In recent years, extreme thermal events have become one of the main reasons for coral reef degradation. Determining the variation of coral skeletal geochemical proxies in response to extreme thermal events would be vital evidence for reconstructing historical extreme thermal events using corals. In this study, cores from modern Porites corals YSL24 that lived in 1987-1999 and YSL2A that lived in 1971-1999 were collected from the Yongshu Reef, Nansha Islands, southern South China Sea (SCS) for high-resolution analysis of skeletal Sr/Ca, δ18O, and δ13C to determine the responses of these geochemical proxies to past extreme warming events. There is evidence that extreme warming events occurred in 1973, 1983 and 1998 in the southern SCS during the period 1971-1999. The Sr/Ca ratios in the Porites corals showed a significant negative correlation with the variation in local sea surface temperature (SST), and the values in the bands of these three years were much lower. This suggested a clear record of higher temperatures than other years in response to the warming events in these episodes. Compared with the Sr/Ca ratios, skeletal δ18O proxies in the two Porites corals also revealed a negative correlation with SST, but the δ18O values in these three bands were likely to be less sensitive to the thermal events. This is mainly because the variation in this proxy was controlled by both local SST and sea surface salinity, while the two factors had opposite effects on the seasonal variation of coral δ18O in the SCS. After the removal of the SST contributions, the ?δ18O series of the Porites corals showed clear annual cycles and a negative correlation with seasonal precipitation, but the records in the bands of those warming years did not reveal clear anomalous shifts due to thermal stress, which might be an inappropriate proxy for identifying extreme warming episodes. In the skeletal δ13C series of Porites corals, an abnormal negative shift was detected during the summers of 1973, 1983, and 1998. This was likely caused by a substantial reduction in photosynthesis of symbiotic zooxanthellae in the coral host cells, a biological reaction of corals responding to thermal stress in the three years. In conclusion, the lower Sr/Ca ratios and negative δ13C shifts in the summer that occurred in the bands of Porites corals in this study, revealed significant coincidence with past extreme warming events. As the Porites corals had a stronger tolerance to thermal stress and much lower bleaching rates than other corals, the abnormal geochemical records in the Porites corals are potential signals indicating local past mass coral bleaching events in recent years.
Most species of Fungiidae are formed by a single giant polyp that secretes calcium carbonate, which is one of the main builders of the coral reef ecosystem frameworks. Fungiidae play an important role in maintaining the stability of the coral reef ecosystem owing to their rich species diversity, unique mobility, and strong environmental adaptability. However, few studies have focused on the ecology, physiology, and biogeography of this family. This article reviews recent studies on Fungiidae, including the species diversity, life history (reproduction, mode of nutrient, growth, development, and mobility), and spatial distribution patterns (continental shelf, coral reef geomorphic zones, and latitudinal areas) and their influencing factors. Fungiidae originated from the extinct Synastridae in the mid-Cretaceous period. This family includes 17 genera and approximately 55 species and exhibits a wide range of evolutionary divergences. Additionally, they have unique life history strategies (bidirectional sex conversion and adult mobility) compared with other reef-building corals. Bidirectional sex conversion can trigger the transformation of female Fungiidae into males with less material and energy needs, which could enhance the reproductive success rate and environmental adaptability of their populations. Adult mobility can extend the Fungiidaeniche to find suitable habitats and avoid species competition. This strategy will improve the adaptability and resilience of Fungiidae populations to climate change. Fungiidae is a globally ubiquitous reef-building coral, with high species richness in the Indo-Pacific region. They are capable of surviving in diverse habitats such as rocks, sand, and silt and have a wide biogeographic distribution range. Based on the current research progress on Fungiidae and the characteristics of the coral reef ecosystem in the South China Sea, this article suggests the following research directions for theFungiidae family to provide a basis for comprehensively revealing the potential, strategies, and mechanisms of coral reefs in response to climate change in the South China Sea. 1) Based on morphological and molecular classification techniques, we determined the phylogenetic relationships of theFungiidae family in the South China Sea and elucidated the changing rules of Fungiidaediversity and their driving mechanisms. 2) By employing ecological investigation methods, we analyzed the distribution patterns and dominant Fungiidaespecies in distinct latitudinal areas, reefs, and geomorphic zones and revealed their distribution characteristics and rules at different spatial scales in the South China Sea. 3) Using the population genetics research method, we analyzed the historical dynamics and genetic connectivity of Fungiidae populations in the South China Sea and investigated their ecological mechanisms in response to global climate change.
