecological background pattern and potential was constructed. The results show that ecosystem services have declined significantly in the past ten years, and there are areas with good natural resilience and strong support from protection policies. Township as the unit of ecological restoration zoning. 1) The ecological maintenance area accounts for 7.7% of the total area, and focus should be on comprehensive improvement to promote economic and ecological sustainability. 2) The ecological protection area accounts for 44.5%, and focus should be on protection and stronger policy control. 3) The ecological improvement area account for 11.9%, and diversified and continuous maintenance measures should be adopted to strengthen the redundancy of regional ecological network. 4) The ecological restoration area accounts for 35.9%, and the priority for restoration should be areas with high natural resilience and policy support, and should mainly comprise long-term restoration projects. The coordinated restoration area has a high natural restoration; however, the policy support is insufficient. Cooperation with higher-level governments or with regional joint governance should be initiated to improve efficiency of the overall restoration in the region.

Against the background of ecological civilization construction, optimizing the control of territorial spatial zoning has become an important issue in maintaining regional ecological security. Clarifying different ecological processes and mechanisms within and among different ecological functional zones is of great practical significance for formulating refined spatial ecological management strategies. So far, research studies have focused on delineating ecological functional zones and analyzing linear processes and mechanisms within them, with little discussion on the differences in internal mechanisms and nonlinear characteristics of different ecological functional zones. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate key differences in the internal mechanisms and nonlinear threshold effects among different ecological functional zones to provide a scientific basis for establishing a territorial spatial zoning management system. In this study, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-Offs model was used to evaluate ecosystem services in the Pearl River Delta region. Toward this, a self-organizing map was used to identify ecosystem service bundles, and geographically weighted regression and restrictive cubic spline analysis were used to clarify the key differences in trade-off/synergy networks and nonlinear thresholds among different ecosystem service bundles. Based on the results, suggestions for refined zoning and control of ecological spaces in the Pearl River Delta region are proposed. The results showed that: (1) In the Pearl River Delta, five different types of ecosystem service bundles are distributed in a circular pattern in space from the central to the surrounding areas: the urban-ecological, ecological-scarcity, agricultural-ecological, ecological-cooling, and ecological-conservation types. The ecological-conservation type accounted for 45.38% (the largest proportion), ecological-cooling for 32.80%, and ecological-scarcity for 10.73% of ecosystem service bundles; whereas neither the agricultural-ecological nor urban-ecological types accounted for more than 10%. (2) In the trade-off/synergy network of different ecosystem service bundles, the synergistic relationship between carbon storage and urban cooling remained stable, whereas the relationships between other ecosystem services showed significant differences. Among the five bundles, the trade-off/synergy interaction of the urban-ecological type was the strongest, followed by that of the agricultural-ecological and ecological-conservation types, whereas that of the ecological-cooling and ecological-scarcity types were relatively weak. (3) There were significant differences in the nonlinear threshold effects between the Multiple Ecosystem Services Landscape Index (MESLI) and six identified driving factors in the different ecosystem service bundles. In the ecological conservation and ecological scarcity types, the MESLI exhibited nonlinear relationships with all six factors and clear critical thresholds. The MESLIs of the agricultural ecological and ecological cooling types exhibited nonlinear relationships with elevation, night light, gross domestic product density, and population density, whereas that of the urban ecological type only exhibited nonlinear relationships with elevation and population density. (4) We suggest that decision makers use nonlinear thresholds as references to demarcate key control areas for each ecosystem service bundle, clarify their dominant mechanisms based on trade-off/synergy networks, and develop different control indicators in a targeted manner. In conclusion. this study identified key differences in trade-off/synergy networks and nonlinear threshold effects among different ecosystem service bundles and explored different ecological zoning and control strategies for the Pearl River Delta region, providing a theoretical basis and indicator references for refined management of territorial spaces in urban agglomeration areas.

In the context of China's urbanization and migration transformation, the phenomenon and trends of job-housing separation have shown new dynamics, necessitating a systematic review of research on this topic in Chinese cities. This study uses CiteSpace to conduct a quantitative analysis of literature on job-housing separation in China from 2000 to 2022. The review is structured according to stages of urban development, with a focus on summarizing and evaluating current research hotspots, themes, and methodologies. The findings indicate that the job-residence separation at different stages of population mobility has different characteristics. Firstly, the research area of job-housing separation has expanded from first-tier cities to second- and third-tier cities, reflecting the new phenomenon of population flow and transition in China's urbanization process. Second, the research perspective has gradually shifted from the macro level to the micro level, paying more attention to the job-housing separation. At the same time, the study actively adopts advanced technologies such as machine learning to process large-scale migration data, and combines multidisciplinary theories such as geography, urbanism, and transportation to conduct in-depth analyses.. Based on this comprehensive review, several key points are identified: (1) In the context of migration transformation, research needs to focus more on the new characteristics of job-housing separation and its spatial correlations from a lifecycle perspective. This involves investigating the social foundations of job-housing separation across multiple scales, including the urban-rural divide, intercity dynamics, and intracity variations. (2) Current research has not adequately explored the evolution of job-housing separation. It is necessary to incorporate life cycle theory to unify each stage of job-housing separation into a dynamic research framework. (3) The use of machine learning techniques should be encouraged to process large-scale migration data. Interdisciplinary approaches, combining geography, urban studies, and transportation, are essential to explore the mechanisms of job-housing separation more comprehensively. This will enable better analysis and prediction of trends, supporting urban planning and the optimization of transportation infrastructure. (4) Integrating migration theories with lifecycle theory can further illuminate the interrelationships between job-housing separation and migration behavior. Research should focus on the impacts of migration on job-housing separation and explore how to address these issues in the context of migration, providing better planning recommendations for urban development. In conclusion, multidimensional and interdisciplinary research is essential to fully understand the dynamics of job-housing separation within the broader context of China's urbanization and migration transformation. By incorporating theories and methodologies from various disciplines, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and influencing factors can lead to more effective policymaking and sustainable urban development.

Social and economic losses from typhoons are increasing owing to climate change. It is of practical significance to correctly understand new characteristics and trends in typhoon activity. Based on the best track dataset of tropical cyclones from the China Meteorological Administration, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and evolution law of northward-moving typhoons from 1949 to 2022 were analyzed using the linear trend, Mann-Kendall test, and wavelet analysis method, and the impacts of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on typhoon activities were also discussed. The results showed that: (1) 275 northward-moving typhoons occurred during the past 74 years, with an average of 3.7 per year. The interannual fluctuation in typhoon frequency was large, and the upward trend was not significant. The proportion of northward-moving typhoons to the total number of generated typhoons in the Northwest Pacific was between 2% and 30%, showing a significant upward trend. (2) Northward-moving typhoons were mainly generated from July to September, accounting for approximately 88.4% of the total typhoons. The highest number of typhoons entering the defined area was 114 in August. The life-cycle intensity of northward-moving typhoons is dominated by high-intensity grades, such as super typhoons and typhoons. Among them, super-typhoons accounted for 30.5% of the total number of northward-moving typhoons, and the intensity of typhoons and above grades exceeded 70% of the total amount. In recent years, the probability of high-intensity northward-moving typhoons has increased. (3) A total of 159 northward-moving typhoons landed in China over 74 years. Most of the turning-track typhoons made landfall in Taiwan, Fujian, and Zhejiang, whereas the landing locations of landed disappearing-track typhoons made landfall more northerly. Most unlanded turning-track typhoons turned eastward near 30°N and 125–130°E, showing a significant upward trend. The generating positions of the northward-moving typhoons were mainly concentrated in the ranges of 10—20°N and 130—150°E, with a density of 4.65/10,000 km². The central generation position of the landed northward-moving typhoons was 4.2° more westward than that of the unlanded typhoons. The latitude of the central generating position of the disappearing typhoons was 2.1° northward compared to that of the turning typhoons. (4) The Niño3.4 index had significant negative and positive correlations with the frequency and life-cycle intensity of northward-moving typhoons, respectively, and it also had an obvious effect on their generating positions. There were 4.5 northward-moving typhoons in the La Niña year, which was 1.67 times the El Niño year. However, the intensity of northward-moving typhoons generated during El Niño years was significantly higher than that generated during La Niña years, and the intensity of northward-moving typhoons increased with the Niño3.4 index. The central generating position of northward-moving typhoons during La Niña years was 5.8° northward and 12.4° westward compared to that during El Niño years, which was closer to China. This study provides a basis and reference for strengthening the risk management of typhoons and improving the efficiency of disaster prevention and reduction.