The status and role of airport agglomeration in China's airport system is becoming increasingly important, and air transport networks have received attention from multidisciplinary fields such as transportation planning, transport geography, and transport economics. Based on the analysis of the structural characteristics of airport agglomeration in China's air transport network, this study innovatively constructs an evaluation framework for the co-opetition relationship of airport agglomeration with the help of graph theory, set theory, and industrial economics theoretical methods. Considering the topological connectivity and weighted strength of connected airports, this study establishes a quantitative evaluation model for the co-opetition relationship of the airport agglomeration's air transport network from the perspectives of the overall and interactive markets. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area's airport agglomeration is a world-class airport agglomeration with the largest aviation traffic volume and a relatively mature market in China. Three large airports, Guangzhou (CAN), Hong Kong (HKG), and Shenzhen (SZX), occupy the leading positions in the Greater Bay Area. In recent years, the air transport network of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area's airport agglomeration has mainly expanded to medium- and long-distance routes. With the construction-based evaluation method, we found the following: (1) From the perspective of overall market competition index, the co-opetition market of airport agglomeration in the Greater Bay Area is dominated by a complete monopoly market and a weak cooperative market. In 2019, the complete monopoly market accounted for 33.8%, a decrease of 4.1% compared with 2015. The market with weak cooperation accounted for 42.3%, and market share remained relatively stable. The market with weak competition accounted for 15.8% of the market, and the market share remained relatively stable. The market with strong competition accounted for 6.3%, a decrease of 4.5% from 2015. Based on the calculation and analysis of the weighted strength of connected airports, there are significant differences in the co-opetition indices of similarly connected airports. The level of competition in the overall market has intensified. (2) From the perspective of interactive competition, the interactive co-opetition market within the airport group in the Greater Bay Area is dominated by strong and weak cooperation markets. From the co-opetition index of airports connecting with the Greater Bay Area, there are ten pairs of airports belonging to the strong cooperation markets in 2019, i.e. between Guangzhou and Huizhou, Macau and Foshan, Hongkong and Zhuhai airports, a decrease of six compared with 2015. The weak cooperation markets in 2019 included ten pairs of airports, such as Guangzhou and Hong Kong, Hong Kong and Shenzhen, Macau and Huizhou, an increase of six pairs of airports compared with 2015. Based on the weighted strength of connected airports, this study analyzes the interactive competition patterns. In 2019, the strong cooperation markets included eight pairs of airports, including Guangzhou-Foshan, Guangzhou-Huizhou, and Hong Kong-Huizhou, a decrease of two pairs compared with 2015. The weak cooperation markets include eight pairs of airports, such as Guangzhou-Macau, Hong Kong-Shenzhen, and Macau-Shenzhen, a decrease of two pairs compared with 2015. The weak competitive markets include four pairs of airports, namely, Guangzhou-Hong Kong, Hong Kong-Macau, and Shenzhen-Zhuhai, an increase in three pairs of airports compared with 2015. In general, the co-opetition market pattern of the Greater Bay Area turns from a cooperative overall to a competitive transformation.
Against the background of the increasing trend of fragmentation of freight demand, the spatial structure analysis of urban networks using road Less-Truck-Load (LTL) dedicated lines has positive implications for enriching the flow space theory and empirical evidence. Based on the social network analysis method, this study used the data of the national prefecture-level and above cities' road LTL dedicated lines on the China Communications Logistics LOGINK System in 2018, and conducted feature mining of Chinese city network relationships from the perspective of road LTL dedicated lines at three levels: city nodes, intercity connections, and sub-networks. The results show the following: (1) Shanghai, Tianjin, Zhengzhou, Guangzhou, and Hangzhou dominated the network. Based on the cargo flow organization coefficients, urban nodes can be divided into four types: strong center, second strong center, weak center, and subordinate. The number of high-grade cities in the network was relatively small and mainly concentrated in the eastern and central regions. The imbalance in the spatial distribution is obvious. (2) Among the top ten cities in terms of the amount of first contact, the ratio of export-oriented cities to import-oriented cities is 4:1, which reflects the imbalance in cargo flow. The network space carved by the road LTL dedicated lines data showed a significant distance attenuation law. The road LTL dedicated lines connections are mainly distributed in the intercity range of 0-200 km and the interprovincial range of 200-500 km, with the number of special lines concentrated in 500 km accounting for 41.9%. (3) The community detection algorithm was used to identify six urban communities with significant regional characteristics, including the Northeast Jilumeng, Zhongyuan, Guanzhong, Jianghuai, Pan-Pearl, Delta-Yangtze River Delta, and Changzhutan communities. The community structures showed clear spatial agglomeration and cross-administrative features. (4) To enhance the status of the nodes of the road LTL network and optimize the organization of the network space, the following suggestions are put forward: Urban networks based on the road LTL dedicated line data should enhance the service capacity of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration road LDL line, strengthen the industrial agglomeration and driving role of core cities, optimize the industrial structure of marginal cities, strengthen the integration of transportation and industry, and actively guide the car-free carrier platform to improve the efficiency of road freight organization. In future studies, long-term cycles and multiple data sources should be enhanced to verify the validity and reliability of the findings.