Against the backdrop of rapid global climate change, the frequency and severity of storm surges in coastal areas are increasing, particularly in tidal river segments that are affected by storm surges and upstream river flooding. Although existing storm surge models have introduced a variety of different boundary settings, the boundary conditions provided are limited and cannot meet the current generalization needs of complex hydraulic engineering projects in China. This study considered the Feiyun River Basin as the research subject and coupled the upstream hydrodynamic model IFMS with the oceanic storm surge model ADCIRC. By utilizing the strengths of both models, a flood evolution model for the estuarine tidal river segment was established, enabling the spatiotemporal simulation of tidal levels in the Feiyun River tidal segment. The model not only effectively considers the impact of storm surge propagation at the estuary on flood evolution in the tidal river segment, but also the effect of upstream river flooding on the area. The study first validated the model with Typhoon Meranti in 2016, where the simulation results showed a high degree of agreement with the observed data series and errors were within acceptable limits. Flood processes at the Ruian, Mayu, Bishan Liqiao, and Dongtou tidal stations during Typhoons Doksuri and Khanun were simulated. The results show that the peak flood errors at all four stations were below 0.30 m, with Nash coefficients >0.80, indicating the model's capability to accurately reflect tidal level fluctuations and effectively contribute to disaster prevention and mitigation efforts in estuarine tidal segments. Finally, the study analyzed the impact of the driving forces of the upstream and downstream boundaries on tidal level predictions at three stations (Ruian, Mayu, and Bishan Liqiao). It was concluded that, compared to Mayu and Bishan Liqiao stations, the influence of the upstream boundary on Ruian can essentially be ignored, suggesting that the error from the upstream boundary under the influence of Typhoon Khanun is negligible for predicting errors at Ruian. The degree of the impact of the downstream boundary fluctuations on the three stations, from largest to smallest, was Ruian, Bishan Liqiao, and Mayu. Compared to the changes in the upstream boundary, the downstream boundary had a greater overall impact on all three stations. Additionally, when the downstream boundary changed by the same magnitude, the variation in low tide levels showed a decreasing trend from downstream to upstream, whereas the variation in high tide levels, although following the same trend, did not show a significant difference between the three. In summary, compared to the upstream boundary, the downstream boundary had a greater impact on tidal-level predictions at the three stations. The result shows that the lower boundary has a greater impact on the tidal level forecasts at three stations compared to the upper boundary. The study not only provides a new method for tidal river flood simulation in coastal urbanized areas but also offers directions for improving model simulation accuracy through analysis.

Skilled migration is a pivotal phenomenon underpinning globalization that has attracted widespread scholarly interest; a nuanced understanding of the patterns and mechanisms of skilled migration is considered essential for fostering coordinated regional development and enhancing labor market allocation. To compare the domestic and international talent mobility research in the 21^st century and advance China's talent mobility theory, In this paper, we reviewed Chinese and English literature from fields such as geography, urban planning, demography, economics, and management since 2000 via quantitative and qualitative analysis. Initially, we conducted bibliometric and keyword co-occurrence analyses using CiteSpace to identify research hotspots and trends; subsequently, we performed Qualitative Data Analysis Miner qualitative analysis as a supplementary approach to derive in-depth insights and determine connections between literature sources. Herein, we summarize the research hotspots regarding skilled migration, domestically and internationally. We found that concerning research hotpots, domestic research emphasizes the spatial distribution of different types of talent, the impact of urban factors on skilled migration, and the interplay between talent and urban innovation. In contrast, international research emphasizes more on the mobility decisions of highly skilled migrants within a globalization context, focusing on the impact of international high-skilled migration on the destination and origin countries, the micro-level mechanisms of migration decision-making (such as family dynamics, gender roles, and early career stages), and social adaptation in destination countries (including identity, sense of belonging, and related factors). Theoretically, both domestic and international studies are based on labor migration theory, examining skilled migration mechanisms from macro-regional and micro-individual perspectives, and expanding theoretical frameworks to include amenities and the creative class. However, owing to differences in social, economic, institutional, and developmental contexts among countries, these theories are not entirely applicable in practice, particularly regarding their explanatory power in the Chinese context, which requires further examination. Furthermore, in terms of research progress, we found that international studies are increasingly highlighting the life course of migrants and the socio-cultural micro-mechanisms influencing skilled migration, emphasizing the adoption of a combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods. Conversely, domestic research predominantly focuses on the spatial patterns of skilled migration and the effects of macro-urban factors, relying on quantitative analyses. Future research in China should aim to examine micro-mechanisms, develop indigenous theoretical frameworks to foster theoretical innovation, and enhance the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods. Moreover, exploiting the potential of big data and emerging technologies could contribute towards overcoming limitations associated with data acquisition. On the basis of our survey of current theories and methods, we propose the following four directions for future research: (1) strengthening investigations into the micro-mechanisms of skilled migration; (2) developing indigenous theoretical frameworks to support theoretical innovation in China; (3) promoting the integration of qualitative and quantitative research methods; and (4) enhancing data acquisition and exploiting big data and advanced technologies to overcome the current limitations associated with acquiring data.