The dual-cycle new development pattern, a consequence of changing times, "superposes" multi-scale spatial-output theory and the regional division of labor under the condition of market economy. It also introduces a new force for developing new forms of urbanization. To explore this influence, the present study first internalizes two exogenous variables in urbanization-development dynamics: technological innovation and institutional reform. It then constructs a new urbanization-dynamics factors-analysis framework for the "four-dimensional driving forces model + innovation force + institution force", combines this with the principal component-regression model, which empirically analyzes the development dynamics of Chongqing's new urbanization since 2000. Accordingly, this study uses Porter's "diamond model" to systematically consider the new urbanization development path. The results demonstrate: (1) Innovation and institutional forces incorporated into the urbanization-dynamics factors-analysis framework have had a significant positive driving effect on the urbanization of Chongqing; of these, innovation is the most evident. The advantages of technological innovation and institutional reform now underpin development dynamics, responding to changing times in a new era; (2) Although the development of new urbanization in Chongqing is the result of "six-dimensional forces," market and administrative forces are still the primary driving forces, followed by innovation and internal and external forces. Here, the driving effect of innovation on urbanization has surpassed the impact of administrative force during the second stage of urbanization in 2010-2018. The least significant effect is institutional force; it indirectly reflects that Chongqing's urbanization is an endogenous process. It is forecast and objectively necessary to construct a new development pattern; (3) Based on Porter's Diamond Model, researchers have pointed out problems in Chongqing, such as small growth volume, limited hinterland, insufficient market-purchasing power, unsustainable development, low-end products, and serious homogenization. To address this, the present study introduces specific countermeasures and suggestions for realizing high-quality urbanization development, based on six dimensions: developing advanced production factors; creating a unified free-flow market of factors; expanding market demand; promoting urban development; cultivating and developing leading and supporting industries by "expanding domestic demand, adjusting structure and deepening opening to the outside world"; and, seizing the opportunity to "go out" and build a high-quality service-oriented government. These results are expected to provide a theoretical basis and reference for research on development dynamics of urbanization in China, the high-quality development of urbanization in Chongqing, and the integration of the Chengdu-Chongqing dual city economic circle.
The cultural, economic, institutional, and social connotations of "diversified connection space" are used as the spatial basis in urban micro-location and firm location selection. This study examines the evolution of firm location selection from the perspective of "diversified linkages", incorporates "diversified linkages" in urban micro-location with the firm location evolution model based on the assumption of "cost sharing," and discusses urban micro-locations, diversified linkages, and enterprise location selection. The selection of a firm's location is determined not only by economic factors and market mechanisms, but also through the interaction of location-specific economics with social and geographical factors that manifest themselves as a common set of rules and entrenched social and cultural practices. For example, behavioral norms and social relationships among entrepreneurs that permeate the internal economic relations and production activities of enterprises can influence the location selection of these enterprises. Using the findings of empirical research on information technology enterprises, such as those based in Shenzhen, micro-enterprises, and micro-locations in urban space, we examined the factors that influence the selection of a firm's location using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and Semi-parametric GWR (SGWR) analyses. The results showed that spatial selection of enterprises in urban micro-locations occurred through a combination of bottom-up market mechanisms and top-down policies, and that the influence of traditional factors were more significant. Although land use and function categories were significant factors, the robustness of other variables was not strong. In addition, the results of GWR and SGWR analyses were better than those of OLS regression, indicating significant spatial heterogeneity in urban micro-locations. The spatial diversity and heterogeneity of space were also verified, to a certain extent, by differences between local and global variables. Therefore, "diversified connection space" attributes the focus of an urban micro-location to spatial elements and the spatial mechanism of firm location selection, such that economic, geographical, and social spaces are compatible. It is also influenced by a combination of economic, geographical, institutional, and social factors. This process is not only affected by economic factors, such as factor endowment and economic function (of land use) and its market role, but also by planning, policy, traffic conditions, and other "cost sharing" factors. Consequently, the meaning and usage of urban micro-location and location theory have expanded.
Currently, there is less focus on "knowledge heterogeneity" among different innovation subjects in inter-city innovation network research. Knowledge bases theory has gradually become a new entry point from the perspective of "knowledge heterogeneity" in regional theory and practice research. In this study, we explore the structural characteristics and proximity mechanism of inter-city innovation networks formed by heterogeneous knowledge-based industries, using the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration as a case study. We theorize knowledge creation logic as having two dimensions, that is, knowledge creation dynamics and economic performance, and develop a framework with a quantitative method to identify the typology of industrial knowledge bases. We use modified gravity models to construct inter-city innovation networks of heterogeneous industries, divided into different knowledge bases in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2005 to 2019. To clarify how these inter-city innovation networks evolve and what effects proximity has on evolution, we conduct social network analysis and implement the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP). The results show the following: (1) Industrial knowledge bases are divided into five types, namely, analytical, symbolic, analytical-synthetic, synthetic-analytical-symbolic, and synthetic-symbolic-analytical. Therefore, innovation networks are also defined as these types. (2) The analytical network outlines a dual-core structure while other network structures are multi-core; the analytical, analytical-synthetic, and synthetic-analytical-symbolic networks are evidently oriented by core cities with administrative or economic functions; the central cities of the subgroups are closely connected, while the core cities of symbolic and synthetic-symbolic-analytical networks vary greatly, and weak connections appear within these subgroups; for the analytical, symbolic, analytical-synthetic, and synthetic knowledge base-dominated network structures, their evolution trends are increasingly compact, "loose-compact-loose", "compact-loose-compact", and relatively stable, respectively. (3) Inter-city innovation links are facilitated by geographical proximity, except for analytical networks. Cognitive proximity and technological proximity have a significant positive impact on innovation links. Institutional proximity contributes to the formation of analytical and analytical-synthetic networks. The interaction between geographical and technological proximity has a significant positive effect on innovation networks. In the analytical, symbolic, and analytical-integrated networks, the interaction of geographical proximity and cognitive proximity induces cities to contact each other. Theoretically, through China's practical application scenarios, this study quantitatively identifies the combination form of industry knowledge base for the first time and further deepens the connotation of knowledge bases theory. Simultaneously, it also addresses the deficiency of attention to the "knowledge heterogeneity" of the innovation subject in research on inter-city innovation networks. Practically, it provides a new perspective for optimizing the allocation of innovation resources for different types of knowledge-based subjects in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, improving the efficiency of inter-city knowledge circulation, building a differentiated regional innovation system, and formulating innovation governance strategies.