This research delved into the complex dynamics of heritage communities during urban renewal, navigating the tension between preserving local heritage and embracing modernization. This study centered on Hangzhou's Mantoushan community and utilized a combination of fieldwork, participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and online text analysis to investigate the interplay between spatial transformation and the construction of local identity in the context of urban development. This study aimed to dissect the multifaceted effects of urban renewal on the physical and emotional fabric of heritage spaces, with a particular focus on the microhistorical perspective. The methodology involved a comprehensive approach, capturing the voices of residents, tracking changes in spatial usage, and analyzing digital narratives to provide a nuanced understanding of the community's evolution. The results of this study underscore the dual impact of urban renewal. On one hand, it has led to improvements in the built environment and public amenities, fostering a renewed sense of community pride and attachment among residents. On the other hand, the process has been instrumental in the creation of a second space, as envisioned by authoritative bodies, which in turn, has given rise to a third space characterized by commercial, productive, and recreational functions. This transformation has been marked by diverse actors' reconstruction of the third space influenced by their varied perceptions and aspirations, which has led to a sense of dislocation and internal community division. The conclusions drawn from this study highlight the importance of recognizing the uneven and unstable nature of the transition towards a third space. It advocates for a more inclusive approach to urban renewal that acknowledges and addresses the diverse needs and aspirations of community members. This study also emphasizes the critical role of emotional connections and empathy in the sustainable development of heritage communities, cautioning against the illusion of a second space that overlooks the complex realities of community life. This study provides a compelling argument for a more nuanced understanding of the impacts of urban renewal on heritage communities. It calls for a balanced approach that respects the historical significance of these spaces, while embracing the potential for modernization, ensuring that the process of renewal is one that enhances rather than erodes the communities' sense of identity and belonging. The insights gained from this study are not only relevant to the Mantoushan community, but also offer valuable lessons for urban planners and policymakers worldwide, as they grapple with the challenges of integrating heritage conservation with the demands of contemporary urban life.

In the context of county urbanization, research on the modes and mechanisms of rural families' education in county cities is of great significance for overall urban and rural development and optimization of county governance systems. Combining the two theoretical lines of production and consumption in the study of gentrification of education, this paper puts forward a research framework for the analysis of the phenomenon of rural families' education in county cities at the county level. This study adopts the method of semi-structured interviews and participatory observation, and analyzes the different modes and deep mechanisms of rural families education in the county city from the perspectives of different participants, such as the government, markets, schools, and families. The research reveals the following: 1) Owing to the differences in family capital accumulation and family development strategies, rural families have varied modes of education in the city, which can be divided into mobile, settlement, and isolation education in the county city. 2) Several considerations for future development contribute to the differentiated choice between housing and renting among urban residents. Concurrently, with the end of their children's education, the county seat, at the forefront of urbanization, lacks the core power to retain people, thus prompting a certain degree of population return and outflow. 3) Urban education is jointly promoted by the government, capital, schools, individuals, and other parties, among which the local government, as the authority subject, is the core promoter of urban education. Real estates, intermediary companies, and private schools have participated in and promoted the flow of educational capital. The basic logic behind promoting urban education is the reproduction of family-oriented education. 4) Paying attention to the development demands of urban groups is the basic essence of returning to human-centered new urbanization and the essential requirement to alleviate the negative effects of education in county cities. Returning to the original definition and characteristics of educational gentrification, this study discusses the phenomenon of education entering a county city at the county level. First, it is difficult to reach a consensus on the definition of middle class. Second, by thinking about the phenomenon of education in the county city, we can see that rural family education in the county city is different from the educational gentrification discussed in the past, which is a discussion and extension of the existing concept of educational gentrification. Moreover, social characteristics such as mobility, rent-to-buy differentiation, and identity differences have obvious impacts on the process of urbanization in Taihe County. However, there has been insufficient discussion on the specific process of the spatial displacement of county families into urban families, high-income families into low-income families, and local residents into migrant residents. In the future, this phenomenon can be further explored based on multiple types of data, such as real estate agent, community household status, and interview text. This research focuses on county towns, from the theoretical perspective of educational gentry into the city, to explore the mode and effect mechanism of rural family education into the county city, as well as the differences between the traditional concept of educational gentry and the phenomenon of education into the county city in the context of county towns, further promoting the high-quality development of urbanization at the present stage as well as promoting social equity and justice to provide reference.