Clearly defining the responsibility for carbon emissions can help urban agglomerations achieve their carbon peak and facilitate the construction of a low-carbon society. With the regional professional division of labor and intricate economic and trade links, the phenomenon of carbon transfer between urban agglomerations has become increasingly obvious, making it difficult to scientifically divide carbon emission responsibility based solely on producer or consumer responsibility. Based on the constructed multi-regional input-output model of cities in China, we calculated the scale and direction of carbon emissions and net carbon transfer on the production and consumption sides of each urban agglomeration. Considering the asymmetry of producer and consumer responsibility and the proportion of value-added trade of urban agglomeration outflow as the responsibility sharing factor, we propose a scheme for the power and responsibility distribution of net carbon transfer of urban agglomeration. The results show that (1) Under the accounting method of shifting from production-side responsibility to consumer responsibility, significant differences are observed in carbon emissions among urban agglomerations in China. Among them, the Hubao Eyu and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations have changed significantly. The inflow and outflow of intermediate products and the demand for end products from other urban agglomerations are the main reasons for the carbon transfer of urban agglomerations. 2) Some differences are observed in the responsibility-sharing factors among urban agglomerations. These factors are the largest on the West Bank of the Strait, followed by the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, central and southern Liaoning, and Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration. The net carbon transfer of urban agglomerations occurs not only between economically developed coastal urban agglomerations but also between less developed inland urban agglomerations and coastal urban agglomerations. 3) The carbon emission scale of each urban agglomeration changed significantly under the carbon accounting scheme of "shared responsibility." Compared with the consumer side responsibility, the "responsibility sharing" carbon emissions of 12 urban agglomerations such as Hubao Eyu were relatively increased, which shows that these urban agglomerations bear more carbon emission responsibilities than those based on consumer responsibility when excluding the carbon transfer from responsibility sharing; Compared with the production side responsibility, the "responsibility sharing" carbon emissions of 9 urban agglomerations such as the Pearl River Delta were relatively increased, which shows that these urban agglomerations bear more carbon emission responsibilities than those based on producer responsibility when including the carbon transfer into responsibility sharing. The carbon emission responsibility determined according to the "benefit principle" considers the asymmetry of the carbon transfer responsibilities of producers and consumers. Sharing carbon responsibility according to the proportion of regional trade benefits reflects fairness and can better promote the implementation of carbon emission reduction measures.
In the process of leaving one's hometown for work, migrant workers face the problem of family separation, resulting in a large number of left-behind children, women, and elderly. The separation between the "jobs" and "family" of migrant workers makes them consider not only their "jobs" but also their "family" when making mobility choices. However, few existing studies have conducted in-depth multi-dimensional comparative analyses on return intentions from the perspectives of "jobs" and "family" at the same time. Drawing on data from the 2014 and 2016 "Migrants' Dynamic Monitoring Survey" and case interview data, using a mixed research method of quantitative and qualitative research, starting from Neoclassical Economics (NE) and the New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM), and based on multi-dimensional comparative analysis, this study discusses the impact of jobs outside one's hometown and left-behind family members on the return intentions of migrant workers. Results indicate that such jobs decrease migrants' intentions to return, while left-behind family members increase their return intentions. The former has a greater influence than the latter. The impact of left-behind family members on return intentions was weakened in the following order: left-behind children, left-behind spouses, and left-behind parents. From a generational perspective, the impact of jobs outside one's hometown on the new generation of migrant workers is greater than on the old generation, and the impact of left-behind children on the younger generation of migrant workers is greater than on the old generation, while the impact of left-behind spouses shows an opposite trend. From the perspective of social change, the impact of jobs outside one's hometown strengthen, and that of left-behind children increase. The opposite is true for left-behind spouses and left-behind parents. The results show that: (1) NE is more suitable than NELM for explaining the impact of jobs outside one's hometown on the return intentions of migrant workers in China; (2) NELM is more suitable than NE to explain the impact of left-behind family members on the return intentions of migrant workers in China; (3) When analyzing the influence mechanism of left-behind family members on the return intentions of migrant workers in China, we should not only focus on one dimension of economy but also explain the phenomenon from the perspective of family culture and family responsibility. This study contributes to the literature by expanding and supplementing the views of NE and NELM and developing and deepening the empirical study of migrant workers' return intentions through a multi-dimensional comparative analysis in combination with China's context. This study suggests that the relevant government departments should take measures to promote the realization of the dream of having both "jobs" and "family" at the same time for migrant workers as well as to promote their family construction.