Urban Blue-Green Spaces (UBGS) are material carriers that support public life and expand social interactions. It is also a natural place to realize the spatial publicness. In the context of the ecological civilization, China has made specific achievements in constructing a UBGS. However, optimizing its spatial structure and improving the quality of the human environment is only the beginning. Enhancing its publicness and thus strengthening social cohesion, enriching cultural diversity, cultivating the public spirit, and realizing the well-being of humankind on a broader scale is the ultimate goal of UBGS. Drawing on the theories of the human-land relationship and landscape ecology, we established an evaluation system for UBGS publicness based on the "element-function-structure" framework. We used Changsha as an example to explore the UBGS publicness pattern characteristics and influencing factors. The study results are as follows: 1) A UBGS with high publicness should have three significant characteristics: accessible elements, selectable functions, and shared structures, which promote and expand public life and support other social connections. 2) The comprehensive indicator of UBGS publicness in Changsha showed a circular pattern, decreasing from the core to the periphery and a fan-shaped expansion relying on the water system. Regarding element accessibility, spatial accessibility was high in the core area and low in the suburbs. In contrast, quantity adequacy was low in the core area and high in the suburbs. In terms of functional selectivity, group inclusiveness was low along the Xiangjiang River in the core and center areas and lower on the east bank than on the west bank, whereas functional diversity was high in the core area and low in the suburban areas. In terms of structural connectivity and shareability, interactive connectivity shows a high core area, a low peri-urban area, and a wedge-shaped interlocking circle pattern in the transition zone between the core area and the peri-urban area, accompanied by a high belt characteristic along the scenic belt; the landscape connectivity shows a low core area, a high peri-urban area, and a pattern characteristic of the west bank of the Xiangjiang River that is higher than that of the east bank. 3) Social demand, economic boosts, and environmental support promote the spatial heterogeneity of the UBGS publicness. Based on the research results, improving the publicness of the UBGS in Changsha can be approached from the following aspects: first, increasing funding and policy support for the construction of the UBGS, expanding its scale, and improving its quality. Second, respecting the spatial distribution characteristics and activity patterns of the public and optimize the functional organization of the UBGS and the surrounding environment. Third, when constructing urban ecosystems, road systems, greenway systems, and public service facility systems, the construction of the UBGS should be considered comprehensively, and the coupling relationship between the UBGS and other urban subsystems should be enhanced. This study constructed a theoretical framework and evaluation system for assessing UBGS publicness and evaluated UBGS publicness on an urban scale. The results of this evaluation will promote the construction of livable cities and the implementation of the concept of sustainable urban development.