Based on the theory of spatial production, the current study adopts a qualitative approach to examine the case of W Village on the southeast coast of China to explore the development of families presently living in rural areas, through the overlapping processes of "spatial transformation" and "rural families". The present study found that to make a living, families in rural areas use agricultural products as the main resources to travel between the city and rural regions. This way of living forms a rural-urban dual physical space mosaic of "living in the countryside-working in the city." These families imitate the lifestyle of urban families (e.g., education and health). This presents a spatial practice picture of rural families commuting between urban and rural regions. Different from the rural family modes of "no farming but still living in the village" and "leaving the village and no farming", the current spatial practice of rural families is a new development mode of "between urban and rural" that resembles "leaving the village but depending on farming", and considers the countryside as the settlement place and the home village as the resource. Urban and rural families share the goal of common prosperity, regardless of the material and spirit in the representation of space. However, with a gap between urban and rural families, rural families are found to lack confidence in agricultural production and rural society. It is the representational space about the decline of agricultural production and social relations in ethics and "adaption". Therefore, for comprehensively promoting rural revitalization and common prosperity, the synergy of social policies, narrowing the gap between the urban and rural systems of welfare and security, rebuilding community space for the self-confident family development of the village, reconstructing the internal development space of the individual autonomous family, and responding to the internal needs of family development should be emphasized. Thus, rural-urban dual physical space and the unitary social service space should be constructed. The current study expands the depth and scope of the analysis of rural family research and advances research in family development-related fields. Its contributions are as follows: First, through an in-depth observation, a relatively detailed and comprehensive picture of urban-rural shuttle, urban-rural mosaic, and urban imitation, the perspective of spatial production is presented for the spatial development of families living in rural areas and the associated generative mechanism. Second, based on the Chinese social context, this study analyzes the development of families rooted in rural China from the perspective of spatial production. It expands the research limits of spatial production from the perspectives of social change, social governance, community research, social action, etc. In the age of mobility, space is a perspective that cannot be ignored while examining family. The new spatial relationship between urban and rural in the process of Chinese modernization is an interesting research perspective, which can promote the localization of spatial production theory in China.
With the upgrading of the economic structure, the rapid development of cultural and creative industries characterized by knowledge and creativity has become an important driving force for regional economic growth and urban restructuring. Against this background, the geographic distribution of creative talent and its influencing factors have become key research topics in geography and other related disciplines. Research on the geographies of creative talent tend to focus on newly emerged economic sectors, such as movies, music, and design, whereas much less attention is paid to creative talent in traditional industries. This study explores the spatial distribution and mobility of Chinese celebrity chefs, a creative group in the traditional catering industry, to advance geographical research on creative talent. This study collects and analyzes the trajectory data of the chefs selected from the "National Famous Chefs" document, by drawing on the method of spatial analysis and social network analysis. Ridge regression analysis further reveals the key factors that shape the mobility of celebrity chefs across different cities in China. The results show that: (1) the distribution of birthplaces and current residences of Chinese celebrity chefs show a certain degree of disparity, with the former being widely distributed and relatively concentrated in underdeveloped cities, while the latter are highly concentrated in economically advanced coastal cities and core cities in the central and western regions. Both the birthplaces and the current residences of the celebrity chefs of different cuisines display a certain degree of agglomeration around the original places of these cuisines. However, some cuisines, such as Cantonese and Sichuan, show a trend of spatial diffusion in terms of the distribution of celebrity chefs, reflecting the impacts of both geocultural and market factors. (2) The spatial distribution of celebrity chefs' mobile network is characterized by a high level of imbalance, and certain differences exist among the mobile networks of celebrity chefs at the different stages of career lifecycles. In general, small- and medium-sized cities in economically underdeveloped areas experience an outflow of celebrity chefs, and the core group of celebrity chefs shows a higher level of local "embeddedness". Compared to other types of urban networks, the inter-city mobile network of celebrity chefs presents a certain degree of particularity. (3) The social network based on the trainer-student relationship is the most important factor shaping the mobility of Chinese celebrity chefs, followed by the development of the cities' catering industry, service sector, and overall economic level. In contrast, urban amenity factors, such as infrastructure and cultural and entertainment facilities, do not have a significant impact on the mobility of celebrity chefs. The underlying mechanism of spatial mobility of celebrity chefs reflects the special social network structure, nature of work, and cultural background of this creative group.