In conjunction with global warming, the frequency and intensity of typhoons in the Pearl River Estuary region are increasing annually, and coastal cities are becoming more vulnerable to compound disasters triggered by upstream flooding, typhoons, and astronomical tide surges, seriously threatening the lives and properties of people in the delta region. Quantitative analysis of the degree of variability of each factor associated with a compound flood event and accurate assessment of the magnitude of the compound flood event strongly impact the efficacy of coastal city responses aimed at disaster prevention and damage mitigation. In this study, focused on the Pearl River Estuary area, the tide levels at Sanzao station, wind speeds at Macao station, and daily maximum the maximum daily flow at Sanshui and Makou stations spanning 30 years from 1988 to 2017 were used to characterize the flood magnitude, typhoon magnitude, and astronomical tide magnitude of compound flood events in the Pearl River Estuary area. Data were screened using the annual maximum method. Based on the generalized additive model (GAMLSS) and the time-varying copula function, the encounter combinations of composite flood events of different levels and their main controlling factors were investigated. The results show that: 1) the main factors influencing initiation and magnitude of composite flood events in the Pearl River estuary area are non-consistent sequences that display interdependence. The time-varying copula model constructed in this study is more suitable for studies of composite floods than the traditional constant parameter copula model. Copula models are most applicable to studies of the encountered characteristics of multiple elements contributing to compound flood events and are most in line with actual situations. 2) Compared with the joint return period of traditional constant copula parameters, the period of occurrence of typical compound flood events in the Pearl River Estuary from 1988 to 2017 continuously shortens with time, the probability of occurrence increases, and the probability of future occurrence of extreme compound flood events is strengthening. The trend in which the return period of compound flood events is shortening with higher grades is accelerating. 3) Compound flood events throughout the Pearl River estuary area are more affected by typhoons and astronomical tides and less affected by water flow. When the return period of the three factors is one in 5 years, water flow causes the smallest increase in the co-occurrence return period; i.e., the influence of astronomical tide and typhoon on the scale of upstream flooding, composite flood events of typhoon, and astronomical tide is proportionately larger. Thus, composite flood events in the Pearl River estuary area are mainly impacted by typhoons with higher wind speeds. When the return period of the three factors is one in 10, 20, and 50 years, the increase in the co-occurrence return period caused by flow changes the most; and when the return period of the three factors is one in 10, 20, and 50 years, the acceleration of the co-occurrence return period caused by flow is the largest. When the three factors have a larger return period, astronomical tide exerts proportionately greater influence on the scale of the composite flood event of upstream flood, typhoon, and astronomical tide.

The number of highly educated individuals continues to grow, and the internal heterogeneity of this group is becoming increasingly evident. Examining these differences in location selection mechanisms from the perspective of heterogeneity is crucial for optimizing talent distribution. In this study, we used population census data from 2010 and 2020, along with 1% population sampling survey data from 2015 across various provinces. We employed the Gini coefficient and visualization methods to depict the spatiotemporal patterns of talent distribution at college, undergraduate, and graduate education levels in Chinese prefecture-level administrative regions. Employing a Beta regression model, we identified the factors that influence talent distribution across four dimensions: spatial sorting, spatial selection, spatial agglomeration, and comfort preferences. The key findings were as follows: 1) From 2010 to 2020, regional disparities in educational talent were ranked as postgraduate > undergraduate > college, with a decreasing trend in disparities for all three categories. 2) The proportion of college-, undergraduate-, and graduate-level educated individuals exhibited a clear administrative hierarchy, with the proportion of highly educated individuals decreasing from capital cities to provincial capitals (vice-provincial cities), prefecture-level cities, and regions. Hierarchical differentiation was most pronounced for graduate-level individuals, and was least pronounced for college-level individuals. 3) The Hu Huanyong Line serves as a dividing line for spatial structural differences in the distribution of highly educated individuals. To the southeast of the line, the spatial structure follows a pattern from the center (provincial capitals) to the periphery (general prefecture-level regions), with graduate-level individuals demonstrating the most characteristic spatial structure. Northwest of the line, a high-talent area for college and undergraduates extends from the Daxinganling Forest region in the east to Hami in the west. 4) Urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas are gradually becoming important spatial carriers of highly educated individuals, with the most typical examples being national-level urban agglomerations, especially the Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas. 5) From 2010 to 2020, dynamic changes in the concentration of talented individuals at the associate degree, undergraduate, and graduate levels exhibited a reverse core-periphery spatial structure. Specifically, the location quotient for talented individuals in capital and provincial-level cities (including sub-provincial cities) decreased, whereas it increased in prefecture-level cities and regions. Additionally, the dynamic changes in the concentration of talented people demonstrated regional differentiation; the location quotient for talented people in areas northwest of the Hu Huanyong Line showed an upward trend, whereas it decreased southeast of the line. Similarly, the location quotient for talented people in the eastern region declined, whereas it increased in the central and western regions. 6) In terms of spatial sorting, talented people at different educational levels tended to prefer prefecture-level administrative regions with higher incomes, higher administrative ranks, and larger urban populations, with the order of preference being graduate > undergraduate > college. Regarding spatial selection, higher housing costs and more competitive job markets in prefecture-level administrative regions generally demand higher educational qualifications, following the trend: graduate > undergraduate > college. In terms of spatial agglomeration, urbanization levels in prefecture-level regions foster clustering of talented people at all educational levels, with the effect being strongest for college-educated people, followed by undergraduate and graduate people. With regard to comfort preferences, regions with higher levels of social environmental comfort are more attractive for the aggregation of highly educated individuals. Our research findings will be helpful for different cities and regions in formulating differentiated talent recruitment policies.