In the Internet era, the integration of the Internet and traditional businesses has been extensive, and the relationship between information technology and traditional location is an important topic of concern to the academic community. The urban catering industry under the influence of the Internet includes O2O (Online To Offline) in-store catering industry and O2O delivery catering industry. The study of its spatial distribution and influencing factors will help to more comprehensively understand the impact of the Internet on the urban catering industry space. The Internet catering industry space is formed by the Internet influence effect on the physical catering industry space. Therefore, the spatial distribution of the urban Internet catering industry is determined by the spatial influence effect of the Internet and the urban space in which the catering industry is located. Owing to the differences in their operation modes, the two types of Internet catering industries, O2O in-store catering and O2O delivery catering, cater to different functional types of urban space, resulting in different spatial distribution preferences of these two types. Therefore, this study takes Suzhou, a highly heterogeneous city center, as an example, and compares the spatial distribution of O2O in-store catering industry and O2O delivery catering industry in the old city center and the new city center, and discusses the Internet catering industry with reference to the spatial distribution of the physical catering industry. The results reveal the following: (1) Traditional urban space has a significant impact on the spatial pattern of the catering industry, that is, the impact of the Internet on the catering industry space is based on the existing urban space, and the impact of the Internet on the urban space is reflected in the existing urban space functions. (2) The Internet has different effects on different types of commercial services. Although the overall agglomeration characteristics of the Internet catering industry are obvious, the O2O catering industry in Daodian has the characteristics of agglomeration in high-level centers, while the distribution of the O2O catering industry in Daojia is more balanced. (3) The two types of Internet catering business operation models have different degrees of fit with the specific functional types of urban space. The catering industry in the tourism core area has strong in-store consumption characteristics and weak home-based consumption characteristics. (4) The spatial organization mode of commercial-graded point-like distribution in the new urban area promotes the development of commercial agglomeration, resulting in a greatly enhanced agglomeration of the O2O catering industry in the new urban area, thus inhibiting the diffusion effect of the Internet on the catering industry. To sum up, with the in-depth integration of Internet information technology and residents' daily lives in the future, its impact on urban spaces will be greatly enhanced. The influence of structure and commercial space form will continue to expand.
Traditional food is an important part of traditional culture and the development of traditional food culture is an important means of rural revitalization. Although the authenticity of food culture is becoming a point of discussion in domestic research, there are still some limitations. The existing studies do not further subdivide food into traditional and local foods, while traditional food is more consistent with the object of authenticity research. On the basis of distinguishing the concepts of local and traditional foods, this study selected smelly mandarin fish, a native traditional food in tourist destinations, as the research object to explore tourists' perception of the authenticity of traditional food and its influence on dining satisfaction and behavioral intention in tourist destinations. With Hongcun as the location of this study, data were collected through a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview. The AMOS structural equation model was constructed by analyzing three authenticity dimensions—dining environment, service, and food—and two dimensions—satisfaction and behavioral intention. The results show that tourists' perception of authenticity in the three dimensions has a significant, direct, and positive impact on dining satisfaction and a significant, indirect, and positive impact on behavioral intention. Among them, environmental authenticity has the greatest impact on dining satisfaction, followed by service and food authenticity. Through the analysis of the interview text, this study explains the structure of the influence of tourists' three dimensions of perception on satisfaction and behavioral intention. Combined with interviews with the host group, this paper discusses the differences in the perception and attitude of the host and the main characteristics of reshaping the destination's traditional food culture. This study believes that even if the object of experience is the traditional food of the destination closely related to authenticity, public tourists still pay more attention to the overall dining environment and service atmosphere, and the food itself has the lowest impact on satisfaction. This paper finds that the local traditional food culture presents the characteristics of de-traditionalization and de-localization. In the food culture reproduction of destination, because tourists pay particular attention to the environment, operators will be more willing to build the environment atmosphere to an extent that overlooks the importance of the food itself. Local customers pay more attention to the "authentic" taste of food, and the differences between hosts and customers as well as the orientation of tourist needs of production have led to the hosts'low identification with the authenticity of staged foods. Future studies should fully consider the particularity of traditional food as a specific object and reshape the food culture to make customers more satisfied. The contribution of this study is to sort out the classification basis of traditional food, study the impact of the perception of authenticity of traditional food culture on dining satisfaction and behavioral intention, analyze the impact and main characteristics of the perception difference between hosts and guests on the reconstruction of destination traditional food culture, and put forward the prospect of further study.
To explore the movement of "city-suburb" tourism flow in the post-pandemic period, this study examines the tourist flow network of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from 2018 to 2021 based on online travel data. After screening and deduplication, 4882 valid travelogues were chosen and divided into pre-pandemic data (3,967 articles) and post-pandemic data (915 articles) using November 2019 as the dividing line. A total of 4,461 attractions on Ctrip.com were selected to build a scenic spot database of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, including the full names, aliases (common names), and city names of scenic spots. After matching the travelogues with the scenic spots in the attraction database, it was found that 1848 attractions appeared in the travel notes, and the top 300 attractions were chosen for the generation of tourism routes according to the number of matches. After converting travel routes to a directed connectivity matrix and the following dichotomization procedure, a social network analysis (SNA) was conducted to investigate the distribution of tourism flows and preferences in the Greater Bay Area. Using the SNA software Ucinet 6.0, the network density, centrality, and relevant metrics of the structural holes and cohesive subgroups were calculated. The node characteristics and network structure were analyzed, and the distribution characteristics of attractions and tourist intention trends in the Greater Bay Area were obtained. The study results indicate the following: 1) The tourism network density of the Greater Bay Area has decreased substantially since the COVID-19 outbreak. Megacities, especially overseas cities, were more affected by the pandemic. Tourism network connectivity and aggregation effects were severely weakened, and the network structure was more scattered and fragmented. 2) After the pandemic, the "core-periphery" structure of tourism networks weakened, and the boundaries between core and periphery areas blurred. Some suburban and rural scenic spots have become new core areas and their importance in the network has been significantly enhanced. 3) After the pandemic, the connectivity and control power of traditional core urban nodes, such as Hong Kong, Zhuhai, Macao, and Guangzhou, weakened. The cohesive subgroups of scenic points show a high cohesion of Guangzhou with cities on the west side of the Pearl River Estuary, such as Foshan, Zhuhai, and Macao, before the pandemic. After the pandemic, the cohesive subgroup of rural attractions was strengthened and tourism showed a development trend of multi-point and ruralization. 5) The tourism network has changed from the three-core development mode of Guangzhou-Hong Kong-Macao before the pandemic to the "four-wheel drive" mode of Guangzhou-Macao-Shenzhen-Foshan after the outbreak with the declined linkage of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge in the network. It is believed that travel mobility restrictions and tourism drivers are two-way driving forces for the structural change in tourism in the post-pandemic period. The Greater Bay Area's tourist flow network presents a two-loop structure with two-way dynamics owing to some pandemic factors, and may gradually show a decentralized and scattered development trend. Based on network analysis, it is proposed that more efforts be made to integrate city-suburb-countryside resources in the post-pandemic period.
With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, Chinese residents' willingness to travel has been rising. In 2012, China became the biggest tourist source country for outbound tourism in the world. In 2019, 9.594 million mainland Chinese tourists visited Japan, ranking Japan as the second most popular tourist destination country for this group, after Thailand. Despite the complicated relations between China and Japan and the low level of mutual goodwill between the two nations, the number of mainland Chinese tourists visiting Japan has been continuously increasing in recent years, which makes this a geopolitical tourism phenomenon worth exploring. Through online text analysis, the research first explored how mainland Chinese tourists reconstruct the national tourism image perceptions of Japan before and after their visits to Japan, answering the question of how tourism activities affect the subject's (tourists') tourism image perceptions of the object (tourist destination). Second, just as tourism activities can have an impact on the socio-economy of a destination, they can simultaneously affect the destination's residents' perceptions of the source country. This study attempts to answer the question of how tourism activities affect these perceptions by evaluating the socioeconomic impact of mainland Chinese tourists' activities in Japan through literature and press materials. The study determines that mainland Chinese tourists approach and understand Japanese society based on their own travel activities in Japan, forming and changing their perceptions of Japan's tourism image in three stages; cognitive acquisition, cognitive processing, and cognitive change. The changes are mainly reflected in the strengthening of their perceptions of Japanese food and urban infrastructure, adjusting their perceptions of Sino-Japanese relations, and creating new perceptions of Japan's tourist attractions, humane atmosphere, and cultural history. The direct contact between China and Japan through tourism has helped mainland Chinese tourists break the media-constructed image of Japan and form a more positive perception of Japan, mainly because of Japan's proactive geostrategy of inbound tourism and its policy of "tourism diplomacy" with China. The study further determines that, although "tourism to Japan" has benefited Japan's economy, the social problems brought by it have reduced Japanese nationals' favorable feelings toward China, implying that China's outbound tourism has not yet become a strategic tool for exporting Chinese values and national culture. In conclusion, the study suggests that globalization and tourism have made tourism an important part of geopolitics and that it is necessary to focus on tourism-related geopolitical strategies to enhance the positive role of Chinese outbound tourism in improving how other countries form their perceptions about China.
